INDEX

Abolitionists, 65, 91, 101, 160–63, 178, 249–50, 260–61, 263, 269–70, 433, 443

Africa, 3, 43, 128, 429, 434–35

African Civilization Society, 440

African Congregational Church, 438

African Free Schools, 438, 440

African literary societies, 123

African Methodist Episcopal Church, 405, 407, 429, 431, 437

Africanus, Leo, 3, 429

Alabama, 111–12

Aliened American, 260

Allen, H. G., 212

Allen, Richard, 5, 429

American Anti-Slavery Society, 436, 437, 439

American Colonization Society, 176, 255, 438

American Industrial School, 259–61

American Moral Reform Society, 435

American League of Colored Laborers, 245–46

American Revolution, 196, 212–13

American Seamen’s Friend Society, 210, 286

American Seamen’s Protective Association, 433

American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour of the United States. See American Colonization Society.

Anderson, Robert, 200

Andrew, C. C., 64

Anti–Black labor riots. See Riots.

Anti-colonization, 265–66

Appal, George, 112

Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, An, 435–36

Applegarth, William, 418

Apprentices, 11–12

Apprenticeship, 13

Association of Black Caulkers, 245–46

Ashantis, 3

Atkins, William, 143

Auctions, 11, 40–41

Auld, Hugh, 31, 33–34, 45–47

Auld, Thomas, 45–46

Aulie, John H., 94

Baltimore, 60–61, 91, 92–94, 100, 109–114, 236–41, 356–57, 390–91, 416–19, 420–25

Banneker, Benjamin, 123, 435

Banks, Charles, 203

Barbadoes, Fred G., 416

Barbadoes, James G., 249

Barbour, N., 347

Barker, Victor W., 217

Barnum, Thomas D., 368

Bartlett, Wm. E., 112

Barton, H. B., 291

Barzona, Elizabeth, 212

Battiste, Charles A., 24

Baylor, Richard C., 325–27

Becket, Charles, 201

Beecher, Henry Ward, 434

Beecher, Lyman, 436

Bell, Philip A., 263

Beman, Amos G., 259, 260, 262

Beneficial Societies, 146–47, 151

Benevolent Associations, 325–29, 363

Benezet Hall, 172

Benson, Charles S., 139

Bethel A.M.E. Sunday School of Philadelphia, 44

Betterton, Gardner, 112

Bias, J. J. G., 253

Bibb, Henry, 255

Binns, John, 169, 173

Black artisans, 3–5

Black artists, 125

Black barbers, 7, 13

Black blacksmiths, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11–12, 13

Black block and pumpmakers, 422

Black bootmakers, 124, 161

Black bricklayers, 4, 7–8, 9

Black brick-makers, 100–01, 421

Black brick-masons, 5

Black businessmen, 127

Black cabinetmakers, 4, 420

Black canal workers, 8, 17–20

Black carmen, 137–41

Black carpenters, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12–13, 32, 62–63, 422

