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The Black Worker to 1869—Volume I: Index

The Black Worker to 1869—Volume I
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Series page
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright
  5. Dedication
  6. Foreword
  7. Contents
  8. Acknowledgements
  9. Preface
  10. Part I: Black Labor in the Old South
    1. Part I: Black Labor in the Old South
      1. Blacks in the Crafts and Industries of the Old South
        1. 1. An Overview: Africa
        2. 2. An Overview: The American South
        3. 3. The Slave Mechanic
      2. Slave Craftsmen in America
        1. 4. Plantation Craftsmen
        2. 5. Fugitive Skills
        3. 6. Carpenters, Caulkers, Bricklayers
        4. 7. Sawyers
        5. 8. White Washer
        6. 9. Bricklayers
        7. 10. Cooper
        8. 11. Jack-of-all-Trades
        9. 12. Watchmaker
        10. 13. Painters
        11. 14. Goldsmith
        12. 15. A Slave Lot
        13. 16. Blacksmith's Apprentice I
        14. 17. Shoemaker
        15. 18. Blacksmith's Apprentice II
        16. 19. Seamstress
        17. 20. Carpenter
        18. 21. A Slave Lot
        19. 22. Article of Apprenticeship
        20. 23. Apprentice Ironworker
      3. Industrial Slavery
        1. 24. A Southerner's View
        2. 25. Ironworkers
        3. 26. Cotton Factory Slaves
        4. 27. Stevedores
        5. 28. Coal Miners
        6. 29. Cotton Factory Hands
        7. 30. Slave Labor Upon Public Works in the South
        8. 31. Slave Fishermen
        9. 32. Working at a Richmond Tobacco Factory
        10. 33. Lumbermen
        11. 34. Slave Ironworkers
        12. 35. Strikes on Attack Against Slave Ownership
        13. 36. Tredegar Advertisement for Slaves
        14. 37. Annual Maintenance Cost per Industrial Slave, 1820–1861
      4. Hiring-Out of Slave Mechanics
        1. 38. Slaves Hiring Themselves
        2. 39. Frederick Douglass Encounters Racial Violence in a Baltimore Shipyard
        3. 40. One Year in the Life of a Hired-Out Slave: William Wells Brown
      5. Self-Purchase by Slave Mechanics
        1. 41. Free Blacks Purchase Family Members
        2. 42. A Call for Financial Help
        3. 43. Another Slave Freed
        4. 44. A Founder Purchases His Family's Freedom
        5. 45. The Late W. H. Cromwell
      6. A Slave Mechanic's Escape to Freedom
        1. 46. The Escape from Slavery of Frederick Douglass, Black Ship-Caulker
      7. Occupations of Free Blacks in the South
        1. 47. The Free Negro and the South
        2. 48. The Gainful Occupations of Free Persons of Color
        3. 49. Occupations of Slaves and Free Blacks in Charleston, 1848
        4. 50. Occupations of Negroes in Charleston in 1850
        5. 51. Occupations of Negroes in St. Louis in 1850
        6. 52. Leading Negro Occupations in Baltimore in 1850 and 1860
        7. 53. Occupations of Free Negroes Over Fifteen Years of Age in New Orleans, 1850
        8. 54. The Case of Henry Boyd, A Freed Carpenter
        9. 55. "As High as a Colored Man Could Rise"
        10. 56. The Washerwoman
        11. 57. Observations of Samuel Ringgold Ward on Discrimination
        12. 58. Well Put -- The Colored Race at the North
  11. Part II: Race Relations in Old Southern Industries
    1. Part II: Race Relations in Old Southern Industries
      1. The Debate Over the Use of Free or Slave Mechanics
        1. 1. The Progress of Manufactures
        2. 2. "Fisher's Report"
        3. 3. James Hammond, "Progress of Southern Industry"
        4. 4. A Pro-Industrial Slavery Opinion
        5. 5. Letter From William P. Powell
      2. Petitions and Protests of White Mechanics Against Black Mechanics
        1. 6. Petition of Charleston Citizens to the State Legislature, 1822
        2. 7. White Artisans Claim Unfair Competition From Free Blacks
        3. 8. Negro Mechanics
        4. 9. Georgia Mechanics' Convention
        5. 10. Negro Mechanics
        6. 11. Petition of Texas Mechanics
      3. Free Black Workers and the Law
        1. 12. A Supplement to the Maryland Act of 1831 Relating to Free Blacks and Slaves
        2. 13. Incendiary Publications in Baltimore
        3. 14. Out of Jail
        4. 15. Free Colored Population of Maryland
        5. 16. Note From the Diary of a Free Black
        6. 17. Free Blacks in Virginia
        7. 18. State of Delaware vs Moses Mc Colly, Negro
        8. 19. Persecution in Delaware
        9. 20. 1845 Act of Georgia Legislature Directed Against Black Mechanics
        10. 21. The Condition of the Free Negro in Louisiana
        11. 22. Exodus of Free Negroes From South Carolina
        12. 23. Arrival of Free Colored People From South Carolina
      4. Labor Violence in Black and White
        1. 24. A Coal Mine -- Negro and English Miners
        2. 25. Trouble Among the Brickmakers
        3. 26. A Fiendish Outrage
      5. Observations on Race Relations
        1. 27. Southern Whites and Blacks Could Work Together
        2. 28. To the Contractors For Mason's and Carpenter's Work
        3. 29. A Visitor Comments on Race Relations in Virginia Coal Mines
        4. 30. Free and Slave Labor in Virginia
        5. 31. Slave-Labor vs. Free Labor
        6. 32. Response to the Strike of White Workers to Eliminate Black Competition at Tredegar Iron Works, 1847
        7. 33. A Foreign Traveller's Observations on Industrial Race Relations in the South
        8. 34. Two Black Foundrymen Prosper
        9. 35. Constitution of the Baltimore Society for the Protection of Free People of Colour, 1827
  12. Part III: Free Black Labor in the North
    1. Part III: Free Black Labor in the North
      1. Northern Free Black Occupations
        1. 1. Register of Trades of Colored People in the City of Philadelphia and Districts, 1838
        2. 2. Colored Inhabitants of Philadelphia
        3. 3. Trades and Occupations in Philadelphia, 1849
        4. 4. Occupations of Blacks in Philadelphia, 1849
        5. 5. The Colored People of Philadelphia, 1860
        6. 6. Advantageous Notice
        7. 7. Boot and Shoe Makers
        8. 8. An Artist
        9. 9. Occupations of Free Blacks Over Fifteen Years of Age in New York City, 1850
        10. 10. To Colored Men of Business
        11. 11. A Watchmaker and Jeweller
        12. 12. Employment of Colored Laborers in New York
        13. 13. The Problems Confronting Black Workers in New York, 1852
        14. 14. Black Workers in New York, 1859
        15. 15. Help! Help Wanted
        16. 16. David Walker's "Grog Shop"
        17. 17. Black Workers in Boston, 1831
        18. 18. Colored People of Boston
        19. 19. Occupations of Negroes in Boston, 1837
        20. 20. Occupations of Negroes in Boston, 1850
        21. 21. Colored Artisans
        22. 22. Negro Occupations in Massachusetts in 1860
        23. 23. The Colored People of Rhode Island
      2. Discrimination Against Free Black Workers in the North
        1. 24. Excerpt From Report of Pitty Hawkes on New York-African Free School, October 13, 1829
        2. 25. Ex-Slave Frederick Douglass Becomes a Free Black Worker
        3. 26. Black Carmen of New York
        4. 27. Henry Graves and His Hand Cart
        5. 28. New York City Corporation, vs Mr. Henry Graves and His Handcart
        6. 29. Henry Graves and His Handcart
  13. Part IV: Living Conditions and Race Relations in the North
    1. Part IV: Living Conditions and Race Relations in the North
      1. Pauperism
        1. 1. On Pauperism
        2. 2. Impediments to Honest Industry
        3. 3. Condition of the Free People of Color in Philadelphia
        4. 4. Poverty Among Blacks in Philadelphia
        5. 5. Education and Employment of Children
