Notes
Allen, Neco, 10
Altoona, 4
Amalgamated Miners’ Accidental Funds, 161
American Federation of Labor, 132, 135–36
American Miners’ Association, 67, 86
Ancient Order of Hiberians (A.O.H.), 100, 102, 103, 104–5, 107, 108
Anthracite Board of Trade, 73, 75, 76, 84, 85, 99
Anthracite coal: basins, 5–8; compared with other fuels, 11–12; defined, 3; discovery of, 9–10; formation of, 3–5
Anthracite industry: capital needs of, 15; corporate control of, 15, 17–18; development, 10–11; markets, 11–12; overinvestment in, 16, 18–19, 93, 142, 163, 164; overproduction, 16, 41, 69; political power of, 22–24; regulation of production in, 18–19, 163; social power of, 21–22; success in, 16–17
Anthracite Monitor, 86, 145–46
Appalachia, 4
Arbitration, 82–84
Archbald district, 75
Avondale disaster fund, 159
Basis System. See Wages
Bates, John, 66
Beard, Samuel, 105
Beligans, 123
Beneficial societies, 28, 119, 158
Bituminous miners, 40, 86, 117, 118–19
“Black damp,” 39
“Blacklegs,” 72, 80, 122–23, 129. See also Strike breaking
“Bob–tail check,” 49
Boston, 11–12
Boyle, James, 104–6
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 126
Brumn, Charles N., 123
Business Men’s Relief Organization of Pottsville, 125–26
Cameron, Simon, 23
Campbell Act, 137
Campbell, John, 107–8
Canals, 13–14
Carbon, Con, 165–66
Carbon County, 8, 68, 105–7, 119, 137
Carbon County Workingmen’s Benevolent Association, 72, 82
Catholic Workingmen’s Society, 115
Central of New Jersey Railroad, 14
Certification of qualification, 57, 153–54
Checkweighman, 94
Clarks Summit, 29
Coal and Iron Police. See Police
Coaldale, 104
Collective Productive System, 32, 54, 62, 64, 164
Columbia County, 108
Columbia County Workingmen’s Benevolent Association, 80, 84, 89
Committee of Fifteen, 80
Committee on the Judiciary General, 81
Committee on Political Action, 148
Company housing, 20, 48, 51–52, 56–57, 124, 128
Company store, 26, 48–49, 94, 125, 128, 167
Connecticut, 9
Constitutional Defense Association, 127
Contract miners, 36, 76–77, 82, 86, 94
Cooperatives, 94
Corporation, 17–18, 71, 73, 109, 151, 162, 167–68
Coxe, Eckley B., 16, 82–83, 124, 125, 127, 141, 161, 167
Craig, Allen, 105–6
Cyclothem, 4
Darcy, Michael, 105
Dauphin County, 8
Dauphin County Workingmen’s Benevolent Association, 77, 89
Davis, Thomas, 132
Delaware and Hudson Company, 10, 13–14, 17, 20, 66, 71, 91, 112, 113, 159
Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad, 14, 22, 70, 71, 110, 112, 113, 124, 159, 161
Dickson City, 22
Donaldson, 100
Donnely, P.H., 132
Dormer, Patrick, 100–101
Dougherty, Daniel, 102–3
Dougherty, Neil, 107–8
Doyle, Michael, 103–6
Dual Unionism, 86–88, 117–20, 175 n22
Eckley, 124
Ethnocentrism, 27–28, 64, 65, 81–82, 141, 164
Eltringman, John, 99
Elwell, Judge, 83–84
English, 28, 81–82, 97, 120; influence on unions, 69, 71, 87
Equality resolution, 76–77, 94
“Fire damp,” 39
Forest City, 5
Frackville, 147
Franklin, Benjamin (Pinkerton Detective), 100, 104, 106
Freeland, 124
“Free Town,” 21–27
Fritzpatrick, J.J., 132
Geary, John W., 80
Geisenheimer, Frederick W., 11