Black caterers, 133

Black caulkers, 8, 35, 236–42, 285, 416, 418, 424

Black cigarmakers, 422

Black Codes, 270, 348–49

Black churches, 140, 147, 361, 429–30

Black clothing store owners, 129

Black Congressmen, 442

Black Conventions, 252, 257–59

Black cooperatives, 336–37, 416–25

Black coopers, 6, 9, 246–48, 420

Black curriers, 6

Black engineers, 4, 420

Black firemen, 179

Black fishermen, 20–22

Black foundrymen, 109

Black goldsmiths, 11

Black hatters, 422

Black house-carpenters, 422

Black houseservants, 7–8

Black iron-moulders, 422

Black ironworkers, 8, 13–14, 26–27, 105–07

Black jack-of-all trades, 10

Black jewellers, 127–28, 132

Black joiners, 7

Black knitters, 6

Black laws, 152–57

Black leaders, during Reconstruction, 317–21

Black longshoremen, 178–79, 286–89, 297, 327–28

Black lumbermen, 22–26

Black machinists, 4, 420

Black miners, 15–16, 99–100, 105

Black painters, 5, 7, 10, 420

Black pilots, 7

Black plasterers, 5, 420

Black response to colorphobia, 407–425

Black ropemakers, 8

Black sailmakers, 422

Black saltmakers, 8

Black saw-mill workers, 353

Black sawyers, 6, 8, 9

Black seamen, 7, 49, 94–95, 196–236, 356–57, 433, 437

Black seamstresses, 12, 13

Black ship-carpenters, 43-44, 420

Black shoemakers, 5, 6, 12, 124, 161, 420

Black silversmiths, 420

Black spinners, 6

Black stevedores, 15, 164, 178-79 327-28, 420

Black tailors, 7, 319

Black tanners, 6, 420

Black tobacco workers, 22, 277, 344

Black trade unions, 417-25

Black wages, 341-42, 345-46

Black wagoners, 306

Black wagon-makers, 25

Black waiters, 191–96

Black warehousemen, 8

Black washerwomen, 63–64, 345

Black watchmakers, 10, 127–28

Black weavers, 6

Black wheelwrights, 5, 7, 420

Black and white labor relations in South, 99–113

Black whitewashers, 7, 9

Black women, 10, 12, 37, 38, 41, 94–95, 212–13, 280, 345, 351–52

Black workers, during Civil War, 267–314; excluded everywhere in employment, 390; excluded from trade unions, 371–84; in Boston, 269–70; in North during early Reconstruction, 360–64; in South during early Reconstruction, 321–59; response to oppression, 245–66; statistics on, 363–64; Reconstruction era and demands of, 419–21. See also discrimination, kidnapping, riots, trade unions.