      2. Colorphobia
        1. 6. The Black Laws of Ohio
        2. 7. Inquiry into the Condition of Blacks in Cincinnati, 1829
        3. 8. The Difference Between the North and the South
        4. 9. Colorphobia in Philadelphia
        5. 10. The Racial Attitudes of a Leading White Labor Spokesman
      3. White Abolitionists and Jobs for Free Blacks
        1. 11. Abolitionists! Do Give a Helping Hand!
        2. 12. White Abolitionists and Colored Mechanics in Philadelphia, I
        3. 13. White Abolitionists and Colored Mechanics in Philadelphia, II
        4. 14. Colored Mechanics -- Free Labor Boots and Shoes
        5. 15. Martin R. Delaney Protests Job Discrimination Among White Abolitionists
        6. 16. "Is There Anything Higher Open to Us?"
      4. Anti-Black Labor Riots
        1. 17. The Late Riots in Providence
        2. 18. Letter From an Observer of the Providence Riot, 1831
        3. 19. Black Workers Assailed in Philadelphia
        4. 20. Committee Report on the Causes of the Philadelphia Race Riots, 1834
        5. 21. Robert Purvis' Reaction to the Philadelphia Riot, 1842
        6. 22. Pecuniary Cost of the Philadelphia Riots of 1838
        7. 23. The Columbia (Pa.) Race Riots, 1834
        8. 24. Abolition Riots in New York
        9. 25. Alleged Rioting of the Stevedores
        10. 26. Another Mob in Cincinnati
      5. Northern Free Blacks Kidnapped and Sold into Slavery
        1. 27. Boston Blacks Petition the General Court on Behalf of Three Victims
        2. 28. Caution! To the Colored People
        3. 29. Kidnapping in the City of New York
        4. 30. The Call at Lynn
        5. 31. Liability to be Seized and Treated as Slaves
        6. 32. Information Wanted
        7. 33. Rally in Boston
        8. 34. The Chivalrous James B. Gray
        9. 35. Association of Free Blacks to Aid Fugitive Slaves Freedmen Association, Boston, 1845
        10. 36. Kidnapping in Harrisburg
  14. Part V: Black Workers in Specific Trades
    1. Part V: Black Workers in Specific Trades
      1. Free Black Waiters
        1. 1. Meeting of the Hotel and Saloon Waiters -- Formation of a Protective Union
        2. 2. Advertisements of the Waiters Union
        3. 3. First United Association of Colored Waiters
        4. 4. Arouse Waiters: Traitors in the Camp
        5. 5. Meeting of the Waiters' Protective Union
      2. Black Seamen
        1. 6. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, I
        2. 7. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, II
        3. 8. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, III
        4. 9. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, IV
        5. 10. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, V
        6. 11. Boarding House for Seamen
        7. 12. Coloured Sailors' Home
        8. 13. William P. Powell on the Coloured Sailor's Home
        9. 14. A Sensible Petition
        10. 15. Extract From a Letter of Wm. P. Powell, Dated on Board Packet Ship De Witt Clinton
        11. 16. Black Seamen and Alabama Law
        12. 17. Free Negroes in Louisiana
        13. 18. Colored Men in Louisiana
        14. 19. Resolutions Adopted at a Meeting of Boston Negroes, October 27, 1842
        15. 20. Free Black Seamen of Boston Petition Congress for Relief, 1843
        16. 21. "An Act for the Better Regulation and Government of Free Negroes and Persons of Color, and for Other Purposes," South Carolina, 1822
        17. 22. Laws of South Carolina Respecting Colored Seamen
        18. 23. Coloured Seamen in Southern Ports
        19. 24. The Law Regarding Colored Seamen
        20. 25. Imprisonment of British Seamen
        21. 26. The British Seamen at Charleston
        22. 27. The Case of Manuel Pereira
        23. 28. Coloured Seamen
        24. 29. The Colored Seamen Question in the House of Commons
        25. 30. Colored Seamen in South Carolina
        26. 31. Personal Account of a Black Seaman in the Port of Charleston
        27. 32. Appeal to the Public
      3. Black Caulkers
        1. 33. Strike on the Frigate Columbia
        2. 34. Black Caulkers Desert Baltimore
        3. 35. The Trouble Among the White and Black Caulkers
        4. 36. The Caulkers' Difficulty
        5. 37. The Difficulty Among the Caulkers
        6. 38. More Violence in the Baltimore Ship Yards
        7. 39. The Fell's Point Outrage
  15. Part VI: The Free Black Workers' Response to Oppression
    1. Part VI: The Free Black Workers' Response to Oppression
      1. Free Black Uplift: Unions, Cooperatives, Conventions, Schools
        1. 1. American League of Colored Laborers
        2. 2. Conventions of Colored People
        3. 3. The Quest for Equality
        4. 4. Introductory Address
        5. 5. School for Colored Youth
        6. 6. Program of the Phoenix Literary Society, New York City, 1833
        7. 7. Manual Labor School for Colored Youth
        8. 8. Committee on Education Report, 1848 National Colored Convention, Cleveland, Ohio
        9. 9. To Parents, Guardians and Mechanics
        10. 10. "Make Your Sons Mechanics and Farmers, Not Waiters, Porters, and Barbers"
        11. 11. Learn Trades or Starve
        12. 12. A Plan for an Industrial College Presented by Frederick Douglass to Harriet Beecher Stowe, March 8, 1853
        13. 13. Resolutions Adopted by Negro National Convention, Rochester, 1853
        14. 14. Report, Committee on Manual Labor, National Negro Convention, Rochester, New York, 1853
        15. 15. Plan of the American Industrial School
        16. 16. The Colored People's "Industrial College"
        17. 17. Colored National Council
      2. Integrate or Separate?
        1. 18. Editorial: The African Race in New York
        2. 19. Martin R. Delaney, "Why We Must Emigrate"
        3. 20. Frederick Douglass, "Why We Should Not Emigrate"
  16. Part VII: The Northern Black Worker During the Civil War
    1. Part VII: The Northern Black Worker During the Civil War
      1. The Worsening Status of Free Black Workers in the North
        1. 1. John S. Rock at the First of August Celebration, Lexington, Massachusetts
        2. 2. Rights of White Labor Over Black
        3. 3. "Rights of White Labor Over Black" (Rebuttal)
        4. 4. Butts and Pork-Packers and Negroes
        5. 5. Riot on the Cincinnati Levi
        6. 6. Further Rioting
        7. 7. White Fear of Emancipation
        8. 8. Black and Immigrant Competition for Jobs
        9. 9. "More Riotous and Disgraceful Conduct"
        10. 10. The Mob
        11. 11. The Disgraceful Riot in Brooklyn
        12. 12. Persecution of Negroes
        13. 13. Brutal and Unprovoked Assaults on Colored People
        14. 14. Bloody Riot in Detroit
        15. 15. Anti-Black Mob in Detroit
        16. 16. Eyewitness to the Detroit Riot
        17. 17. Strike Among the Negrophobists at the Navy Yard, Boston.
        18. 18. The Colored Sailor's Home in New York
        19. 19. Report of the Colored Sailor's Home
      2. Anti-Negro Riots in New York City
        1. 20. Trouble Among the Longshoremen
        2. 21. The Right to Work
        3. 22. Disgraceful Proceeding -- Colored Laborers, Assailed by Irishmen
        4. 23. Reign of Terror
        5. 24. "Report of the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of ColoredPeople, Suffering from the Late Riots in the City of New York"
        6. 25. Personal Recollections of the Draft Riots
        7. 26. A Personal Experience
        8. 27. The Longshoremen's Attitude Toward Blacks
        9. 28. The Colored Refugees at Police Headquarters
        10. 29. The Colored Sufferers by the Recent Riots -- Meeting of Merchants
        11. 30. "The Mob Exults"
        12. 31. The Colored Sailors' Home
