Abolitionists, 65, 91, 101, 160–63, 178, 249–50, 260–61, 263, 269–70, 433, 443
Africa, 3, 43, 128, 429, 434–35
African Civilization Society, 440
African Congregational Church, 438
African Free Schools, 438, 440
African literary societies, 123
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 405, 407, 429, 431, 437
Aliened American, 260
Allen, H. G., 212
American Anti-Slavery Society, 436, 437, 439
American Colonization Society, 176, 255, 438
American Industrial School, 259–61
American Moral Reform Society, 435
American League of Colored Laborers, 245–46
American Revolution, 196, 212–13
American Seamen’s Friend Society, 210, 286
American Seamen’s Protective Association, 433
American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour of the United States. See American Colonization Society.
Anderson, Robert, 200
Andrew, C. C., 64
Anti–Black labor riots. See Riots.
Appal, George, 112
Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, An, 435–36
Applegarth, William, 418
Apprenticeship, 13
Association of Black Caulkers, 245–46
Ashantis, 3
Atkins, William, 143
Aulie, John H., 94
Baltimore, 60–61, 91, 92–94, 100, 109–114, 236–41, 356–57, 390–91, 416–19, 420–25
Banks, Charles, 203
Barbadoes, Fred G., 416
Barbadoes, James G., 249
Barbour, N., 347
Barker, Victor W., 217
Barnum, Thomas D., 368
Bartlett, Wm. E., 112
Barton, H. B., 291
Barzona, Elizabeth, 212
Battiste, Charles A., 24
Becket, Charles, 201
Beecher, Henry Ward, 434
Beecher, Lyman, 436
Bell, Philip A., 263
Beneficial Societies, 146–47, 151
Benevolent Associations, 325–29, 363
Benezet Hall, 172
Benson, Charles S., 139
Bethel A.M.E. Sunday School of Philadelphia, 44
Betterton, Gardner, 112
Bias, J. J. G., 253
Bibb, Henry, 255
Black artists, 125
Black blacksmiths, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11–12, 13
Black block and pumpmakers, 422
Black brick-makers, 100–01, 421
Black brick-masons, 5
Black businessmen, 127
Black carpenters, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12–13, 32, 62–63, 422
Black caterers, 133
Black caulkers, 8, 35, 236–42, 285, 416, 418, 424
Black cigarmakers, 422
Black churches, 140, 147, 361, 429–30
Black clothing store owners, 129
Black Congressmen, 442
Black Conventions, 252, 257–59
Black cooperatives, 336–37, 416–25
Black coopers, 6, 9, 246–48, 420
Black curriers, 6
Black firemen, 179
Black foundrymen, 109
Black goldsmiths, 11
Black hatters, 422
Black house-carpenters, 422
Black iron-moulders, 422
Black ironworkers, 8, 13–14, 26–27, 105–07
Black jack-of-all trades, 10
Black joiners, 7
Black knitters, 6
Black leaders, during Reconstruction, 317–21
Black longshoremen, 178–79, 286–89, 297, 327–28
Black miners, 15–16, 99–100, 105
Black pilots, 7
Black response to colorphobia, 407–425
Black ropemakers, 8
Black sailmakers, 422
Black saltmakers, 8
Black saw-mill workers, 353
Black seamen, 7, 49, 94–95, 196–236, 356–57, 433, 437
Black ship-carpenters, 43-44, 420
Black shoemakers, 5, 6, 12, 124, 161, 420
Black silversmiths, 420
Black spinners, 6
Black stevedores, 15, 164, 178-79 327-28, 420
Black tobacco workers, 22, 277, 344
Black wagoners, 306
Black wagon-makers, 25
Black warehousemen, 8
Black weavers, 6
Black and white labor relations in South, 99–113
Black women, 10, 12, 37, 38, 41, 94–95, 212–13, 280, 345, 351–52
Black workers, during Civil War, 267–314; excluded everywhere in employment, 390; excluded from trade unions, 371–84; in Boston, 269–70; in North during early Reconstruction, 360–64; in South during early Reconstruction, 321–59; response to oppression, 245–66; statistics on, 363–64; Reconstruction era and demands of, 419–21. See also discrimination, kidnapping, riots, trade unions.