Bolivar, Nicholas G., 253

Bondton, Jacob, 220

Bonner, J. D., 259

Borden, Nathaniel A., 210

Boston, 129–34, 163–65, 184–85, 186–87, 217–18, 269–70, 285, 439

Boston Daily Evening Voice, 390–403, 408–410

Boston Herald, 401

Boston Pilot, 269–73

Boyd, Henry, 62–63

Boyd, Joseph, 284–85

Bradley, Benjamin, 42

Brainerd, Cephas, 290

Braxton, John H., 368

Bricklayers’ Union, 384

Brimmer, Henry, 176, 177, 178

British, 224–25

British seamen, 224–29

Brooklyn, N.Y., 371, 277–81

Brown, Jacob, 202

Brown, J. E., 263

Brown, John, 434, 440

Brown, Morris, Jr., 253

Brown, Peter C., 415

Brown, S. S., 420

Brown, William Wells, 36–41, 431

Browne, N. P., 171

Bruce, Robert, 317

Brutality, towards slaves, 37–38

Bryant, James, 347

Bryson, David, 139

Buckley, C. W., 321–23

Buffum, Arnold, 249, 250

Burr, John P., 253

Buston, Ezekiel, 193

Bustill, James M., 253

Butler, R. H., 415

Butler, William F., 361, 362

California, 81, 389

Cameron, Andrew C., 408–410, 442

Campbell, John, 260–61

Campbell, John Jr., 194

Campbell, J. P., 304–05, 441

Campbell, T. G., 193

Cannan Academy, 440

Canada, 92, 155, 283, 420, 432

Canals, 17–18, 430

Carpetbaggers, 337

Carpenters and Joiners Local Union No. 4, 396

Carroll, Jeremiah, 204

Catholics, 164

Caution, Samuel, 422

Chesapeake Marine Railway and Dock Company, 416–25

Chain Gangs, 340

Charleston, 54–56, 84–85, 86, 357–59

Chicago, 273–74

Chinese, 389, 421

Christian Recorder, The, 389–90, 443

Christian Register, 128

Cincinnati, 154–57, 180, 270, 271, 274–77, 441

Cincinnati Times, 402

Civil War, 234, 314, 430

Clark, Edward V., 126–27, 262–63

Clark, Peter H., 417

Clayton, John M., 437

Coachmen’s Benevolent Association, 361

Coachmen’s Union League Society, 366–68

Coffin, Joshua, 250

Colebrook, Sir James, 155

Collins, Charles, 139

Collins, George C., 299

Collins, James, 176, 177

Collins, Jos. B., 299

Colored Business Men’s Association of Baltimore, 417

Colored Caulkers’ Trades Union Society of Baltimore, 444

Colored Citizens, 417

Colored Men’s Shipyard, 418–19

Colored National Labor Convention, 422–23

Colored National Labor Union, 425

Colored National Council, 261–66

Colored Orphan Asylum, 301, 361

Colored Sailors’ Home, 210–12, 285–86, 298, 360, 433

Coloured Seamen—Their Character and Condition, 196–217

Colored Trades’ Union, 419–25

“Colorphobia,” 402–03

“Colored Printers,” 380–82

Columbia (Pa.), 175–78

Columbia Typographical Union, 375–79, 379–83, 419

Columbus, Christopher, 101, 103

Commercial Association of the Laborers of Louisiana, 331–32

Confederate States of America, 432–33, 440

Constitution of the Baltimore Society for the Protection of Free People of Color, 109–14

Conventions, 246–47, 257–58, 440

Cooper, John, 178

Cooperatives, 336

