INDEX
#VERYFAT #VERYBRAVE: The Fat Girl’s Guide to Being #Brave and Not a Dejected, Melancholy, Down-in-the Dumps Weeping Fat Girl in a Bikini (Byer), 64
13 Reasons Why (series), 47, 123
A Girl Like Her (film), 123
ableism, 5–6, 12–13, 21, 23, 40, 48, 63, 101, 113, 166, 168
adolescence, 2, 7–8, 19, 34, 44, 49, 107, 115, 177
adult-centered fears, 2–3, 32, 48, 116, 137, 140–142, 145, 147, 159, 167. See also fear
adulthood, 7–8, 35, 41, 44, 49, 50, 53, 77, 116, 135, 156, 163
adultification of Black girls, 18, 42
aesthetic capital, 11, 40, 66, 83, 89, 102
Ally McBeal (series), 21
“Am I Pretty or Ugly” YouTube trend, 8, 66–67, 72–73, 86–87, 106–110, 167, 174–176; ethos and formula of, 24, 78–82; methods of analysis of, 23–26; perceived motivations for participation, 94, 103, public response to, 15–17, 24, 84–85, 99, 140–141, 174; racial politics of, 82–84, 173–174; tween girls’ suspicion towards, 87–94. See also YouTube
“Am I Pretty Enough for You Yet? Resistance through Parody in the Pretty or Ugly YouTube Trend,” 60
America Online (AOL), 4
anxiety, 3, 10, 13, 45–46, 48, 147, 160; cultural, 5, 7, 10, 45, 178; as mental illness, 46, 85, 111, 123, 140, 173; public, 22, 42; social, 2–3, 11, 22, 42
Associated Press, 162–163
attention seeking, 16–17, 54, 67, 73, 77, 80, 85, 87–89, 92–95, 102–105, 108–109, 112–113, 116, 126, 128, 141
audience, 11–12, 24–25, 46, 49, 54, 57, 59, 63, 65, 70–71, 73, 99, 126, 138, 149
authenticity, 14, 31, 42, 48, 77–80, 84–87, 92–95, 97, 164, 167–169, 172, 176; definitions of, 80, 85; digital authenticity, 31, 70, 79–80, 85, 89–90, 93–94, 97, 109–110, 128, 172; popular feminism and, 21–22, 54–55
Banet-Weiser, Sarah, 19–22, 69, 80
Barbie in a Mermaid Tale (film), 52, 54
Bartky, Sandra Lee, 36
“Be a Lady They Said” (poem), 38
Bennett, Jessica, 7
BeReal, 13
Bernier, Alexe, 163
Bikini Kill, 20
biopower, 31, 35–36. See also Foucault
Blackfishing, 39
Black(ness), 18, 38–40, 47, 83–84, 169; beauty, 83, 173; embodiment, 39, 83–84; and fatness, 39, 63–64, 83; and girlhood, 42, 82–84, 132, 169; liberation, 39
Body Battlegrounds (Bobel and Kwan), 60
body image, 2, 8–9, 33, 41–42, 61, 64–65, 75, 85, 92, 99, 102, 116, 164, 174–175, 179
body politics, 35, 37, 50, 63–64
body positivity, 39–40, 43, 62–64, 179
Book Smart (film), 114
Bordo, Susan, 36–37
boyd, danah, 9, 23, 125, 160–161
boys, 29, 56, 101, 114–115, 118–119, 121, 127–128, 134; comparison to, 13, 19–20, 48, 67–69, 101, 103–110, 124; gender binary and, 5, 19; self-worth related to, 44, 61, 75–77, 81–82, 92–93; and sexual predation, 2–3, 20, 156, 176; and social media, 29, 56, 67–69, 173
Brandes, Sigal Barak, 128
Brave (film), 47. See also Disney
Brazilian butt lift (BBL), 40
Bulger, Monica, 48, 56, 73, 159
bullying, 32–33, 64, 72, 79, 94, 97–98, 100–104, 108–126, 128–129, 133–134, 149, 164, 168, 172, 179. See also cyberbullying
Burgess, Jean, 68
Burns, Anne, 89
Byer, Nicole, 64
“can-do” girls, 17–19, 31, 44, 47, 79
capitalism, 8, 38, 165; capitalist, 7, 18, 22, 38–42, 50, 64, 89, 179
Cassell, Justine, 1, 3–4, 137, 160, 169–170. See also Cramer