        13. 32. Attempt to Drown a Negro
        14. 33. Fearful of Being Known
        15. 34. The Merchants Relief Committee
        16. 35. Employers Turn to Negroes Rather Than Irishmen Because of the Riots
        17. 36. How Blacks Should Meet the Rioters
        18. 37. Colored Orphan Asylum
      3. Blacks in the Union Army and Navy
        1. 38. Statistics of Enlisted Men
        2. 39. Occupations for Black Enlistees
        3. 40. Give Us Equal Pay and We Will Go to War
        4. 41. Twenty Per Cent Off the Wages of Colored Wagoners
        5. 42. Proscription in Philadelphia
        6. 43. Out of the Frying-Pan Into the Fire
      4. White Northerners Anticipate the Addition of Ex-Slaves to the Labor Force
        1. 44. General James S. Wadsworth to Henry J. Ramond
        2. 45. Gen. Wadsworth's Acceptance: An Editorial
        3. 46. Negro Apprenticeship
        4. 47. The Negro and Free Labor
  17. Part VIII: Condition of the Worker During Early Reconstruction
    1. Part VIII: Condition of the Black Worker During Early Reconstruction
      1. Reconstruction in the South
        1. 1. Dignity of Labor
        2. 2. Biographical Information on Black Leaders in New Orleans
        3. 3. General Schurz on Black Workers
        4. 4. Work Only for Good Employers
        5. 5. Whitelaw Reid's Observations on Newly Liberated Slaves in Selma, Alabama
        6. 6. To the Mass Meeting at the School of Liberty
        7. 7. The Labor Question
        8. 8. An Appeal to the Colored Cotton Weighers, Cotton Pressmen Generally, Levee Stevedores and Longshoremen
        9. 9. Appeal to Support the Universal Suffrage Party
        10. 10. Notice. Freedmen's Aid Association of New Orleans
        11. 11. Short Contracts
        12. 12. The Eight Hour System
        13. 13. A Typical Labor Contract
        14. 14. Constitution of the Commercial Association of the Laborers of Louisiana
        15. 15. Labor Notes
        16. 16. To the Editor of the Workingmen's Advocate
        17. 17. From Louisiana
        18. 18. Black Ship-Builders in North Carolina
        19. 19. A Louisiana Correspondent's View of Radical Reconstruction
        20. 20. The Need for a Second Emancipation Proclamation
        21. 21. Two Letters from the South by William H. Sylvis
        22. 22. Cooperation Among the Freedmen
      2. Labor Discontent in the South
        1. 23. Regulations for Freedmen in Louisiana, 1865
        2. 24. Resolutions of the Freedmen's Aid Association of New Orleans
        3. 25. Whitelaw Reid Witnesses a Plantation "Strike"
        4. 26. Chain-Gang for "Idle Negroes"
        5. 27. The Substitute for Slavery
        6. 28. Black Wages
        7. 29. Northern Laborers -- Attention!
        8. 30. Letter to a New York Editor from a Freedman
        9. 31. Why Freedmen Won't Work
        10. 32. Complaint of Tobacco Workmen
        11. 33. The Freedmen -- A Strike Expected
        12. 34. June 18, 1866, First Collective Action of Black Women Workers
        13. 35. Meeting of Planters to Regulate the Price of Labor
        14. 36. Freedmen's Bureau Meeting in Norfolk, Virginia
        15. 37. Southern Codes for Freedmen
        16. 38. An Appeal for Justice
        17. 39. White and Black Labor Unity in New Orelans, 1865
        18. 40. A Strike in Savannah
        19. 41. Discontent Among Negro Workers
        20. 42. "A Singular Case"
        21. 43. A Difficulty Between Workingmen and a Contractor
        22. 44. "Swearing" Mower
        23. 45. The City Workingmen
        24. 46. The British Consul in Baltimore Reports on Problems Created Over Integrated Ship Crews
        25. 47. Black Stevedores Strike in Charleston, S. C.
        26. 48. Strike of the Longshoremen
        27. 49. Another Longshoremen Strike
        28. 50. "The Colored Tailors on a Rampage"
      3. Condition of Black Workers in the North During Reconstruction
        1. 51. Home for "Colored Sailors"
        2. 52. Condition of the Colored Population of New York
        3. 53. A White View of the Black Worker
        4. 54. Estimated Number of Negroes in Selected Occupations in New York City, 1867
        5. 55. Characterization of Selected Occupations for Negroes in New York City, 1867
        6. 56. Coachmen's Union League Society, Inc.
  18. Part IX: Exclusion of Blacks from White Unions During Early Reconstruction
    1. Part IX: Exclusion of Blacks from White Unions During Early Reconstruction
      1. Race Discrimination in the Cooper's Union, 1868
        1. 1. "Birds of the Feather Flock Together"--A White Cooper's View of Race
        2. 2. Caste vs. Race
      2. Lewis H. Douglass and the Typographical Union
        1. 3. Mr. Douglass and the Printers
        2. 4. The Typographical Union -- Prejudice Against Color
        3. 5. Frederick Douglass on the Rejection of His Son, Lewis
        4. 6. The Typographical Union's Justification
        5. 7. The Typographical Union Denounced
        6. 8. "Colored Printers"
        7. 9. Lavalette's Defense
        8. 10. Editorial Response to Lavalette's Defense
      3. Exclusion of Blacks from Other Unions
        1. 11. The Bricklayers and the "Colored Question"
        2. 12. Excluding Negroes from Workingmen's Associations
  19. Part X: The Demand for Equality
    1. Part X: The Demand for Equality
      1. White Labor and Black Labor: The Black Viewpoint
        1. 1. Frederick Douglass on the Problems of Black Labor
        2. 2. The Chinese in California
        3. 3. The American Trades-Unions
      2. A White Labor Voice for Black Equality
        1. 4. "Justice"
        2. 5. Negro Labor in Competition with White Labor
        3. 6. The Boston Hod-Carriers' Strike, 1865
        4. 7. "Manhood Suffrage the Only Safety for Freedom"
        5. 8. "Our True Position"
        6. 9. "The Brotherhood of Labor is Universal"
        7. 10. Equal Rights for All
        8. 11. A Just Criticism
        9. 12. Movement to Bring Black Labor North
        10. 13. Eight-Hour Men in New Orleans Encounter a Stubborn Fact
        11. 14. "The Boston Voice Again"
        12. 15. Labor Strike at Washington
        13. 16. Can White Workingmen Ignore Colored Ones?
        14. 17. The Strike Against Colored Men in Congress Street
        15. 18. Work for Labor Reformers
        16. 19. Colorphobia
        17. 20. A Workingmen's Reminder
  20. Part XI: Black Response to Colorphobia
    1. Part XI: The Black Response to Colorphobia
      1. The National Labor Union and Black Labor, 1866–1869
        1. 1. The "Colored Question" at the National Labor Union Convention, 1867
        2. 2. The Labor Congress
        3. 3. "Shall We Make Them Our Friends, or Shall Capital Be Allowed to Turn Them as an Engine Against Us?"
        4. 4. Address to the Workingmen of the National Labor Union
        5. 5. The Present Congress
        6. 6. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Chides Black Unionists
      2. 1869 Convention of the National Labor Union
        1. 7. First Delegation of Black Unionists Admitted to a White Labor Convention
        2. 8. Philadelphia Labor Convention -- Address of the Colored Delegates
        3. 9. "They Gained the Respect of All"
        4. 10. Resolution Passed at the Women's Rights Convention in Cleveland, November 26, 1869
      3. THE FIRST BLACK LABOR LEADER: ISAAC MYERS, THE BALTIMORE CAULKERS, AND THE COLORED TRADES UNIONS OF MARYLAND
        1. 11. A Biographical Sketch of Isaac Myers Career
        2. 12. The Colored Men's Ship Yard
        3. 13. Condition of the Colored People
        4. 14. The Convention of the Colored Men of the Republic
        5. 15. Colored Trades' Union in Baltimore
        6. 16. Convention of Colored Mechanics
  21. Notes and Index
  22. Notes
  23. Index