Coopers’ Union, 371–74

Copperheads, 347

Cornish, Charles, 422

Cornish, James, 422

Corse, Israel, 139

Cotton factory-slaves, 14–15, 16

Courts, 151–52

Covey, Edward, 47, 431

Craft, Ellen, 442

Craft, William, 336–37, 442

Creswell, John A. J., 409

Criminal statistics, 363–64

Cromwell, W. H., 43–44

Crumell, Alexander, 251, 438

Daily Patriot, 381

Dallam, William, 112

Daron, Charles J., 204

Daughers of Esther, 361

Daughters of Wesley, 361

Davenport, George, 396–97

Davenport, Joseph, 112

Davis, Jefferson, 273, 302, 433, 440

Debate, on Southern use of Black labor, 71–91

De Bree, John, 204

Declaration of Independence, 224

De Kalb, Leon A., 368

Delany, Martin Robinson, 97, 161–63, 265, 434

Delnay, Wm. D., 205

Delaware, 95–96

Derickson, Jeremiah, 193, 194

Depew, A. M. G., 139

Detroit, 281–85

Detroit Daily Union, 394–95, 402–03, 443

Discrimination against free Blacks, 157–59, 163–67, 170–72

Dougherty, Samuel, 418

Douglass, Frederick, 31–36, 45–50, 91, 135–37, 187, 245, 254–55, 256–57, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265–66, 379, 380–81, 389, 411, 417, 418, 422–24, 430, 431, 433

Douglass, Lewis, 374–85, 381, 382

Douglass, William, 253

Douglass Institute, 419, 420

Douglass’ Monthly, 273–74

Downing, George T., 263, 416, 439

Dresser, Horace, 139

Dupee, Nathaniel W., 253

Easty, H. N., 400

Edge, Frederick Milner, 312–14

Education, 64, 122, 134–35, 137, 147, 150–51, 155, 156, 248–49, 264, 361, 420–21, 436, 439, 440

Edwards, Joseph, 241, 242

Eight-Hour Day, 330, 392, 397, 399–400, 401, 441, 442, 443

Eight-Hour Leagues, 398, 401

Emancipation Proclamation, 310, 335, 432

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 137

Emigration, 155, 264, 265

England, 79, 80, 84, 226–34, 337, 438

Equal pay for Blacks, 304–06

Erickson, George, 165

Escapes from slavery, 37–38, 45–50

Exodus, of free Blacks, 98–101

Fannueil Hall, 437

Female Perserverance, The, 361

Finley, Daniel, 422

Finney, Charles, 436

First Association of Colored Waiters, 194–96

Fisher, Charles, 75–79

Fisher, Elwood, 83

Flagg, A. S., 347

Forster, W. E., 336

Forten, James, 429

Fortie, John, 416

Forte, J. C., 423

Fourteenth Amendment, 418

Franklin, Abraham, 294

Frederick Douglass’ Paper, 158, 422

Free Blacks, and abolitionists, 160–61; in Boston, 129–34; discrimination against, 62–67, 134–44, 163–65; exodus from South, 98–101; housing for, 147–50; kidnapping, 109–14, 180–93; and law, 89–97; living conditions in North North, 145–87; in New York City, 126–28, 145–46; in North, 114–87; occupations in South, 51–62; in Philadelphia, 117–24, 146–47, 148–52, 157–59, 161, 169–75; population, 50–51; in Rhode Island, 134; schools for, 64, 74, 123, 137, 147, 150–61, 155, 156, 248–50; in South, 5, 50–71

