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The Black Worker to 1869—Volume I: Part X: The Demand for Equality
The Black Worker to 1869—Volume I
Part X: The Demand for Equality
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table of contents
Cover
Series page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Contents
Acknowledgements
Preface
Part I: Black Labor in the Old South
Part I: Black Labor in the Old South
Blacks in the Crafts and Industries of the Old South
1. An Overview: Africa
2. An Overview: The American South
3. The Slave Mechanic
Slave Craftsmen in America
4. Plantation Craftsmen
5. Fugitive Skills
6. Carpenters, Caulkers, Bricklayers
7. Sawyers
8. White Washer
9. Bricklayers
10. Cooper
11. Jack-of-all-Trades
12. Watchmaker
13. Painters
14. Goldsmith
15. A Slave Lot
16. Blacksmith's Apprentice I
17. Shoemaker
18. Blacksmith's Apprentice II
19. Seamstress
20. Carpenter
21. A Slave Lot
22. Article of Apprenticeship
23. Apprentice Ironworker
Industrial Slavery
24. A Southerner's View
25. Ironworkers
26. Cotton Factory Slaves
27. Stevedores
28. Coal Miners
29. Cotton Factory Hands
30. Slave Labor Upon Public Works in the South
31. Slave Fishermen
32. Working at a Richmond Tobacco Factory
33. Lumbermen
34. Slave Ironworkers
35. Strikes on Attack Against Slave Ownership
36. Tredegar Advertisement for Slaves
37. Annual Maintenance Cost per Industrial Slave, 1820–1861
Hiring-Out of Slave Mechanics
38. Slaves Hiring Themselves
39. Frederick Douglass Encounters Racial Violence in a Baltimore Shipyard
40. One Year in the Life of a Hired-Out Slave: William Wells Brown
Self-Purchase by Slave Mechanics
41. Free Blacks Purchase Family Members
42. A Call for Financial Help
43. Another Slave Freed
44. A Founder Purchases His Family's Freedom
45. The Late W. H. Cromwell
A Slave Mechanic's Escape to Freedom
46. The Escape from Slavery of Frederick Douglass, Black Ship-Caulker
Occupations of Free Blacks in the South
47. The Free Negro and the South
48. The Gainful Occupations of Free Persons of Color
49. Occupations of Slaves and Free Blacks in Charleston, 1848
50. Occupations of Negroes in Charleston in 1850
51. Occupations of Negroes in St. Louis in 1850
52. Leading Negro Occupations in Baltimore in 1850 and 1860
53. Occupations of Free Negroes Over Fifteen Years of Age in New Orleans, 1850
54. The Case of Henry Boyd, A Freed Carpenter
55. "As High as a Colored Man Could Rise"
56. The Washerwoman
57. Observations of Samuel Ringgold Ward on Discrimination
58. Well Put -- The Colored Race at the North
Part II: Race Relations in Old Southern Industries
Part II: Race Relations in Old Southern Industries
The Debate Over the Use of Free or Slave Mechanics
1. The Progress of Manufactures
2. "Fisher's Report"
3. James Hammond, "Progress of Southern Industry"
4. A Pro-Industrial Slavery Opinion
5. Letter From William P. Powell
Petitions and Protests of White Mechanics Against Black Mechanics
6. Petition of Charleston Citizens to the State Legislature, 1822
7. White Artisans Claim Unfair Competition From Free Blacks
8. Negro Mechanics
9. Georgia Mechanics' Convention
10. Negro Mechanics
11. Petition of Texas Mechanics
Free Black Workers and the Law
12. A Supplement to the Maryland Act of 1831 Relating to Free Blacks and Slaves
13. Incendiary Publications in Baltimore
14. Out of Jail
15. Free Colored Population of Maryland