celebrity, 8, 14, 38, 55–56, 61, 69, 72, 83, 93–94, 99; microcelebrity, 25, 55–56, 61, 90; neocelebrity, 69; ultracelebrity, 79
Centers for Disease Control, 162–163
Chanel, Coco, 78–79
Cherlin, Andrew, 18
Choukas-Bradley, Sophia, 92
cis-het, 12, 36–37, 40, 45, 62, 99, 105, 108, 113–116, 134, 156, 166, 175
class, 5–6, 13, 15, 17–23, 41–47, 63, 76–77, 82–84, 89, 96, 113, 141, 143, 160, 165–166
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 37
Cohen, Stanley, 2
colorism, 39, 83; skin lightening, 39
Common Sense Media, 123
confidence culture, 8, 13, 21, 41–44, 54, 74–75, 89, 99–101, 170, 179
Confidence Culture (Gill and Orgad), 74
Congress, 148–149
consumerism, 7–8, 10–11, 54–55, 94, 116, 176, 178–179; consumer culture, 23, 44, 47, 165; and feminism, 38, 45, 83, 102
content creation, 9–12, 23, 26, 35, 54, 56, 60, 77, 89, 172; definition of, 11–12
COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule (Act), 8, 49, 56, 148–149
corporeal, 20, 36, 40–41, 45, 51, 82
Coulter, Natalie, 10
COVID-19, 7, 13, 15, 27, 73; and mental wellbeing, 124, 171; sexual predation and, 138–139
Cramer, Margaret, 1, 3–4, 137, 160, 169–170. See also Cassell
Crimes against Children Research Center, 138
Crush (film), 46
cyberbullicide, 124
Cyberbully (film), 123
cyberbullying, 2, 17, 22, 114, 116–126, 129, 134, 140, 144, 159. See also bullying; cyberbullicide
Cyberbullying Research Center, 117, 124
Dead Blondes and Bad Mothers (Doyle), 17
depression, 46, 111, 119, 123, 140, 173
disability, 19–20, 42–44, 46, 54, 167–168, 172–173; and visibility, 20, 40, 46, 172
disempowerment, 8, 31, 34, 47, 75, 79–80, 87, 94, 97, 103, 105, 109, 113, 163–165
disordered eating, 41, 179; anorexia, 149
Dorol-Beauroy-Eustache, Ophely, 124–125
drama, 15, 32, 100–101, 110–114, 120, 125–129, 133, 154, 168
Driscoll, Catherine, 2–4, 6, 174
Dubrofsky, Rachel, 85
Dumplin’ (film), 46
Ebert, Roger, 45
Euphoria (series), 47
Facebook, 4, 27, 58, 59, 65, 126, 145, 148–149, 151–156
fake, 31, 79–80, 85–88, 93–95, 113, 116
Farrell, Christina, 61, 89–90, 101, 161
fatness, 13, 38–39, 46, 62–64, 169; antifat, 13, 62; and Blackness, 39, 63–64, 83; fat liberation, 39, 62; “fat talk” 92, 116; and morality, 47, 62
fear, 2, 10, 13, 20, 32, 34, 39, 48, 64, 76, 103, 122, 135–146, 153, 157–160, 176; for girls, 20, 56, 94, 167; of girls, 17, 35, 37, 55–56; of sexuality, 2, 7, 55, 136, 139, 143–146, 159. See also adult-centered fears
Febos, Melissa, 34–35
femininity, 3, 5, 13, 21–22, 31, 36–38, 40, 42, 47, 55, 69, 77, 79, 82–83, 86, 89, 90, 92, 99, 101, 105, 111, 114, 166–168, 173, 177, 180; and beauty, 13, 47, 55, 82, 90; and capitalism, 42; and heterosexuality, 90, 99, 105; and race, 13, 37, 48, 82–83, 173
feminism, 8, 13, 20–21, 35, 37–38, 41, 65, 91, 171, 175–177; Black, 39, 45; consumer, 45, 92, 102; popular, 21, 31, 37–38, 45, 47–48, 71, 74, 101, 165; second wave, 21, 37, 48; third wave, 20, 41, 56; Western, 36. See also capitalism; postfeminism
femme fatale, 38
Foucault, Michel, 35–36
Friedan, Betty, 37
friendship, 32, 110–115, 126, 128, 129–134, 159, 164, 168–170
Frozen (film), 22, 47. See also Disney