Bolivar, Nicholas G., 253
Bondton, Jacob, 220
Bonner, J. D., 259
Borden, Nathaniel A., 210
Boston, 129–34, 163–65, 184–85, 186–87, 217–18, 269–70, 285, 439
Boston Daily Evening Voice, 390–403, 408–410
Boston Herald, 401
Bradley, Benjamin, 42
Brainerd, Cephas, 290
Braxton, John H., 368
Bricklayers’ Union, 384
Brown, Jacob, 202
Brown, J. E., 263
Brown, Morris, Jr., 253
Brown, Peter C., 415
Brown, S. S., 420
Brown, William Wells, 36–41, 431
Browne, N. P., 171
Bruce, Robert, 317
Brutality, towards slaves, 37–38
Bryant, James, 347
Bryson, David, 139
Burr, John P., 253
Buston, Ezekiel, 193
Bustill, James M., 253
Butler, R. H., 415
Cameron, Andrew C., 408–410, 442
Campbell, John Jr., 194
Campbell, T. G., 193
Cannan Academy, 440
Canada, 92, 155, 283, 420, 432
Carpetbaggers, 337
Carpenters and Joiners Local Union No. 4, 396
Carroll, Jeremiah, 204
Catholics, 164
Caution, Samuel, 422
Chesapeake Marine Railway and Dock Company, 416–25
Chain Gangs, 340
Charleston, 54–56, 84–85, 86, 357–59
Christian Recorder, The, 389–90, 443
Christian Register, 128
Cincinnati, 154–57, 180, 270, 271, 274–77, 441
Cincinnati Times, 402
Clark, Edward V., 126–27, 262–63
Clark, Peter H., 417
Clayton, John M., 437
Coachmen’s Benevolent Association, 361
Coachmen’s Union League Society, 366–68
Coffin, Joshua, 250
Colebrook, Sir James, 155
Collins, Charles, 139
Collins, George C., 299
Collins, Jos. B., 299
Colored Business Men’s Association of Baltimore, 417
Colored Caulkers’ Trades Union Society of Baltimore, 444
Colored Citizens, 417
Colored Men’s Shipyard, 418–19
Colored National Labor Convention, 422–23
Colored National Labor Union, 425
Colored National Council, 261–66
Colored Orphan Asylum, 301, 361
Colored Sailors’ Home, 210–12, 285–86, 298, 360, 433
Coloured Seamen—Their Character and Condition, 196–217
Columbia Typographical Union, 375–79, 379–83, 419
Columbus, Christopher, 101, 103
Commercial Association of the Laborers of Louisiana, 331–32
Confederate States of America, 432–33, 440
Constitution of the Baltimore Society for the Protection of Free People of Color, 109–14
Conventions, 246–47, 257–58, 440
Cooper, John, 178
Cooperatives, 336
Copperheads, 347
Cornish, Charles, 422
Cornish, James, 422
Corse, Israel, 139
Cotton factory-slaves, 14–15, 16
Craft, Ellen, 442
Creswell, John A. J., 409
Daily Patriot, 381
Dallam, William, 112
Daron, Charles J., 204
Daughers of Esther, 361
Daughters of Wesley, 361
Davenport, Joseph, 112
Davis, Jefferson, 273, 302, 433, 440
Debate, on Southern use of Black labor, 71–91
De Bree, John, 204
Declaration of Independence, 224
De Kalb, Leon A., 368
Delany, Martin Robinson, 97, 161–63, 265, 434
Delnay, Wm. D., 205
Depew, A. M. G., 139
Detroit Daily Union, 394–95, 402–03, 443
Discrimination against free Blacks, 157–59, 163–67, 170–72
Dougherty, Samuel, 418
Douglass, Frederick, 31–36, 45–50, 91, 135–37, 187, 245, 254–55, 256–57, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265–66, 379, 380–81, 389, 411, 417, 418, 422–24, 430, 431, 433
Douglass, Lewis, 374–85, 381, 382
Douglass, William, 253
Downing, George T., 263, 416, 439
Dresser, Horace, 139
Dupee, Nathaniel W., 253
Easty, H. N., 400
Edge, Frederick Milner, 312–14
Education, 64, 122, 134–35, 137, 147, 150–51, 155, 156, 248–49, 264, 361, 420–21, 436, 439, 440
Eight-Hour Day, 330, 392, 397, 399–400, 401, 441, 442, 443
Emancipation Proclamation, 310, 335, 432
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 137
England, 79, 80, 84, 226–34, 337, 438
Erickson, George, 165
Escapes from slavery, 37–38, 45–50
Exodus, of free Blacks, 98–101
Fannueil Hall, 437
Female Perserverance, The, 361
Finley, Daniel, 422
Finney, Charles, 436
First Association of Colored Waiters, 194–96
Fisher, Elwood, 83
Flagg, A. S., 347
Forster, W. E., 336
Forten, James, 429
Fortie, John, 416
Forte, J. C., 423
Fourteenth Amendment, 418
Franklin, Abraham, 294
Frederick Douglass’ Paper, 158, 422