16. Note From the Diary of a Free Black
17. Free Blacks in Virginia
18. State of Delaware vs Moses Mc Colly, Negro
19. Persecution in Delaware
20. 1845 Act of Georgia Legislature Directed Against Black Mechanics
21. The Condition of the Free Negro in Louisiana
22. Exodus of Free Negroes From South Carolina
23. Arrival of Free Colored People From South Carolina
Labor Violence in Black and White
24. A Coal Mine -- Negro and English Miners
25. Trouble Among the Brickmakers
26. A Fiendish Outrage
Observations on Race Relations
27. Southern Whites and Blacks Could Work Together
28. To the Contractors For Mason's and Carpenter's Work
29. A Visitor Comments on Race Relations in Virginia Coal Mines
30. Free and Slave Labor in Virginia
31. Slave-Labor vs. Free Labor
32. Response to the Strike of White Workers to Eliminate Black Competition at Tredegar Iron Works, 1847
33. A Foreign Traveller's Observations on Industrial Race Relations in the South
34. Two Black Foundrymen Prosper
35. Constitution of the Baltimore Society for the Protection of Free People of Colour, 1827
Part III: Free Black Labor in the North
Part III: Free Black Labor in the North
Northern Free Black Occupations
1. Register of Trades of Colored People in the City of Philadelphia and Districts, 1838
2. Colored Inhabitants of Philadelphia
3. Trades and Occupations in Philadelphia, 1849
4. Occupations of Blacks in Philadelphia, 1849
5. The Colored People of Philadelphia, 1860
6. Advantageous Notice
7. Boot and Shoe Makers
8. An Artist
9. Occupations of Free Blacks Over Fifteen Years of Age in New York City, 1850
10. To Colored Men of Business
11. A Watchmaker and Jeweller
12. Employment of Colored Laborers in New York
13. The Problems Confronting Black Workers in New York, 1852
14. Black Workers in New York, 1859
15. Help! Help Wanted
16. David Walker's "Grog Shop"
17. Black Workers in Boston, 1831
18. Colored People of Boston
19. Occupations of Negroes in Boston, 1837
20. Occupations of Negroes in Boston, 1850
21. Colored Artisans
22. Negro Occupations in Massachusetts in 1860
23. The Colored People of Rhode Island
Discrimination Against Free Black Workers in the North
24. Excerpt From Report of Pitty Hawkes on New York-African Free School, October 13, 1829
25. Ex-Slave Frederick Douglass Becomes a Free Black Worker
26. Black Carmen of New York
27. Henry Graves and His Hand Cart
28. New York City Corporation, vs Mr. Henry Graves and His Handcart
29. Henry Graves and His Handcart
Part IV: Living Conditions and Race Relations in the North
Part IV: Living Conditions and Race Relations in the North
Pauperism
1. On Pauperism
2. Impediments to Honest Industry
3. Condition of the Free People of Color in Philadelphia
4. Poverty Among Blacks in Philadelphia
5. Education and Employment of Children
Colorphobia
6. The Black Laws of Ohio
7. Inquiry into the Condition of Blacks in Cincinnati, 1829
8. The Difference Between the North and the South
9. Colorphobia in Philadelphia
10. The Racial Attitudes of a Leading White Labor Spokesman
White Abolitionists and Jobs for Free Blacks
11. Abolitionists! Do Give a Helping Hand!
12. White Abolitionists and Colored Mechanics in Philadelphia, I
13. White Abolitionists and Colored Mechanics in Philadelphia, II
14. Colored Mechanics -- Free Labor Boots and Shoes
15. Martin R. Delaney Protests Job Discrimination Among White Abolitionists
16. "Is There Anything Higher Open to Us?"