Freedmen’s Aid Association of New Orleans, 329–30, 338

Freedmen’s Aid Society, 438

Freedmen’s Bank, 361–62

Freedmen’s Bureau, 321–23, 339, 347–48, 391, 442

Freedom Association, Boston, 186–87

Free papers, 48

Friends of Universal Suffrage, 326

Fugitive Slave Act, 430, 438

Fugitive slaves, 7–8, 12–13, 49–50, 176, 183–87, 442

Gardner, George, 241, 242

Garnet, Henry Highland, 291, 292, 439

Garret, Thomas, 96

Garrison, William Lloyd, 162–63, 249–50, 426, 430

Gay, N. P., 213

Gearing, Reuben, 420

Georgia, 5, 86–87, 96–97, 107–09

Gillingham, George, 112

Given, James, 175

Glenn, Elizabeth, 352

Gloucester, James H., 362

Gloucester, Stephen H., 253

Goldsborough, John W., 422

Goodman, John, 169, 173

Gordon, Washington, 139

Government Printing Office, 375, 383

Grant, Ulysses S., 411, 417

Graves, Henry, 138–41

Gray, James G., 185–86

Greeley, Horace, 445

Green, Samuel, 91–92

Griffin, Richard, 422

Gross, Ignatius, 422, 424

Gurmby, George, 139

Haiti, 98, 442

Hall, Isaac, 94

Hall, Morris, 253

Hall, Peter Herbert, 139

Hamilton, W. F., 195

Hampton, Wade, 435

Hancock, George, 289

Hare, James, 424

Hare, William, 422

Harris, George, 235, 236

Harrisburg (Pa.), 105

Harvey, John, 203

Hawkins, H. C., 420

Hay, Peter, 173

Heuston, Peter, 292

Heitt, John, 372

Hewlett, Jno. 0., 112

Higher Law, 224, 225

Hilton, John T., 249

Hitchcock, Horace, 184

Hodges, Willis A., 433

Hogan, Jonathan C., 132

Hooten, A., 173

Hough, Jefferson, 112

House of Commons, 234

Housing, for Blacks, 147–50

Houston, Louis, 284

Houston, Solomon, 284

Howard, Wesley, 422

Howard University, 442

Hughes, T., 334

Hull, William, 165

Hyer, Samuel, 422

Illinois, 270

Industrial College, 256–57, 258–64

Industrial slavery, 14–27, 28–32, 71–79, 81–82, 83–84, 105–12

Ingersoll, Joseph R., 169

International Typographical Union, 374–83

Ireland, 337

Irish, 65, 75, 164, 269–73, 274–77, 286–87, 300, 362, 400

Itheride, John, 94

Jackson, Charles, 293–94

Jackson, James, 416, 428

Jackson, Joseph, 298

Jamaica, 432

James, Stephen, 173

James, William L., 422

Japan, 437

Jeffers, W. L., 64

Jefferson, Thomas, 435

Jennings, Moses, 420

Jennings, Thomas L., 65

Jews, 256

Johnson, Andrew, 395, 441, 444

Johnson, Nathan, 135

Jones, Absalom, 5, 429

Jones, Aquila, 112

Jones, George, 191

Jones, William, 292–93

Jones, John, 260

Jones, Solomon, 204

Jones, Thomas, 44

Jones, Wm. Gruyere, 112, 113

“Justice,” 390–91

Keffer, John C., 336

Keiling, William, 347

Kidnapping, of free Blacks, 109–12, 180–88, 401–02, 437

Know-Nothings, 416, 440

Kurwan, Wm., 241

Labor contracts, 330–31

Ladies’ Bethel Society, 211

Ladies’ Mutual Relief, 361

Ladies’ Loyal League, 361

Land, demand for, 327

Lane Seminary, 154–57, 436

Langer, Charles, 282

Langston, Charles H., 438

Langston, John Mercer, 411, 438, 442

Lathan, Edward, 364

Latimer, George, 185–86

Lavelett, William A., 379–83

Lawrence, C. W., 139

“Learn Trades or Starve!” 254–55

Legal Rights Association, 439

Leidy, N. B., 119, 148

Lester, Peter, 253

Liberator, The, 152, 430, 437

Liberia, 43–44, 135, 156, 262, 440

Libraries, 133, 361

Lincoln, Abraham, 441

Literary societies, 134, 251

Louisiana, 97, 199–200, 215–16, 225–26, 337–38, 340, 442

Lovejoy, Elijah P., 431

Lowell (Mass.), 76, 83, 398

Lucas, Nathaniel J., 370

Lundy, Thomas, 419

Lyceum, 137

Lynn (Mass.), 181–82

McDonald, R., 139

McKenzie, J. D., 291, 299

McLane, Alfred, 423

McMichael, Morton, 173

McMullen, John, 177

Mandlop, Solomon, 305

Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society, 417

Mann, Horace, 137

Manual Labor Schools, 249–50, 251–53, 258–61, 262–64

Markley, J. F., 73, 74

Marshall, Joseph, 298–99

Martin, J. Sella, 416

Maryland, 89–92, 93–94

Maryland Colored State Industrial Fair Association, 416

Maryland Mutual Joint Stock Railway Company, 423

Massachusetts, 76, 79, 269–70

Mason, John, 134

Masons, 123, 361, 416

Massey, Thomas, 75–76

Matthews, John T., 132

Matthews, Thomas, 112

Memminger, Christopher G., 83, 432

Memorials, 212–13

Merchants Relief Committee, 299

Mexican War, 293

Miller, Clayton, 253

Miller, Henry, 423

Miller, William, 435

Millerites, 108, 435

Mirror of Liberty, The, 432

Mississippi, 5, 29, 72, 341

“Missionary, The,” 416

Mobile, 353–54

Moore, Benjamin P., 112

Morris, James, 421

Morrissey, John, 300–01, 443

Mott, James, 173

Mott, Lucretia, 444

Muller, James N., 416

Mutual Relief Society, 361

Myers, George, 423

Myers, Isaac, 412–25, 444

National Anti-Slavery Standard, 162

National Era, 434

National Conventions, 419–21

National Council of Colored People, 161

National Council of the People of Color, 259

National Equal Rights League, 442

National Freedmen’s Aid Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 337

National Labor Union, 408–414, 423, 442, 444

National Relief Association, 423

Negro. See Black.

Negro apprenticeship, 311–12

Negro suffrage, 393–96

Nell, William C., 217, 261, 264, 439

New Bedford (Mass.), 135–37

New England Anti-Slavery Society, 249–50

New Orleans, 61–62, 317–21, 322–32 338, 354–56, 398–99, 401, 424

New Orleans Daily Tribune, 397–99

New York African Free School, 134–35, 248–50, 436

New York City, 65–67, 125–28, 137–41, 145–46, 178–79, 181, 191–96, 213, 264, 286–301, 360–67