INDEX

Abolitionists, 65, 91, 101, 160–63, 178, 249–50, 260–61, 263, 269–70, 433, 443

Africa, 3, 43, 128, 429, 434–35

African Civilization Society, 440

African Congregational Church, 438

African Free Schools, 438, 440

African literary societies, 123

African Methodist Episcopal Church, 405, 407, 429, 431, 437

Africanus, Leo, 3, 429

Alabama, 111–12

Aliened American, 260

Allen, H. G., 212

Allen, Richard, 5, 429

American Anti-Slavery Society, 436, 437, 439

American Colonization Society, 176, 255, 438

American Industrial School, 259–61

American Moral Reform Society, 435

American League of Colored Laborers, 245–46

American Revolution, 196, 212–13

American Seamen’s Friend Society, 210, 286

American Seamen’s Protective Association, 433

American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour of the United States. See American Colonization Society.

Anderson, Robert, 200

Andrew, C. C., 64

Anti–Black labor riots. See Riots.

Anti-colonization, 265–66

Appal, George, 112

Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, An, 435–36

Applegarth, William, 418

Apprentices, 11–12

Apprenticeship, 13

Association of Black Caulkers, 245–46

Ashantis, 3

Atkins, William, 143

Auctions, 11, 40–41

Auld, Hugh, 31, 33–34, 45–47

Auld, Thomas, 45–46

Aulie, John H., 94

Baltimore, 60–61, 91, 92–94, 100, 109–114, 236–41, 356–57, 390–91, 416–19, 420–25