Frozen II (film), 47. See also Disney
Garcia-Rapp, Florencia, 85
gender binary, 5, 19, 104, 114, 139
Gender Play (Thorne), 133
Gill, Rosalind, 54, 74. See also Confidence Culture; Orgad
Ging, Debbie, 115–119, 128, 134. See also O’Higgins Norman
Girl Fight (film), 123
Girlfighting: Betrayal and Rejection among Girls (Mikel Brown), 112
Girlhood (Febos), 34–35
Girl Power, 20–23, 31–32, 44–48, 54, 64, 80, 86, 88, 93–97, 102–104, 113–114, 164–166, 176–179
Girls and Sex (Orenstein), 20
Glassner, Barry, 136
Gómez Cruz, Edgar, 60
Gossip Girl (series), 47
Gray, Emma, 140
Green, Joshua, 68
Greene Wade, Ashleigh, 42, 84, 169, 174
growing up, 4, 6, 16, 26, 41–42, 50, 55, 70, 116
Hadley, Martha, 116
Hall, Kimberly, 168
Harrison, Da’Shaun L., 39
Hasinoff, Amy, 139
health, 43; and fatness, 62–63; and race, 63; and social media, 2, 9, 50, 111, 123, 140, 164. See also mental health
hegemonic gender norms, 11, 48, 84, 105, 107–108, 132, 176
heteronormativity, 17, 19, 37, 40, 47, 67, 69, 82, 93–94, 104–105, 113–114, 116, 126–127, 134, 156, 167–168, 175–176, 179
heterosexuality, 104; and attraction and beauty, 90, 99, 105, 168, 172; and ideal femininity, 6, 45–48
hierarchies, 36, 40, 86, 109, 115
High Tech or High Risk: Moral Panics about Girls Online (Cassell and Cramer), 137
Hinduja, Sameer, 117, 124. See also Cyberbullying Research Center; Patchin, Justin
homosocial, 8, 32–33, 84–85, 103, 110–114, 129, 133, 169, 176, 178
HuffPost, 140
hypersexualization, 38–39, 42, 45, 141
ideal girlhood, 12, 19, 21–23, 54, 113, 165
inauthenticity, 77, 88–89, 92–93, 104, 113, 116
influencer, 39, 56, 63, 69, 90
Instagram, 4, 13–14, 27, 33, 52–53, 57–59, 65–66, 122, 140, 145, 148–149, 151–156, 158, 170
internet; addiction, 111, 148, 164; dangers wrought by the, 1–3, 17, 122, 135–137, 139, 140–142, 145, 148
intersectionality, 5–6, 20–21, 36–37, 41–43, 45, 49, 64, 68, 75, 123, 170–173, 180
isolation, 40, 102, 108, 111, 123–124, 132
Jackson, Sue, 42
Jerslev, Anne, 55–56
Kahn, Mattie, 7
Kardashian family empire, 40; Kim, 40
Kelly, Deirdre, 109
Khan, Farah, 120
Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA), 148
Levin, Diane, 128
Lindsey, Treva, 84
Madonna-Whore myth, 3, 31, 36–38, 42
make-up (cosmetics), 8, 36, 69, 78, 86, 93–94, 99
Malvini Redden, Shawna, 73
Marwick, Alice, 55–56
masculinity, 21, 34, 36–38, 43, 89, 105, 115, 176–177
material capital, 39
McClearen, Jennifer, 43
McRobbie, Angela, 2
mean girl paradigm, 32, 45–46, 63, 111–115, 125–126, 130
Mean Girls (film), 111–112, 114
mental health, 2, 6, 96, 111, 115, 123–124, 162–164
microcelebrity, 25, 55–56, 61, 90. See also celebrity
Mikel Brown, Lyn, 82–83, 111–112
Mishara, Brian L., 124
misogynoir, 39
Mitchell, Claudia, 5
Moana (film), 47. See also Disney
Monroe, Marilyn, 78–79
moral panic, 2–3, 10, 13, 17–18, 20, 42, 55, 111, 136–139, 141, 143–145, 148, 160, 165–166
Musical.ly, 13, 27, 57, 59–60, 71, 149, 151–154, 159
narcissism, 73, 99, 116, 139–140, 178
National Center for Education Statistics, 117
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 1
neocelebrity, 69. See also celebrity