“General speakers,” 131
General Council. See Workingmen’s Benevolent Association
Germans, 28, 81–82, 86, 120, 154
Gibbons, John, 103–4
Gilberton, 147
Ginter, Philip, 10
Glen Carbon, 100
Gore, Obodiah, 9
Gowen, Franklin B., 16–17, 18, 81, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 99, 103, 107, 108–9, 115, 116, 133, 135, 160, 168
Greenback–Labor Reform Party, 147–48
Hanmore, H.B., 101
Harleigh, 124
Harris, George, 119–36
Hart, John, 131
Hartville, 5
Hazleton, 5, 69, 70, 73, 86, 112, 117, 124, 125, 137, 139, 140; Daily Standard, 138, 140; Mountain Beacon, 157–58; Onallas, 28; Plain Speaker, 125; Volksblatt, 28
“Hearts of Oak,” 97
Hester, Patrick, 108–9
Hondur, Father Francis, 29
Hospitals, 155–56
Hurley, Thomas, 103–4
Immigrants: and miners’ hierarchy, 37; and unions, 119–20, 141–42; as strike breakers, 72, 122–23; as strikers, 122–23, 137–39. See also Ethnocentrism; specific ethnic groups
Independent Labor Movement Committee, 147
Independent mine operators, 17–18, 26, 69–70, 72, 77, 79, 89–90, 94, 123, 127, 163, 167–68, 179 n10, 180 n26
Industrial Congress of Working–men, 86
Investigations: Congressional, into strike of 1887–88, 127–28; legislative, into Philadelphia and Reading, 88; legislative, into railroads, 81
Institutional breakdown, 113–14
Irish, 28, 29, 78, 82, 96–98, 101, 108
Italians, 27, 28, 29, 119, 127, 138
Jeansville, 39
Jerkins, John, 9
Jigs, 36
Joint committee, 120–22
Junior Order of American Mechanics, 27
Kaerchner, George, 107
Keg funds, 161
Kehoe, John (Jack), 97, 103, 106, 107–8
Kelly, Daniel, 108
Kelly, Edward, 106–7
Kendrick, William, 99
Kerrigan, James, 104–6
Knights of Labor: 93, 115, 120, 135; and Catholic Church, 115; and dual unionism, 119–22; and McNulty gang, 116–17; reorganization of, 131–32; strike of 1887–88, 122–30
Korson, George, 168
L’Velle, Martin, 109
Labor Exchange, 133
Labor Reform Party, 145–47
Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company, 111
Lackawanna River, 5
Land and Labor Party of Luzerne County, 148
Lattimer “massacre,” 139–42, 168
Lawler, Michael, 101, 102, 106
Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company (L.C. & N.), 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 67, 161
Lehigh Coal Mine Company, 10, 11, 13
Lehigh Valley Railroad, 14, 18, 81, 88, 105–6, 112, 126, 136, 160
Lehigh–Wilkes–Barre Coal Company, 23, 123, 137, 138, 160
Lewis, David, 84
Lewis, W.T., 130
Local committees, 71–72
Lock out. See Strike
Lykens Valley, 79
McAdoo, 140
McAndrew, Frank, 103–4, 105, 106
McCowan, William, 101
McGinty, John P., 61
McGrail, John, 105
McHugh, Peter, 108
McKune, Robert H., 111
McLaughlin, Daniel, 131
McParlan, James (alias James McKenna), 100–108
Mahanoy City, 68, 92, 102, 103, 118, 132, 146, 147, 159
Mahanoy Creek, 10
Mahanoy Valley and locust Mountain Coal Association, 67–68
Major, George, 102–3
Major, Jess, 103
Management, 18, 19, 37, 40, 42, 50–51, 142
G.B. Markle and Company, 124
Martin, James, 139–41
Mauch Chuck (Jim Thorpe), 13, 83, 89
Mechanics and Workingmen’s Benevolent Association, 91