Free Blacks, and abolitionists, 160–61; in Boston, 129–34; discrimination against, 62–67, 134–44, 163–65; exodus from South, 98–101; housing for, 147–50; kidnapping, 109–14, 180–93; and law, 89–97; living conditions in North North, 145–87; in New York City, 126–28, 145–46; in North, 114–87; occupations in South, 51–62; in Philadelphia, 117–24, 146–47, 148–52, 157–59, 161, 169–75; population, 50–51; in Rhode Island, 134; schools for, 64, 74, 123, 137, 147, 150–61, 155, 156, 248–50; in South, 5, 50–71
Freedmen’s Aid Association of New Orleans, 329–30, 338
Freedmen’s Aid Society, 438
Freedmen’s Bureau, 321–23, 339, 347–48, 391, 442
Freedom Association, Boston, 186–87
Free papers, 48
Friends of Universal Suffrage, 326
Fugitive slaves, 7–8, 12–13, 49–50, 176, 183–87, 442
Garnet, Henry Highland, 291, 292, 439
Garret, Thomas, 96
Garrison, William Lloyd, 162–63, 249–50, 426, 430
Gay, N. P., 213
Gearing, Reuben, 420
Georgia, 5, 86–87, 96–97, 107–09
Gillingham, George, 112
Given, James, 175
Glenn, Elizabeth, 352
Gloucester, James H., 362
Gloucester, Stephen H., 253
Goldsborough, John W., 422
Gordon, Washington, 139
Government Printing Office, 375, 383
Greeley, Horace, 445
Griffin, Richard, 422
Gurmby, George, 139
Hall, Isaac, 94
Hall, Morris, 253
Hall, Peter Herbert, 139
Hamilton, W. F., 195
Hampton, Wade, 435
Hancock, George, 289
Hare, James, 424
Hare, William, 422
Harrisburg (Pa.), 105
Harvey, John, 203
Hawkins, H. C., 420
Hay, Peter, 173
Heuston, Peter, 292
Heitt, John, 372
Hewlett, Jno. 0., 112
Hilton, John T., 249
Hitchcock, Horace, 184
Hodges, Willis A., 433
Hogan, Jonathan C., 132
Hooten, A., 173
Hough, Jefferson, 112
House of Commons, 234
Houston, Louis, 284
Houston, Solomon, 284
Howard, Wesley, 422
Howard University, 442
Hughes, T., 334
Hull, William, 165
Hyer, Samuel, 422
Illinois, 270
Industrial College, 256–57, 258–64
Industrial slavery, 14–27, 28–32, 71–79, 81–82, 83–84, 105–12
Ingersoll, Joseph R., 169
International Typographical Union, 374–83
Ireland, 337
Irish, 65, 75, 164, 269–73, 274–77, 286–87, 300, 362, 400
Itheride, John, 94
Jackson, Joseph, 298
Jamaica, 432
James, Stephen, 173
James, William L., 422
Japan, 437
Jeffers, W. L., 64
Jefferson, Thomas, 435
Jennings, Moses, 420
Jennings, Thomas L., 65
Jews, 256
Johnson, Andrew, 395, 441, 444
Johnson, Nathan, 135
Jones, Aquila, 112
Jones, George, 191
Jones, John, 260
Jones, Solomon, 204
Jones, Thomas, 44
Keffer, John C., 336
Keiling, William, 347
Kidnapping, of free Blacks, 109–12, 180–88, 401–02, 437
Kurwan, Wm., 241
Ladies’ Bethel Society, 211
Ladies’ Mutual Relief, 361
Ladies’ Loyal League, 361
Land, demand for, 327
Langer, Charles, 282
Langston, Charles H., 438
Langston, John Mercer, 411, 438, 442
Lathan, Edward, 364
Lawrence, C. W., 139
“Learn Trades or Starve!” 254–55
Legal Rights Association, 439
Lester, Peter, 253
Liberia, 43–44, 135, 156, 262, 440
Lincoln, Abraham, 441
Louisiana, 97, 199–200, 215–16, 225–26, 337–38, 340, 442
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 431
Lucas, Nathaniel J., 370
Lundy, Thomas, 419
Lyceum, 137
McDonald, R., 139
McLane, Alfred, 423
McMichael, Morton, 173
McMullen, John, 177
Mandlop, Solomon, 305
Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society, 417
Mann, Horace, 137
Manual Labor Schools, 249–50, 251–53, 258–61, 262–64
Martin, J. Sella, 416
Maryland Colored State Industrial Fair Association, 416
Maryland Mutual Joint Stock Railway Company, 423
Mason, John, 134
Matthews, John T., 132
Matthews, Thomas, 112
Memminger, Christopher G., 83, 432
Merchants Relief Committee, 299
Mexican War, 293
Miller, Clayton, 253
Miller, Henry, 423
Miller, William, 435
Mirror of Liberty, The, 432
“Missionary, The,” 416
Moore, Benjamin P., 112
Morris, James, 421
Mott, James, 173
Mott, Lucretia, 444
Muller, James N., 416
Mutual Relief Society, 361
Myers, George, 423
National Anti-Slavery Standard, 162
National Era, 434
National Council of Colored People, 161
National Council of the People of Color, 259
National Equal Rights League, 442
National Freedmen’s Aid Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 337
National Labor Union, 408–414, 423, 442, 444
National Relief Association, 423
Negro. See Black.