neoliberal, 7, 13, 21, 31, 35–36, 38, 40–41, 47–48, 51, 62, 83, 89, 100, 116, 165, 168, 177, 179
news media, 1–3, 22, 32, 61, 84, 122–123, 135, 138, 143–146, 148, 161–163; response to “Am I Pretty or Ugly” YouTube trend, 15–17, 82, 99, 103, 106, 140. See also “Am I Pretty or Ugly” YouTube trend
Nixon, Cynthia, 38
nonbinary, 43
O’Higgins Norman, James, 115–119, 128, 134. See also Ging
Odd Girl Out (film), 123
Orgad, Shani, 54, 74. See also Confidence Culture; Gill
Othered, 39, 77, 113, 143, 175
parents, 1–2, 17, 19–20, 22, 85, 99, 122, 125, 134–138, 141–159, 165, 167
Patchin, Justin, 117, 124. See also Cyberbullying Research Center; Hinduja, Sameer
patriarchy, 37–38, 41, 43, 45, 50, 89, 114, 134, 175, 179
PBS Newshour, 162
peers, 4, 7, 13, 15, 19, 22, 24, 27, 31, 45, 61, 63, 71, 80, 87, 89, 98, 113, 119, 128, 131, 136–137, 149, 151, 154, 156, 166–167; and approval, 8, 73, 89, 90; peer groups, 7, 16, 63, 85, 91–92, 98, 112, 126–127, 150, 168; peer networks, 32, 102, 118, 134
Pew Research Center, 11, 49–50, 117
Pipher, Mary, 34
popular culture, 3, 6–8, 13, 17, 23, 40, 45, 47, 55–56, 61–62, 69, 93, 94, 108, 114, 124, 130, 166–167
popular media, 3–5, 7–8, 17, 19, 22, 26–27, 31–32, 39–40, 42–46, 49, 66, 69, 85, 99, 103, 106, 114, 136, 138, 148, 154, 161, 172, 175, 177–178
popular feminism, 21, 38, 47–48, 71, 101. See also feminism
postfeminism, 7–8, 13, 21, 31, 35, 38, 41–42, 45, 47–48, 54, 76–77, 83, 85, 89, 92, 100–102, 113, 116, 165–167, 170, 174
predator, 1–2, 6, 17, 32, 135–136, 138–141, 144–145, 156, 159–160; sexual, 178
Preston-Sidler, Leandra, 162, 164, 176
Pretty Little Liars (series), 47
privacy, 14, 22, 29, 50, 55, 77, 130, 135, 140, 144, 154–159, 164, 166–167, 178
Projansky, Sarah, 46
promiscuous/promiscuity, 17, 37, 44
protectionism, 3, 6, 8, 11, 17–23, 26–27, 46–47, 51, 53, 55–56, 77–80, 94–96, 102–103, 113–114, 141–144, 150, 156–160, 164, 166–167, 177–179
purity, 20–22, 37, 175. See also virginity
queer, 10, 19, 46, 64, 112, 169, 172; Black Queer Feminism, 39; gender queer, 43; queering girlhoods, 44, 105, 172
Quicho, Alex, 34–35
race, 36, 44, 46, 76–80, 83, 89, 132, 165–167, 173; and embodiment, 41, 63, 83; and girlhood, 5, 10, 18, 22, 173; and media, 42–44, 173; and oppression, 39, 101; stereotypes of, 37, 111
racial identity, 26, 29, 39, 42, 56, 82–84, 111, 132, 173–174
racial performance, 82–84, 173
Rainville, Camille, 38
Ranney, Megan, 119
Reich, Stephanie, 89
Riesmeyer, Claudia, 90
Renolds, Emma, 21, 83, 115. See also Ringrose
Rentschler, Carrie, 5
resistance, 26, 36–37, 44–45, 84, 101–102, 162, 167; to conventional femininity by tween girls, 5, 12, 22, 31, 55, 60–61, 68, 77, 102, 164, 172; embodied, 75
Ringrose, Jessica, 21, 83, 115. See also Renolds
Riot Grrrl manifesto, 20
risk, 9, 11, 17, 41, 50, 56, 64, 71, 95, 102, 136–137, 142–143, 145, 148, 150, 152, 154, 158, 160, 161, 164, 166–168; “at risk girl,” 17–19, 21, 31, 141, 178; and mental health, 111, 117, 124–125; risky behavior, 22, 32, 139, 141
rite of passage, 115–116
Riverdale (series), 47