Anti-Black Labor Riots
17. The Late Riots in Providence
18. Letter From an Observer of the Providence Riot, 1831
19. Black Workers Assailed in Philadelphia
20. Committee Report on the Causes of the Philadelphia Race Riots, 1834
21. Robert Purvis' Reaction to the Philadelphia Riot, 1842
22. Pecuniary Cost of the Philadelphia Riots of 1838
23. The Columbia (Pa.) Race Riots, 1834
24. Abolition Riots in New York
25. Alleged Rioting of the Stevedores
26. Another Mob in Cincinnati
Northern Free Blacks Kidnapped and Sold into Slavery
27. Boston Blacks Petition the General Court on Behalf of Three Victims
28. Caution! To the Colored People
29. Kidnapping in the City of New York
30. The Call at Lynn
31. Liability to be Seized and Treated as Slaves
32. Information Wanted
33. Rally in Boston
34. The Chivalrous James B. Gray
35. Association of Free Blacks to Aid Fugitive Slaves Freedmen Association, Boston, 1845
36. Kidnapping in Harrisburg
Part V: Black Workers in Specific Trades
Part V: Black Workers in Specific Trades
Free Black Waiters
1. Meeting of the Hotel and Saloon Waiters -- Formation of a Protective Union
2. Advertisements of the Waiters Union
3. First United Association of Colored Waiters
4. Arouse Waiters: Traitors in the Camp
5. Meeting of the Waiters' Protective Union
Black Seamen
6. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, I
7. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, II
8. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, III
9. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, IV
10. Coloured Seamen -- Their Character and Condition, V
11. Boarding House for Seamen
12. Coloured Sailors' Home
13. William P. Powell on the Coloured Sailor's Home
14. A Sensible Petition
15. Extract From a Letter of Wm. P. Powell, Dated on Board Packet Ship De Witt Clinton
16. Black Seamen and Alabama Law
17. Free Negroes in Louisiana
18. Colored Men in Louisiana
19. Resolutions Adopted at a Meeting of Boston Negroes, October 27, 1842
20. Free Black Seamen of Boston Petition Congress for Relief, 1843
21. "An Act for the Better Regulation and Government of Free Negroes and Persons of Color, and for Other Purposes," South Carolina, 1822
22. Laws of South Carolina Respecting Colored Seamen
23. Coloured Seamen in Southern Ports
24. The Law Regarding Colored Seamen
25. Imprisonment of British Seamen
26. The British Seamen at Charleston
27. The Case of Manuel Pereira
28. Coloured Seamen
29. The Colored Seamen Question in the House of Commons
30. Colored Seamen in South Carolina
31. Personal Account of a Black Seaman in the Port of Charleston
32. Appeal to the Public
Black Caulkers
33. Strike on the Frigate Columbia
34. Black Caulkers Desert Baltimore
35. The Trouble Among the White and Black Caulkers
36. The Caulkers' Difficulty
37. The Difficulty Among the Caulkers
38. More Violence in the Baltimore Ship Yards
39. The Fell's Point Outrage
Part VI: The Free Black Workers' Response to Oppression
Part VI: The Free Black Workers' Response to Oppression
Free Black Uplift: Unions, Cooperatives, Conventions, Schools
1. American League of Colored Laborers
2. Conventions of Colored People
3. The Quest for Equality
4. Introductory Address
5. School for Colored Youth
6. Program of the Phoenix Literary Society, New York City, 1833
7. Manual Labor School for Colored Youth
8. Committee on Education Report, 1848 National Colored Convention, Cleveland, Ohio
9. To Parents, Guardians and Mechanics
10. "Make Your Sons Mechanics and Farmers, Not Waiters, Porters, and Barbers"
11. Learn Trades or Starve
12. A Plan for an Industrial College Presented by Frederick Douglass to Harriet Beecher Stowe, March 8, 1853
13. Resolutions Adopted by Negro National Convention, Rochester, 1853
14. Report, Committee on Manual Labor, National Negro Convention, Rochester, New York, 1853
15. Plan of the American Industrial School
16. The Colored People's "Industrial College"
17. Colored National Council
Integrate or Separate?