Banneker, Benjamin, 123, 435

Banks, Charles, 203

Barbadoes, Fred G., 416

Barbadoes, James G., 249

Barbour, N., 347

Barker, Victor W., 217

Barnum, Thomas D., 368

Bartlett, Wm. E., 112

Barton, H. B., 291

Barzona, Elizabeth, 212

Battiste, Charles A., 24

Baylor, Richard C., 325–27

Becket, Charles, 201

Beecher, Henry Ward, 434

Beecher, Lyman, 436

Bell, Philip A., 263

Beman, Amos G., 259, 260, 262

Beneficial Societies, 146–47, 151

Benevolent Associations, 325–29, 363

Benezet Hall, 172

Benson, Charles S., 139

Bethel A.M.E. Sunday School of Philadelphia, 44

Betterton, Gardner, 112

Bias, J. J. G., 253

Bibb, Henry, 255

Binns, John, 169, 173

Black artisans, 3–5

Black artists, 125

Black barbers, 7, 13

Black blacksmiths, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11–12, 13

Black block and pumpmakers, 422

Black bootmakers, 124, 161

Black bricklayers, 4, 7–8, 9

Black brick-makers, 100–01, 421

Black brick-masons, 5

Black businessmen, 127

Black cabinetmakers, 4, 420

Black canal workers, 8, 17–20

Black carmen, 137–41

Black carpenters, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12–13, 32, 62–63, 422

Black caterers, 133

Black caulkers, 8, 35, 236–42, 285, 416, 418, 424

Black cigarmakers, 422

Black Codes, 270, 348–49

Black churches, 140, 147, 361, 429–30

Black clothing store owners, 129

Black Congressmen, 442

Black Conventions, 252, 257–59

Black cooperatives, 336–37, 416–25

Black coopers, 6, 9, 246–48, 420

Black curriers, 6

Black engineers, 4, 420

Black firemen, 179

Black fishermen, 20–22

Black foundrymen, 109

Black goldsmiths, 11

Black hatters, 422

Black house-carpenters, 422

Black houseservants, 7–8

Black iron-moulders, 422

Black ironworkers, 8, 13–14, 26–27, 105–07

Black jack-of-all trades, 10

Black jewellers, 127–28, 132

Black joiners, 7

Black knitters, 6

Black laws, 152–57

Black leaders, during Reconstruction, 317–21

Black longshoremen, 178–79, 286–89, 297, 327–28

Black lumbermen, 22–26

Black machinists, 4, 420

Black miners, 15–16, 99–100, 105

Black painters, 5, 7, 10, 420

Black pilots, 7

Black plasterers, 5, 420

Black response to colorphobia, 407–425

Black ropemakers, 8

Black sailmakers, 422

Black saltmakers, 8

Black saw-mill workers, 353

Black sawyers, 6, 8, 9

Black seamen, 7, 49, 94–95, 196–236, 356–57, 433, 437

Black seamstresses, 12, 13

Black ship-carpenters, 43-44, 420

Black shoemakers, 5, 6, 12, 124, 161, 420

Black silversmiths, 420

Black spinners, 6

Black stevedores, 15, 164, 178-79 327-28, 420

Black tailors, 7, 319

Black tanners, 6, 420

Black tobacco workers, 22, 277, 344

Black trade unions, 417-25

Black wages, 341-42, 345-46

Black wagoners, 306

Black wagon-makers, 25

Black waiters, 191–96

Black warehousemen, 8

Black washerwomen, 63–64, 345

Black watchmakers, 10, 127–28

Black weavers, 6

Black wheelwrights, 5, 7, 420

Black and white labor relations in South, 99–113

Black whitewashers, 7, 9

Black women, 10, 12, 37, 38, 41, 94–95, 212–13, 280, 345, 351–52

Black workers, during Civil War, 267–314; excluded everywhere in employment, 390; excluded from trade unions, 371–84; in Boston, 269–70; in North during early Reconstruction, 360–64; in South during early Reconstruction, 321–59; response to oppression, 245–66; statistics on, 363–64; Reconstruction era and demands of, 419–21. See also discrimination, kidnapping, riots, trade unions.

Bolivar, Nicholas G., 253

Bondton, Jacob, 220

Bonner, J. D., 259

Borden, Nathaniel A., 210

Boston, 129–34, 163–65, 184–85, 186–87, 217–18, 269–70, 285, 439

Boston Daily Evening Voice, 390–403, 408–410

Boston Herald, 401

Boston Pilot, 269–73

Boyd, Henry, 62–63

Boyd, Joseph, 284–85

Bradley, Benjamin, 42

Brainerd, Cephas, 290

Braxton, John H., 368

Bricklayers’ Union, 384

Brimmer, Henry, 176, 177, 178

British, 224–25

British seamen, 224–29

Brooklyn, N.Y., 371, 277–81

Brown, Jacob, 202

Brown, J. E., 263

Brown, John, 434, 440

Brown, Morris, Jr., 253

Brown, Peter C., 415

Brown, S. S., 420

Brown, William Wells, 36–41, 431

Browne, N. P., 171

Bruce, Robert, 317

Brutality, towards slaves, 37–38

Bryant, James, 347

Bryson, David, 139

Buckley, C. W., 321–23

Buffum, Arnold, 249, 250

Burr, John P., 253

Buston, Ezekiel, 193

Bustill, James M., 253

Butler, R. H., 415

Butler, William F., 361, 362

California, 81, 389

Cameron, Andrew C., 408–410, 442

Campbell, John, 260–61

Campbell, John Jr., 194

Campbell, J. P., 304–05, 441

Campbell, T. G., 193

Cannan Academy, 440

Canada, 92, 155, 283, 420, 432

Canals, 17–18, 430

Carpetbaggers, 337

Carpenters and Joiners Local Union No. 4, 396

Carroll, Jeremiah, 204

Catholics, 164

Caution, Samuel, 422

Chesapeake Marine Railway and Dock Company, 416–25

Chain Gangs, 340

Charleston, 54–56, 84–85, 86, 357–59

Chicago, 273–74

Chinese, 389, 421

Christian Recorder, The, 389–90, 443

Christian Register, 128

Cincinnati, 154–57, 180, 270, 271, 274–77, 441

Cincinnati Times, 402

Civil War, 234, 314, 430

Clark, Edward V., 126–27, 262–63

Clark, Peter H., 417

Clayton, John M., 437

Coachmen’s Benevolent Association, 361

Coachmen’s Union League Society, 366–68

Coffin, Joshua, 250

Colebrook, Sir James, 155

Collins, Charles, 139

Collins, George C., 299

Collins, James, 176, 177

Collins, Jos. B., 299

Colored Business Men’s Association of Baltimore, 417

Colored Caulkers’ Trades Union Society of Baltimore, 444

Colored Citizens, 417

Colored Men’s Shipyard, 418–19

Colored National Labor Convention, 422–23

Colored National Labor Union, 425

Colored National Council, 261–66

Colored Orphan Asylum, 301, 361

Colored Sailors’ Home, 210–12, 285–86, 298, 360, 433

Coloured Seamen—Their Character and Condition, 196–217

Colored Trades’ Union, 419–25

“Colorphobia,” 402–03

“Colored Printers,” 380–82

Columbia (Pa.), 175–78

Columbia Typographical Union, 375–79, 379–83, 419

Columbus, Christopher, 101, 103

Commercial Association of the Laborers of Louisiana, 331–32

Confederate States of America, 432–33, 440

Constitution of the Baltimore Society for the Protection of Free People of Color, 109–14