Nell, William C., 217, 261, 264, 439
New England Anti-Slavery Society, 249–50
New Orleans, 61–62, 317–21, 322–32 338, 354–56, 398–99, 401, 424
New Orleans Daily Tribune, 397–99
New York African Free School, 134–35, 248–50, 436
New York City, 65–67, 125–28, 137–41, 145–46, 178–79, 181, 191–96, 213, 264, 286–301, 360–67
New York Tribune, 289, 434, 441, 443
Nichols, James, 253
Nichols, Samuel, 348
Noah, Major, 65
Noble, Patrick, 220
Norris, James, 422
North, free black workers in, 11–83; race relations in, 145–87
Oberlin College, 442
Occupations, of free Blacks in South, 51–62
Oneida College, 263
Oxford University, 438
Palmerston, Lord, 226
Parr, John, 139
Pauperism, 145
Payne, D. A., 418
Peabody, Rev. Ephraim, 136
Peck, John D., 259
Penn, William, 158
Pennington, James W. C., 300–01, 438–39
Pennsylvania Freeman, 162
Perkins, G. W., 417
Perkins, Mathew Galbraith, 437
Peterson, John, 290
Petitions, of white mechanics against Black mechanics, 84–86, 217–18
Philadelphia, 44, 117–24, 147–59, 161, 169–75, 250–54, 306–309
Philadelphia Inquirer, 174
Phillips, John, 165
Phoenix Literary Society, 251
Pierce, Franklin, 440
Pinchback, P. B. S., 442
Pindell, J. C., 422
Polony, Louis, 203
Pope, John, 443
Portlock, A. A., 347
Powell, Edward, 213
Powell, William P., 29, 84, 196–214, 433–34
Prejudice, against Blacks, 123–24, 306–09, 362–63
Prisons, 118
Protests, of white mechanics, 84–90
Providence (R.I.), 134, 165–69
Provost, Anthony, 139
Pulley, John C., 91
Purvis, Robert, 173–74, 411, 413
Pygmies, 3
Quay, Frances, 204
Race relations, in North, 145–87
Rachel Club, The, 134
Radical Reconstruction, 334–35, 419
Ranials, Harry, 357
Ray, Charles M., 139
Raymond, Henry J., 310
Reason, Charles L., 259, 260–61, 438
Reason, Patrick H., 125
Reconstruction, following Civil War, 317–68
Redfield, Wm., 139
Regulations, for freedmen, 337–38
Reid, J., 195
Reid, Whitelaw, 324–26, 339–40, 441
Remond, Charles Lenox, 263, 439
Report of Merchants Committee for Relief of Colored People, 288–94
Republican Party, 270, 328, 417, 441
Responses to oppression of free Black workers, 245–66
Rhode Island, 134
Rights of White Labor over Blacks, 269–73
Riots, against Blacks, 157, 165–79, 270–301
Ritchfield, Frisby, 420
Robinson, Andrew, 204
Robinson, Jordan B., 368
Rock, John S., 163–65, 269–70, 440
Rogers, Nathaniel P., 443
Ruggles, David B., 65, 135, 181, 432
Sailors’ Home, 209
Savannah, 352
Schools for Blacks, 361, 436, 439, 440
Schurz, Carl, 321, 325–26, 327, 441
Schwind, Adolphus, 195
Seamen’s Friend Societies, 209
Seely, George N., 193
Seiler, Sebastian, 327
Selden, Jos. G., 347
Selon, Cary, 94
Seneca Falls Convention, 444
Sewall, Samuel E., 249
Sheppard, John M., 139
Short contracts, 330
Schultz, J. S., 299
Simpson, Chas., 253
Slave insurrections, 85, 429, 433
Slave iron workers, 43
Slave labor, cheapness of, 17–20; opposition to, 29–31; strikes against, 26–27; abolition of, 310, 311–12, 312–14
Slaves, in industry, 71–84, 105–07
Smith, Augustus, 203
Smith, Elijah, 162
Smith, James McCune, 252, 259, 262, 438, 439
Smith, P. G., 252