18. Editorial: The African Race in New York
19. Martin R. Delaney, "Why We Must Emigrate"
20. Frederick Douglass, "Why We Should Not Emigrate"
Part VII: The Northern Black Worker During the Civil War
Part VII: The Northern Black Worker During the Civil War
The Worsening Status of Free Black Workers in the North
1. John S. Rock at the First of August Celebration, Lexington, Massachusetts
2. Rights of White Labor Over Black
3. "Rights of White Labor Over Black" (Rebuttal)
4. Butts and Pork-Packers and Negroes
5. Riot on the Cincinnati Levi
6. Further Rioting
7. White Fear of Emancipation
8. Black and Immigrant Competition for Jobs
9. "More Riotous and Disgraceful Conduct"
10. The Mob
11. The Disgraceful Riot in Brooklyn
12. Persecution of Negroes
13. Brutal and Unprovoked Assaults on Colored People
14. Bloody Riot in Detroit
15. Anti-Black Mob in Detroit
16. Eyewitness to the Detroit Riot
17. Strike Among the Negrophobists at the Navy Yard, Boston.
18. The Colored Sailor's Home in New York
19. Report of the Colored Sailor's Home
Anti-Negro Riots in New York City
20. Trouble Among the Longshoremen
21. The Right to Work
22. Disgraceful Proceeding -- Colored Laborers, Assailed by Irishmen
23. Reign of Terror
24. "Report of the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of ColoredPeople, Suffering from the Late Riots in the City of New York"
25. Personal Recollections of the Draft Riots
26. A Personal Experience
27. The Longshoremen's Attitude Toward Blacks
28. The Colored Refugees at Police Headquarters
29. The Colored Sufferers by the Recent Riots -- Meeting of Merchants
30. "The Mob Exults"