Conventions, 246–47, 257–58, 440

Cooper, John, 178

Cooperatives, 336

Coopers’ Union, 371–74

Copperheads, 347

Cornish, Charles, 422

Cornish, James, 422

Corse, Israel, 139

Cotton factory-slaves, 14–15, 16

Courts, 151–52

Covey, Edward, 47, 431

Craft, Ellen, 442

Craft, William, 336–37, 442

Creswell, John A. J., 409

Criminal statistics, 363–64

Cromwell, W. H., 43–44

Crumell, Alexander, 251, 438

Daily Patriot, 381

Dallam, William, 112

Daron, Charles J., 204

Daughers of Esther, 361

Daughters of Wesley, 361

Davenport, George, 396–97

Davenport, Joseph, 112

Davis, Jefferson, 273, 302, 433, 440

Debate, on Southern use of Black labor, 71–91

De Bree, John, 204

Declaration of Independence, 224

De Kalb, Leon A., 368

Delany, Martin Robinson, 97, 161–63, 265, 434

Delnay, Wm. D., 205

Delaware, 95–96

Derickson, Jeremiah, 193, 194

Depew, A. M. G., 139

Detroit, 281–85

Detroit Daily Union, 394–95, 402–03, 443

Discrimination against free Blacks, 157–59, 163–67, 170–72

Dougherty, Samuel, 418

Douglass, Frederick, 31–36, 45–50, 91, 135–37, 187, 245, 254–55, 256–57, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265–66, 379, 380–81, 389, 411, 417, 418, 422–24, 430, 431, 433

Douglass, Lewis, 374–85, 381, 382

Douglass, William, 253

Douglass Institute, 419, 420

Douglass’ Monthly, 273–74

Downing, George T., 263, 416, 439

Dresser, Horace, 139

Dupee, Nathaniel W., 253

Easty, H. N., 400

Edge, Frederick Milner, 312–14

Education, 64, 122, 134–35, 137, 147, 150–51, 155, 156, 248–49, 264, 361, 420–21, 436, 439, 440

Edwards, Joseph, 241, 242

Eight-Hour Day, 330, 392, 397, 399–400, 401, 441, 442, 443

Eight-Hour Leagues, 398, 401

Emancipation Proclamation, 310, 335, 432

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 137

Emigration, 155, 264, 265

England, 79, 80, 84, 226–34, 337, 438

Equal pay for Blacks, 304–06

Erickson, George, 165

Escapes from slavery, 37–38, 45–50

Exodus, of free Blacks, 98–101

Fannueil Hall, 437

Female Perserverance, The, 361

Finley, Daniel, 422

Finney, Charles, 436

First Association of Colored Waiters, 194–96

Fisher, Charles, 75–79

Fisher, Elwood, 83

Flagg, A. S., 347

Forster, W. E., 336

Forten, James, 429

Fortie, John, 416

Forte, J. C., 423

Fourteenth Amendment, 418

Franklin, Abraham, 294

Frederick Douglass’ Paper, 158, 422

Free Blacks, and abolitionists, 160–61; in Boston, 129–34; discrimination against, 62–67, 134–44, 163–65; exodus from South, 98–101; housing for, 147–50; kidnapping, 109–14, 180–93; and law, 89–97; living conditions in North North, 145–87; in New York City, 126–28, 145–46; in North, 114–87; occupations in South, 51–62; in Philadelphia, 117–24, 146–47, 148–52, 157–59, 161, 169–75; population, 50–51; in Rhode Island, 134; schools for, 64, 74, 123, 137, 147, 150–61, 155, 156, 248–50; in South, 5, 50–71