Smith, Stephen, 262
Smith, Thomas L., 175
Society for the Mental and Moral Improvement of the Colored Population, 159–61
Society of Love and Charity, 361
Society of the Good Samaritan, 361
Society of the Sons of Wesley, 361
South, debate in over use of Black labor, 71–92; free Blacks in, 50–62; Reconstruction in, 317–59
South Carolina, 79, 80, 81, 98–99, 101, 218–24, 435
Southern industry, Blacks in, 71–75
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 411, 444
State Labor Conventions, 424
Stearns, Jas. S., 290
Stebbins, Giles B., 415
Steward, Ira, 396, 398–99, 443
Stillwell, J., 139
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 256–57, 433–34
Strikes, against Black workers, 26–27, 105–07, 209–42, 285, 425, 427, 430; of Black workers in South, 339–40, 344–45, 352–54, 357–59
Sturgis, Jonathan, 296–97, 299
Sylvis, James G., 442
Sylvis, John A., 441
Sylvis, William H., 335–36, 442
Sumner, Charles, 137, 439, 440
Tabb, John H., 420
Talieferro, J. C., 442
Taylor, G. W., 253
Temperance movement, 123
Thatcher, Moses, 249
Thirteenth Amendment, 432
Thomas, John, 195
Thomas, John T., 416
Thompson, John, 217
Thompson, William, 201
Trade unions, exclusion of Blacks, 155–56, 371–74, 389–90; for Black equality, 396
Tredegar Iron Works, 26–27, 105–07, 430
Trevellick, Richard T., 417, 442
Tubbs, William, 236
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 91–92, 433–34
Underground Railroad, 44, 47, 135
Union Army, Blacks in, 301–02; demand for equal pay for Blacks in, 304–06
Union League Council, 361
Universal Suffrage Party, 329
Upham, Amos, 139
Vanderbilt, Commodore, 444
Van Rensselaer, Thomas 433
Van Wort, Lawrence M., 139
Varian, Isaac L., 139
Vattel, Emeric de, 437
Vesey, Denmark, 5, 85, 429, 433
Virginia, 15, 86, 94–95, 105–07
Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, 442
Virginia and Tennessee Railroad Company, 17, 20
Waiters’ Protective Union, 194–96
Wallace, William, 204
Ward, George Atkinson, 65
Ward, Samuel Ringgold, 64–65, 245, 432
Warmoth, Henry Clay, 442
War of 1812, 196
Watson, James, 354
Watts, Joseph M., 175
Wears, Isiah C., 417
Weaver, William, 236
Weeden, Benjamin, 207
Weeks, Gilbert, 139
Weld, Theodore Dwight, 41, 436
West Indies Emancipation, 440
Wetmore, A. R., 299
White labor voice for Black equality, 390–403
White supremacy, 435
Wilberforce Settlement, 155
Wilberforce University, 431
Wilde, R. H., 108
Willard, Emma, 444
Williams, Henson, 422
Williams, John, 236
Williamson, John, 236
Wilson, Henry, 422
Wilson, George R., 422
Wilson, Samuel, 112
Winnfield, Tom, 236
Wolf, Charles, 200
Woman’s Rights, 415, 430–31, 444
Woman’s suffrage, 444
Wood, Robert, 217
Woodson, L., 245
Workingman’s Advocate, 371, 372–74, 441
Workingmen’s associations, 384
World Anti-Slavery Convention, 439
Younger, John D., Jr., 368
Young Men’s Christian Association, 361
Young Men’s Christian Benevolent Society, 361
Zantzinger, J. Paul, 204
Zion African Church, 292
Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, 44
Zion Church, 362
Zion Standard and Weekly Review, 342