Milnesville, 138
Middle class; and company stores, 136–37, 167; and mine management, 26–27, 85, 139–80; and strikes, 75, 110, 111, 114, 125–26, 128–29, 139–40; and union policies, 68–70, 73–74, 167; identification, problems of, 166–67
Mine inspectors, 42, 149–52, 153
Miners’ and Laborers’ Amalgamated Association (M. & L.A.A.): and Knights of Labor, 120–22; formation of, 118–20; strike of 1887–88, 122–30; reorganization of, 131–34
Miners’ hierarchy, 36–37
Miners’ National Association (M.N.A.), 86–88, 93, 94, 115
Miners’ National Progressive Union, 132, 135
Minersville, 66
Mines: atmosphere in, 39; lighting in, 39; locomotives in, 36; machines in, 36; types of, 33–34; water in, 39
—safety laws: of 1869, 148–49; of 1870, 149–50; of 1885, 152–53; of 1899, 153
Mobility: geographic, 55–56; social, 56–61
Molly Maguires, 25–26, 97–110, 113, 115–16, 129, 168, 172 n18
Morris, Robert, 10
Munley, Thomas, 105
Muir, David, 107
Nash, Thomas R., 101
National Guard (militia), 66, 80–81, 111–12, 114, 140
National Labor Union (N.L.U.), 86, 145
Northern Central Railroad, 23, 79, 172 n12
Northumberland County, 68, 89, 119
Northumberland County Workingmen’s Benevolent Association, 85, 86, 91, 93, 146
Norwegian Creek, 10
O’Conner, Father Daniel, 106
Olmsted, M.E., 23
O’Reilly, Father Henry, 116
Orwigsburg Blues, 66
Packer, Asa, 81
Paleozoic Era, 3
Pardee, Calvin, 122
Patriotic Order Sons of America, 27
Patterson, Joseph F., 157
Pennsylvania Coal Company, 67, 110, 112, 159
Pennsylvania: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 48; legislature, 24–25, 81, 90, 94, 113, 148–53, 155–57, 158; state canal system, 13
Percentage contract, 18
Permian thrust, 4–5
Pershing, Cyrus, 146
Philadelphia, 4, 13, 14, 90, 93, 100, 101, 123
Philadelphia Coal Company, 75
Philadelphia and Reading (Reading): railroad, 14, 17, 18, 19, 74, 75, 78, 100, 126; coal and iron company, 81, 88, 90, 91, 116, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 135, 151, 160
Pinkerton, Alan, 100
Pleistocene Epoch, 8
Police: 24, 75; Coal and Iron, 25–26, 91, 106, 114, 129–30, 138, 139; “special,” 24–25, 72, 111–13
Polish National Catholic Church, 28–29
Port Carbon, 70
Port Clinton, 100
Pottsville, 10, 21, 25, 56, 74, 100, 119; Miners’ Journal, 10, 21, 25, 56, 66, 74, 100, 119; Republican, 24, 133, 135, 139, 167
Powderly, Terence V., 125
Providence, 68
Randall, Samuel J., 127
Region: identity with, 14, 65, 94, 116, 164; Lehigh, 14, 18, 68, 70, 71, 74, 80, 93, 98, 112, 117, 118, 122, 136; Schuylkill, 14, 18, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 79–80, 85, 88, 98, 109, 112, 113, 115, 118, 121–22, 124, 125, 126–27, 133, 136; Wyoming–Lackawanna (Wyoming), 14, 18, 67, 68–69, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78–79, 85–86, 98, 115, 134, 147
Rhea, Alexander, 108
Relief: accident, 157–61, 162, 167–68; strike, 72, 75, 92, 113, 125–26
“Robbing the pillars,” 41
Roberts, Peter, 65
Roman Catholic Church, 28, 29, 115, 117
“Saint Anthony’s Wilderness,” 8, 10
Saint Clair, 68, 134, 135, 145
Saint Clair Workingmen’s Benevolent Association District, 86, 101