New York Tribune, 289, 434, 441, 443

Nichols, James, 253

Nichols, Samuel, 348

Noah, Major, 65

Noble, Patrick, 220

Norris, James, 422

North, free black workers in, 11–83; race relations in, 145–87

North Carolina, 5, 75–80

North Star, The, 430, 433

Oberlin College, 442

Occupations, of free Blacks in South, 51–62

Odd Fellows, 123, 361

Ohio, 152–57

Oneida College, 263

Oxford University, 438

Palmerston, Lord, 226

Parker, Theodore, 137, 307

Parr, John, 139

Pauperism, 145

Payne, D. A., 418

Peabody, Rev. Ephraim, 136

Peck, John D., 259

Penn, William, 158

Pennington, James W. C., 300–01, 438–39

Pennsylvania Freeman, 162

Pereira, Manuel, 22, 25–26

Perkins, G. W., 417

Perkins, Mathew Galbraith, 437

Peterson, John, 290

Petitions, of white mechanics against Black mechanics, 84–86, 217–18

Philadelphia, 44, 117–24, 147–59, 161, 169–75, 250–54, 306–309

Philadelphia Inquirer, 174

Phillips, John, 165

Phillips, Wendell, 410, 443

Phoenix Literary Society, 251

Pierce, Franklin, 440

Pinchback, P. B. S., 442

Pindell, J. C., 422

Polony, Louis, 203

Pope, John, 443

Portlock, A. A., 347

Powell, Edward, 213

Powell, William P., 29, 84, 196–214, 433–34

Prejudice, against Blacks, 123–24, 306–09, 362–63

Prisons, 118

Prize fighting, 443–44

Protests, of white mechanics, 84–90

Providence (R.I.), 134, 165–69

Provost, Anthony, 139

Public works, 17–18

Pulley, John C., 91

Purvis, Robert, 173–74, 411, 413

Pygmies, 3

Quay, Frances, 204

Race relations, in North, 145–87

Rachel Club, The, 134

Radical Reconstruction, 334–35, 419

Radical Republicans, 442, 444

Railroads, 4, 17, 20, 28, 439

Ram’s Horn, 91, 433

Ranials, Harry, 357

Ray, Charles M., 139

Raymond, Henry J., 310

Reade, Charles, 389–90

Reason, Charles L., 259, 260–61, 438

Reason, Patrick H., 125

Reconstruction, following Civil War, 317–68

Redfield, Wm., 139

Regulations, for freedmen, 337–38

Reid, J., 195

Reid, Whitelaw, 324–26, 339–40, 441

Remond, Charles Lenox, 263, 439

Report of Merchants Committee for Relief of Colored People, 288–94

Republican Party, 270, 328, 417, 441

Responses to oppression of free Black workers, 245–66

Rhode Island, 134

Rights of White Labor over Blacks, 269–73

Riots, against Blacks, 157, 165–79, 270–301

Ritchfield, Frisby, 420

Robinson, Andrew, 204

Robinson, Jordan B., 368

Rochester Union, 273–74

Rock, John S., 163–65, 269–70, 440

Rogers, Nathaniel P., 443

Ruggles, David B., 65, 135, 181, 432

Sailors’ Home, 209

St. Louis, 58–60, 179

Savannah, 352

Schools for Blacks, 361, 436, 439, 440

Schurz, Carl, 321, 325–26, 327, 441

Schwind, Adolphus, 195

Seamen’s Friend Societies, 209

Secession, 99, 432

Seely, George N., 193

Seiler, Sebastian, 327

Selden, Jos. G., 347

Self-purchase, 41–44

Selon, Cary, 94

Seneca Falls Convention, 444

Sewall, Samuel E., 249

Seymour, Horatio, 311, 411

Sheppard, John M., 139

Shiner, Michael, 94–95, 236

Short contracts, 330

Schultz, J. S., 299

Simpson, Chas., 253

Slave artisans, 5–40

Slave hiring, 17–18, 29–47

Slave insurrections, 85, 429, 433

Slave iron workers, 43

Slave mechanics, 3–4

Slave labor, cheapness of, 17–20; opposition to, 29–31; strikes against, 26–27; abolition of, 310, 311–12, 312–14

Slaves, in industry, 71–84, 105–07

Smith, Augustus, 203

Smith, Elijah, 162

Smith, James McCune, 252, 259, 262, 438, 439

Smith, Keith, 379–81

Smith, P. G., 252

Smith, Stephen, 262

Smith, Theodore H., 267–68

Smith, Thomas L., 175

Society for the Mental and Moral Improvement of the Colored Population, 159–61

Society of Love and Charity, 361

Society of the Good Samaritan, 361

Society of the Sons of Wesley, 361

South, debate in over use of Black labor, 71–92; free Blacks in, 50–62; Reconstruction in, 317–59