Freedmen’s Aid Association of New Orleans, 329–30, 338

Freedmen’s Aid Society, 438

Freedmen’s Bank, 361–62

Freedmen’s Bureau, 321–23, 339, 347–48, 391, 442

Freedom Association, Boston, 186–87

Free papers, 48

Friends of Universal Suffrage, 326

Fugitive Slave Act, 430, 438

Fugitive slaves, 7–8, 12–13, 49–50, 176, 183–87, 442

Gardner, George, 241, 242

Garnet, Henry Highland, 291, 292, 439

Garret, Thomas, 96

Garrison, William Lloyd, 162–63, 249–50, 426, 430

Gay, N. P., 213

Gearing, Reuben, 420

Georgia, 5, 86–87, 96–97, 107–09

Gillingham, George, 112

Given, James, 175

Glenn, Elizabeth, 352

Gloucester, James H., 362

Gloucester, Stephen H., 253

Goldsborough, John W., 422

Goodman, John, 169, 173

Gordon, Washington, 139

Government Printing Office, 375, 383

Grant, Ulysses S., 411, 417

Graves, Henry, 138–41

Gray, James G., 185–86

Greeley, Horace, 445

Green, Samuel, 91–92

Griffin, Richard, 422

Gross, Ignatius, 422, 424

Gurmby, George, 139

Haiti, 98, 442

Hall, Isaac, 94

Hall, Morris, 253

Hall, Peter Herbert, 139

Hamilton, W. F., 195

Hampton, Wade, 435

Hancock, George, 289

Hare, James, 424

Hare, William, 422

Harris, George, 235, 236

Harrisburg (Pa.), 105

Harvey, John, 203

Hawkins, H. C., 420

Hay, Peter, 173

Heuston, Peter, 292

Heitt, John, 372

Hewlett, Jno. 0., 112

Higher Law, 224, 225

Hilton, John T., 249

Hitchcock, Horace, 184

Hodges, Willis A., 433

Hogan, Jonathan C., 132

Hooten, A., 173

Hough, Jefferson, 112

House of Commons, 234

Housing, for Blacks, 147–50

Houston, Louis, 284

Houston, Solomon, 284

Howard, Wesley, 422

Howard University, 442

Hughes, T., 334

Hull, William, 165

Hyer, Samuel, 422

Illinois, 270

Industrial College, 256–57, 258–64

Industrial slavery, 14–27, 28–32, 71–79, 81–82, 83–84, 105–12

Ingersoll, Joseph R., 169

International Typographical Union, 374–83

Ireland, 337

Irish, 65, 75, 164, 269–73, 274–77, 286–87, 300, 362, 400

Itheride, John, 94

Jackson, Charles, 293–94

Jackson, James, 416, 428

Jackson, Joseph, 298

Jamaica, 432

James, Stephen, 173

James, William L., 422

Japan, 437

Jeffers, W. L., 64

Jefferson, Thomas, 435

Jennings, Moses, 420

Jennings, Thomas L., 65

Jews, 256

Johnson, Andrew, 395, 441, 444

Johnson, Nathan, 135

Jones, Absalom, 5, 429

Jones, Aquila, 112

Jones, George, 191

Jones, William, 292–93

Jones, John, 260

Jones, Solomon, 204

Jones, Thomas, 44

Jones, Wm. Gruyere, 112, 113

“Justice,” 390–91

Keffer, John C., 336

Keiling, William, 347

Kidnapping, of free Blacks, 109–12, 180–88, 401–02, 437

Know-Nothings, 416, 440

Kurwan, Wm., 241

Labor contracts, 330–31

Ladies’ Bethel Society, 211

Ladies’ Mutual Relief, 361

Ladies’ Loyal League, 361

Land, demand for, 327

Lane Seminary, 154–57, 436

Langer, Charles, 282

Langston, Charles H., 438

Langston, John Mercer, 411, 438, 442

Lathan, Edward, 364

Latimer, George, 185–86

Lavelett, William A., 379–83

Lawrence, C. W., 139

“Learn Trades or Starve!” 254–55

Legal Rights Association, 439

Leidy, N. B., 119, 148

Lester, Peter, 253

Liberator, The, 152, 430, 437

Liberia, 43–44, 135, 156, 262, 440

Libraries, 133, 361

Lincoln, Abraham, 441

Literary societies, 134, 251

Louisiana, 97, 199–200, 215–16, 225–26, 337–38, 340, 442

Lovejoy, Elijah P., 431

Lowell (Mass.), 76, 83, 398

Lucas, Nathaniel J., 370

Lundy, Thomas, 419

Lyceum, 137

Lynn (Mass.), 181–82

McDonald, R., 139

McKenzie, J. D., 291, 299

McLane, Alfred, 423

McMichael, Morton, 173

McMullen, John, 177

Mandlop, Solomon, 305

Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society, 417

Mann, Horace, 137

Manual Labor Schools, 249–50, 251–53, 258–61, 262–64

Markley, J. F., 73, 74

Marshall, Joseph, 298–99

Martin, J. Sella, 416

Maryland, 89–92, 93–94

Maryland Colored State Industrial Fair Association, 416

Maryland Mutual Joint Stock Railway Company, 423

Massachusetts, 76, 79, 269–70

Mason, John, 134

Masons, 123, 361, 416

Massey, Thomas, 75–76

Matthews, John T., 132

Matthews, Thomas, 112

Memminger, Christopher G., 83, 432

Memorials, 212–13

Merchants Relief Committee, 299

Mexican War, 293

Miller, Clayton, 253

Miller, Henry, 423

Miller, William, 435

Millerites, 108, 435

Mirror of Liberty, The, 432

Mississippi, 5, 29, 72, 341

“Missionary, The,” 416

Mobile, 353–54

Moore, Benjamin P., 112

Morris, James, 421

Morrissey, John, 300–01, 443

Mott, James, 173

Mott, Lucretia, 444

Muller, James N., 416

Mutual Relief Society, 361

Myers, George, 423

Myers, Isaac, 412–25, 444

National Anti-Slavery Standard, 162

National Era, 434

National Conventions, 419–21

National Council of Colored People, 161

National Council of the People of Color, 259

National Equal Rights League, 442

National Freedmen’s Aid Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 337

National Labor Union, 408–414, 423, 442, 444

National Relief Association, 423

Negro. See Black.

Negro apprenticeship, 311–12

Negro suffrage, 393–96

Nell, William C., 217, 261, 264, 439

New Bedford (Mass.), 135–37

New England Anti-Slavery Society, 249–50

New Orleans, 61–62, 317–21, 322–32 338, 354–56, 398–99, 401, 424

New Orleans Daily Tribune, 397–99

New York African Free School, 134–35, 248–50, 436

New York City, 65–67, 125–28, 137–41, 145–46, 178–79, 181, 191–96, 213, 264, 286–301, 360–67