31. The Colored Sailors' Home
32. Attempt to Drown a Negro
33. Fearful of Being Known
34. The Merchants Relief Committee
35. Employers Turn to Negroes Rather Than Irishmen Because of the Riots
36. How Blacks Should Meet the Rioters
37. Colored Orphan Asylum
Blacks in the Union Army and Navy
38. Statistics of Enlisted Men
39. Occupations for Black Enlistees
40. Give Us Equal Pay and We Will Go to War
41. Twenty Per Cent Off the Wages of Colored Wagoners
42. Proscription in Philadelphia
43. Out of the Frying-Pan Into the Fire
White Northerners Anticipate the Addition of Ex-Slaves to the Labor Force
44. General James S. Wadsworth to Henry J. Ramond
45. Gen. Wadsworth's Acceptance: An Editorial
46. Negro Apprenticeship
47. The Negro and Free Labor
Part VIII: Condition of the Worker During Early Reconstruction
Part VIII: Condition of the Black Worker During Early Reconstruction
Reconstruction in the South
1. Dignity of Labor
2. Biographical Information on Black Leaders in New Orleans
3. General Schurz on Black Workers
4. Work Only for Good Employers
5. Whitelaw Reid's Observations on Newly Liberated Slaves in Selma, Alabama
6. To the Mass Meeting at the School of Liberty
7. The Labor Question
8. An Appeal to the Colored Cotton Weighers, Cotton Pressmen Generally, Levee Stevedores and Longshoremen
9. Appeal to Support the Universal Suffrage Party
10. Notice. Freedmen's Aid Association of New Orleans
11. Short Contracts
12. The Eight Hour System
13. A Typical Labor Contract
14. Constitution of the Commercial Association of the Laborers of Louisiana
15. Labor Notes
16. To the Editor of the Workingmen's Advocate
17. From Louisiana
18. Black Ship-Builders in North Carolina
19. A Louisiana Correspondent's View of Radical Reconstruction
20. The Need for a Second Emancipation Proclamation
21. Two Letters from the South by William H. Sylvis
22. Cooperation Among the Freedmen
Labor Discontent in the South
23. Regulations for Freedmen in Louisiana, 1865
24. Resolutions of the Freedmen's Aid Association of New Orleans
25. Whitelaw Reid Witnesses a Plantation "Strike"
26. Chain-Gang for "Idle Negroes"
27. The Substitute for Slavery
28. Black Wages
29. Northern Laborers -- Attention!
30. Letter to a New York Editor from a Freedman
31. Why Freedmen Won't Work
32. Complaint of Tobacco Workmen
33. The Freedmen -- A Strike Expected
34. June 18, 1866, First Collective Action of Black Women Workers
35. Meeting of Planters to Regulate the Price of Labor
36. Freedmen's Bureau Meeting in Norfolk, Virginia
37. Southern Codes for Freedmen
38. An Appeal for Justice
39. White and Black Labor Unity in New Orelans, 1865
40. A Strike in Savannah
41. Discontent Among Negro Workers
42. "A Singular Case"
43. A Difficulty Between Workingmen and a Contractor
44. "Swearing" Mower
45. The City Workingmen
46. The British Consul in Baltimore Reports on Problems Created Over Integrated Ship Crews
47. Black Stevedores Strike in Charleston, S. C.
48. Strike of the Longshoremen
49. Another Longshoremen Strike
50. "The Colored Tailors on a Rampage"
Condition of Black Workers in the North During Reconstruction
51. Home for "Colored Sailors"
52. Condition of the Colored Population of New York
53. A White View of the Black Worker
54. Estimated Number of Negroes in Selected Occupations in New York City, 1867
55. Characterization of Selected Occupations for Negroes in New York City, 1867
56. Coachmen's Union League Society, Inc.
Part IX: Exclusion of Blacks from White Unions During Early Reconstruction
Part IX: Exclusion of Blacks from White Unions During Early Reconstruction
Race Discrimination in the Cooper's Union, 1868
1. "Birds of the Feather Flock Together"--A White Cooper's View of Race
2. Caste vs. Race
Lewis H. Douglass and the Typographical Union
3. Mr. Douglass and the Printers
4. The Typographical Union -- Prejudice Against Color
5. Frederick Douglass on the Rejection of His Son, Lewis
6. The Typographical Union's Justification
7. The Typographical Union Denounced
8. "Colored Printers"
9. Lavalette's Defense
10. Editorial Response to Lavalette's Defense
Exclusion of Blacks from Other Unions
11. The Bricklayers and the "Colored Question"
12. Excluding Negroes from Workingmen's Associations
Part X: The Demand for Equality
Part X: The Demand for Equality
White Labor and Black Labor: The Black Viewpoint
1. Frederick Douglass on the Problems of Black Labor
2. The Chinese in California
3. The American Trades-Unions
A White Labor Voice for Black Equality
4. "Justice"
5. Negro Labor in Competition with White Labor
6. The Boston Hod-Carriers' Strike, 1865
7. "Manhood Suffrage the Only Safety for Freedom"
8. "Our True Position"
9. "The Brotherhood of Labor is Universal"
10. Equal Rights for All
11. A Just Criticism
12. Movement to Bring Black Labor North
13. Eight-Hour Men in New Orleans Encounter a Stubborn Fact
14. "The Boston Voice Again"
15. Labor Strike at Washington
16. Can White Workingmen Ignore Colored Ones?
17. The Strike Against Colored Men in Congress Street
18. Work for Labor Reformers
19. Colorphobia
20. A Workingmen's Reminder
Part XI: Black Response to Colorphobia
Part XI: The Black Response to Colorphobia
The National Labor Union and Black Labor, 1866–1869
1. The "Colored Question" at the National Labor Union Convention, 1867
2. The Labor Congress
3. "Shall We Make Them Our Friends, or Shall Capital Be Allowed to Turn Them as an Engine Against Us?"
4. Address to the Workingmen of the National Labor Union
5. The Present Congress
6. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Chides Black Unionists
1869 Convention of the National Labor Union
7. First Delegation of Black Unionists Admitted to a White Labor Convention
8. Philadelphia Labor Convention -- Address of the Colored Delegates
9. "They Gained the Respect of All"
10. Resolution Passed at the Women's Rights Convention in Cleveland, November 26, 1869
THE FIRST BLACK LABOR LEADER: ISAAC MYERS, THE BALTIMORE CAULKERS, AND THE COLORED TRADES UNIONS OF MARYLAND
11. A Biographical Sketch of Isaac Myers Career
12. The Colored Men's Ship Yard
13. Condition of the Colored People
14. The Convention of the Colored Men of the Republic
15. Colored Trades' Union in Baltimore
16. Convention of Colored Mechanics
Notes and Index
Notes
Index
About This Text
PART X
THE DEMAND FOR EQUALITY
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