South Carolina, 79, 80, 81, 98–99, 101, 218–24, 435

Southern industry, Blacks in, 71–75

Spear, Robert, 175–77

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 411, 444

State Labor Conventions, 424

Stearns, Jas. S., 290

Stebbins, Giles B., 415

Steward, Ira, 396, 398–99, 443

Stillwell, J., 139

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 256–57, 433–34

Strikes, against Black workers, 26–27, 105–07, 209–42, 285, 425, 427, 430; of Black workers in South, 339–40, 344–45, 352–54, 357–59

Sturgis, Jonathan, 296–97, 299

Sylvis, James G., 442

Sylvis, John A., 441

Sylvis, William H., 335–36, 442

Sumner, Charles, 137, 439, 440

Tabb, John H., 420

Talieferro, J. C., 442

Tanner, Benjamin T., 44, 431

Taylor, G. W., 253

Taylor, Zachary, 226, 437

Temperance movement, 123

Texas, 5, 89

Thatcher, Moses, 249

Thirteenth Amendment, 432

Thomas, John, 195

Thomas, John T., 416

Thompson, John, 217

Thompson, William, 201

Tilton, Theodore, 421, 434

Topley, W. E., 195–96

Torrey, Charles T., 48, 431

Trade unions, exclusion of Blacks, 155–56, 371–74, 389–90; for Black equality, 396

Tredegar Iron Works, 26–27, 105–07, 430

Trevellick, Richard T., 417, 442

Tubbs, William, 236

Turner, Nat, 5, 429

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 91–92, 433–34

Underground Railroad, 44, 47, 135

Union Army, Blacks in, 301–02; demand for equal pay for Blacks in, 304–06

Union Navy, Blacks in, 302–04

Union League Council, 361

Universal Suffrage Party, 329

Upham, Amos, 139

Vanderbilt, Commodore, 444

Van Rensselaer, Thomas 433

Van Wort, Lawrence M., 139

Varian, Isaac L., 139

Vashon, George B., 259, 438

Vattel, Emeric de, 437

Vesey, Denmark, 5, 85, 429, 433

Virginia, 15, 86, 94–95, 105–07

Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, 442

Virginia and Tennessee Railroad Company, 17, 20

Wadsworth, James S., 310–11

Wages, for Blacks, 345–46

Waiters’ Protective Union, 194–96

Walker, David, 129, 435–36

Wallace, William, 204

Ward, George Atkinson, 65

Ward, Samuel Ringgold, 64–65, 245, 432

Warmoth, Henry Clay, 442

War of 1812, 196

Watson, James, 354

Watts, Joseph M., 175

Wears, Isiah C., 417

Weaver, William, 236

Weeden, Benjamin, 207

Weeks, Gilbert, 139

Weld, Theodore Dwight, 41, 436

West Indies Emancipation, 440

Wetmore, A. R., 299

Whaling, 198–99, 207–08

Whipper, William, 128, 435

White labor voice for Black equality, 390–403

White supremacy, 435

Wilberforce Settlement, 155

Wilberforce University, 431

Wilde, R. H., 108

Willard, Emma, 444

Williams, Henson, 422

Williams, John, 236

Williamson, John, 236

Wilson, Henry, 422

Wilson, George R., 422

Wilson, Samuel, 112

Winnfield, Tom, 236

Wolf, Charles, 200

Woman’s Rights, 415, 430–31, 444

Woman’s suffrage, 444

Wood, Robert, 217

Woodson, L., 245

Workingman’s Advocate, 371, 372–74, 441

Workingmen’s associations, 384

World Anti-Slavery Convention, 439

Younger, John D., Jr., 368

Young Men’s Christian Association, 361

Young Men’s Christian Benevolent Society, 361

Zantzinger, J. Paul, 204

Zion African Church, 292

Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, 44

Zion Church, 362

Zion Standard and Weekly Review, 342