New York Tribune, 289, 434, 441, 443

Nichols, James, 253

Nichols, Samuel, 348

Noah, Major, 65

Noble, Patrick, 220

Norris, James, 422

North, free black workers in, 11–83; race relations in, 145–87

North Carolina, 5, 75–80

North Star, The, 430, 433

Oberlin College, 442

Occupations, of free Blacks in South, 51–62

Odd Fellows, 123, 361

Ohio, 152–57

Oneida College, 263

Oxford University, 438

Palmerston, Lord, 226

Parker, Theodore, 137, 307

Parr, John, 139

Pauperism, 145

Payne, D. A., 418

Peabody, Rev. Ephraim, 136

Peck, John D., 259

Penn, William, 158

Pennington, James W. C., 300–01, 438–39

Pennsylvania Freeman, 162

Pereira, Manuel, 22, 25–26

Perkins, G. W., 417

Perkins, Mathew Galbraith, 437

Peterson, John, 290

Petitions, of white mechanics against Black mechanics, 84–86, 217–18

Philadelphia, 44, 117–24, 147–59, 161, 169–75, 250–54, 306–309

Philadelphia Inquirer, 174

Phillips, John, 165

Phillips, Wendell, 410, 443

Phoenix Literary Society, 251

Pierce, Franklin, 440

Pinchback, P. B. S., 442

Pindell, J. C., 422

Polony, Louis, 203

Pope, John, 443

Portlock, A. A., 347

Powell, Edward, 213

Powell, William P., 29, 84, 196–214, 433–34

Prejudice, against Blacks, 123–24, 306–09, 362–63

Prisons, 118

Prize fighting, 443–44

Protests, of white mechanics, 84–90

Providence (R.I.), 134, 165–69

Provost, Anthony, 139

Public works, 17–18

Pulley, John C., 91

Purvis, Robert, 173–74, 411, 413

Pygmies, 3

Quay, Frances, 204

Race relations, in North, 145–87

Rachel Club, The, 134

Radical Reconstruction, 334–35, 419

Radical Republicans, 442, 444

Railroads, 4, 17, 20, 28, 439

Ram’s Horn, 91, 433

Ranials, Harry, 357

Ray, Charles M., 139

Raymond, Henry J., 310

Reade, Charles, 389–90

Reason, Charles L., 259, 260–61, 438

Reason, Patrick H., 125

Reconstruction, following Civil War, 317–68

Redfield, Wm., 139

Regulations, for freedmen, 337–38

Reid, J., 195

Reid, Whitelaw, 324–26, 339–40, 441

Remond, Charles Lenox, 263, 439

Report of Merchants Committee for Relief of Colored People, 288–94

Republican Party, 270, 328, 417, 441

Responses to oppression of free Black workers, 245–66

Rhode Island, 134

Rights of White Labor over Blacks, 269–73

Riots, against Blacks, 157, 165–79, 270–301

Ritchfield, Frisby, 420

Robinson, Andrew, 204

Robinson, Jordan B., 368

Rochester Union, 273–74

Rock, John S., 163–65, 269–70, 440

Rogers, Nathaniel P., 443

Ruggles, David B., 65, 135, 181, 432

Sailors’ Home, 209

St. Louis, 58–60, 179

Savannah, 352

Schools for Blacks, 361, 436, 439, 440

Schurz, Carl, 321, 325–26, 327, 441

Schwind, Adolphus, 195

Seamen’s Friend Societies, 209

Secession, 99, 432

Seely, George N., 193

Seiler, Sebastian, 327

Selden, Jos. G., 347

Self-purchase, 41–44

Selon, Cary, 94

Seneca Falls Convention, 444

Sewall, Samuel E., 249

Seymour, Horatio, 311, 411

Sheppard, John M., 139

Shiner, Michael, 94–95, 236

Short contracts, 330

Schultz, J. S., 299

Simpson, Chas., 253

Slave artisans, 5–40

Slave hiring, 17–18, 29–47

Slave insurrections, 85, 429, 433

Slave iron workers, 43

Slave mechanics, 3–4

Slave labor, cheapness of, 17–20; opposition to, 29–31; strikes against, 26–27; abolition of, 310, 311–12, 312–14

Slaves, in industry, 71–84, 105–07

Smith, Augustus, 203

Smith, Elijah, 162

Smith, James McCune, 252, 259, 262, 438, 439

Smith, Keith, 379–81

Smith, P. G., 252

Smith, Stephen, 262

Smith, Theodore H., 267–68

Smith, Thomas L., 175

Society for the Mental and Moral Improvement of the Colored Population, 159–61

Society of Love and Charity, 361

Society of the Good Samaritan, 361

Society of the Sons of Wesley, 361

South, debate in over use of Black labor, 71–92; free Blacks in, 50–62; Reconstruction in, 317–59

South Carolina, 79, 80, 81, 98–99, 101, 218–24, 435

Southern industry, Blacks in, 71–75

Spear, Robert, 175–77

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 411, 444

State Labor Conventions, 424

Stearns, Jas. S., 290

Stebbins, Giles B., 415

Steward, Ira, 396, 398–99, 443

Stillwell, J., 139

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 256–57, 433–34

Strikes, against Black workers, 26–27, 105–07, 209–42, 285, 425, 427, 430; of Black workers in South, 339–40, 344–45, 352–54, 357–59

Sturgis, Jonathan, 296–97, 299

Sylvis, James G., 442

Sylvis, John A., 441

Sylvis, William H., 335–36, 442

Sumner, Charles, 137, 439, 440

Tabb, John H., 420

Talieferro, J. C., 442

Tanner, Benjamin T., 44, 431

Taylor, G. W., 253

Taylor, Zachary, 226, 437

Temperance movement, 123

Texas, 5, 89

Thatcher, Moses, 249

Thirteenth Amendment, 432

Thomas, John, 195

Thomas, John T., 416

Thompson, John, 217

Thompson, William, 201

Tilton, Theodore, 421, 434

Topley, W. E., 195–96

Torrey, Charles T., 48, 431

Trade unions, exclusion of Blacks, 155–56, 371–74, 389–90; for Black equality, 396

Tredegar Iron Works, 26–27, 105–07, 430

Trevellick, Richard T., 417, 442

Tubbs, William, 236

Turner, Nat, 5, 429

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 91–92, 433–34

Underground Railroad, 44, 47, 135

Union Army, Blacks in, 301–02; demand for equal pay for Blacks in, 304–06

Union Navy, Blacks in, 302–04

Union League Council, 361

Universal Suffrage Party, 329

Upham, Amos, 139

Vanderbilt, Commodore, 444

Van Rensselaer, Thomas 433

Van Wort, Lawrence M., 139

Varian, Isaac L., 139

Vashon, George B., 259, 438

Vattel, Emeric de, 437

Vesey, Denmark, 5, 85, 429, 433

Virginia, 15, 86, 94–95, 105–07

Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, 442

Virginia and Tennessee Railroad Company, 17, 20

Wadsworth, James S., 310–11

Wages, for Blacks, 345–46

Waiters’ Protective Union, 194–96

Walker, David, 129, 435–36

Wallace, William, 204

Ward, George Atkinson, 65

Ward, Samuel Ringgold, 64–65, 245, 432

Warmoth, Henry Clay, 442

War of 1812, 196

Watson, James, 354

Watts, Joseph M., 175

Wears, Isiah C., 417

Weaver, William, 236

Weeden, Benjamin, 207

Weeks, Gilbert, 139

Weld, Theodore Dwight, 41, 436

West Indies Emancipation, 440

Wetmore, A. R., 299

Whaling, 198–99, 207–08

Whipper, William, 128, 435

White labor voice for Black equality, 390–403

White supremacy, 435

Wilberforce Settlement, 155

Wilberforce University, 431

Wilde, R. H., 108

Willard, Emma, 444

Williams, Henson, 422

Williams, John, 236

Williamson, John, 236

Wilson, Henry, 422

Wilson, George R., 422

Wilson, Samuel, 112

Winnfield, Tom, 236

Wolf, Charles, 200

Woman’s Rights, 415, 430–31, 444

Woman’s suffrage, 444

Wood, Robert, 217

Woodson, L., 245

Workingman’s Advocate, 371, 372–74, 441

Workingmen’s associations, 384

World Anti-Slavery Convention, 439

Younger, John D., Jr., 368

Young Men’s Christian Association, 361

Young Men’s Christian Benevolent Society, 361

Zantzinger, J. Paul, 204

Zion African Church, 292

Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, 44

Zion Church, 362

Zion Standard and Weekly Review, 342

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