Sale of mining supplies, 47–48, 85
“Scotch Cattle,” 96
Schuylkill Coal Exchange, 88, 89, 92, 121
Schuylkill County, 7, 8, 17, 24, 27, 68, 70, 73, 91, 103, 107–8, 119, 145–47
Schuylkill County Workingmen’s Benevolent Association, 68, 69, 79, 84, 86–88, 89, 93, 98
Schuylkill Navigation Company, 13
Scranton, W. W. 111–13
Scranton, 21, 28–29, 56, 72, 111–14, 121, 147; Republican, 56
Scull, William, 10
Shamokin, 5, 79, 110–11, 119, 127, 136; Coal Exchange, 71; Herald, 74, 85
Shenandoah, 25, 101, 103–4, 105, 112, 129–30, 147, 156; Herald, 80, 85
Siney, John, 67, 69, 76, 79, 87, 89, 132–33, 145–46
Slavs, 119
Slovaks, 28
South Wales, 96
State hospitals. See Hospitals
Storrs, W. R., 22
Strike: of 1844, 66; of 1853, 66–67; of 1865, 67; of 1868, 68; of 1869, 69–72; of 1870, 73–77; of 1871, 78–84; of 1875, 88–93; of 1877, 110–14; of 1887–88, 122–30; of 1897, 137–41
Strike breaking: 122–23, 127; starvation, as a tactic of, 75, 113, 124, 128. See also “Blacklegs”; Violence, during strikes
Susquehanna Company, 9
Swatara, 100
Texas, 56
Thomas, Benjamin B., 76
Thomas, William, 103–4
Throp, 22
Tillman, George D., 127
Township supervisors, 23–24
Transportation. See Canals; Railroads
Tremont, 100
Tully, Patrick, 108
Unions: and labor class identity, 64, 128, 165–66; and regulation of production, 69–70, 72, 76–77, 79–80, 84, 93, 118, 142, 165
United Mine Workers of America, 135–37, 141, 165
United States: Army, 112; House of Representatives, 127; Treasury Department, 123
Ventilation, 33–34
Violence: Civil War, 97–98; during strikes, 72, 80–81, 82, 91–92, 110–13, 122–23, 129–30; futility of, 114, 164; and Molly Maguires, 101, 102–4
Virtue, George, 55
Wages: basis system of, 70–71, 84, 85, 136, 142, 165; comparison of, 45; deductions from, 47–49, 85; determination of, 44; during Civil War, 67; during 1873 depression, 110; irregular employment and, 45–47; semi–monthly law, 122
War of 1812, and market for anthracite, 11
Watchorn, Robert, 131
Weaverly Coal and Coke Company, 56
Weiss, Jacob, 10
Welsh, John, 91–92
“Whiteboys,” 97
Whiting, A. S., 128
Wilkes–Barre, 17, 21, 56, 86, 113, 131–32
Wood, Archbishop James F., 78
Woodward, George, 23
Work: conditions of, 38–39; organization of, 34–35; rules, 37, 86, 176 n20; suspensions from, 41–42, 45–47, 51, 56
Workingmen’s Beneficial and Benevolent Association, 68
Workingmen’s Benevolent Association (W. B. A.); 94–95, 164, 168; and cooperatives, 84; expansion into bituminous fields, 86; formation of, 68–69; General Council, 69, 70, 72, 78–79; local committees of, 71, 72; policy of, 69, 71, 76; political action of, 79, 145–148, relationship to Miners’ and Laborers’ Amalgamated Association, 119, 120; relationship to Miners’ National Association, 86–88; relationship to Molly Maguires, 98–100, 103, 109–110; reorganization attempts, 118; strikes, 69–72, 73–77, 78–84, 88–93; structure, 69. See also specific county units.
Workingmen’s Benevolent and Protective Association, 134–35
Workingmen’s Protective Association of the Lehigh Region, 117–18
Youngstown, 86–87