scripts, 24, 79–82, 86–87, 91, 100; cultural, 6; gendered, 38, 104–105, 109, 114, 126–127, 173–175
self-esteem, 8, 14–15, 54–55, 74–76, 85, 88, 94, 96, 99, 102, 106, 129, 140, 167, 174; marketplace, 27, 47, 74; negative, 2, 8–9, 33, 61, 64–65, 75, 92, 115, 123
selfie, 4, 9, 12, 35, 52–53, 57–58, 60, 63, 89, 128, 139–140, 149, 168, 177
Sephora, 93
Sex and the City (series), 21
sex education, 19
sexual behavior, 2–3, 5, 17, 20, 45, 48, 101, 113–114, 123, 128, 135, 141, 167, 175–175
sexuality, 3, 5, 10–12, 15, 19–20, 36, 37, 42, 44–45, 47–48, 55, 82–83, 101, 108, 113, 115, 165–167, 172, 176–177
sexualization, 2, 9–10, 19–20, 94, 115, 144, 166, 177; and Black girls, 38–39; hyper-sexualization, 42, 45, 46, 55; self-sexualization, 94
sexual knowingness, 83
sexual solicitation, 1, 138, 145
Seventeen (magazine), 55
Shields Dobson, Amy, 49–50, 94, 176, 177
Sierra Burgess Is a Loser (film), 46
Simmons, Rachel, 116
Slate (magazine), 16
Sleepover (film), 45
Snapchat, 4, 12–14, 32, 52–53, 57–59, 65, 76, 122, 127, 129–131, 140, 148–149, 151–158, 171; and snaps, 9, 57, 127, 146
social capital, 12, 15, 31, 33, 39, 41, 52, 54–56, 65–67, 70–71, 73, 75, 77, 151, 159, 164, 167–168, 176–177. See also aesthetic capital; material capital
social justice, 9, 45, 62, 174
Sorsoli, Lynn, 30
Spice Girls, 22
stalking, 123, 138, 144–146, 148, 164
suicide, 22, 47, 119, 122–125. See also cyberbullicide
surveillance, 2–3, 11, 22, 36, 37, 41, 44, 55, 65, 89, 99, 157, 172
The Conversation, 163
The Culture of Fear (Glassner), 136
The Duff (film), 114
The Marriage Go Round (Cherlin), 18
The Missing Middle: Reimagining a Future for Tweens, Teens, and Public Media (Bulger et al.), 48, 56, 159
Thiel-Stern, Shayla, 3
Thorne, Barrie, 133
Thornton, Sarah L., 2
Tiidenburg, Katrin, 60
TikTok, 4, 13–14, 16, 23, 27, 57, 93, 148–149, 157
To All the Boys I’ve Ever Loved Before (film), 46, 114
Tolman, Deborah, 30
toxic girl culture, 32, 105, 108, 112–116, 119, 169, 179
toxic masculinity, 38
trans/transgender, 37, 39, 43, 169
tropes, 3, 6, 24, 26, 44–47, 63, 69; Black women and girls, 42, 132; of femininity, 37–38, 47; racialized, 37
Tweenhood: Femininity and Celebrity in Tween Popular Culture (Kennedy), 8
ultracelebrity, 79. See also celebrity
U.S. Department of Justice, 1
validation, 73, 76, 88, 90, 102, 107, 167
Vanner, Catherine, 5
Vares, Tiina, 42
violence, 37, 41, 43, 64, 101, 119, 123, 138, 152, 172; anti-Black, 39; intimate violence, 47; racialized, 101
virginity, 19, 42, 141. See also purity
visibility, 8, 12, 14–15, 19, 23, 42, 45, 49, 50, 52, 53–56, 59, 61, 69, 72, 82, 84, 90, 110, 113, 128, 134, 136–137, 156, 160, 164–167, 169, 176–177, 179; economies of, 20, 22, 85, 102, 170; and girls’ bodies, 2, 10, 26, 31, 51, 63–66, 79–80, 167; hyper-, 8, 47, 49, 64; and invisibility, 6, 18, 20, 27, 39, 46, 120, 172 (see also disability); and social capital, 66, 69, 70–80
vulnerability, 6, 10, 13–14, 17, 20–21, 79, 90, 95, 99, 102, 137–141, 167, 178
Waldman, Katy, 16
Washington Post, 162
Way, Amy, 73
Wendell, Susan, 43
Whiteness, 12, 21, 23, 26, 39–40, 47, 63, 82–83, 173
woman, 36–39, 42, 45, 74, 107, 176
Wood, Megan, 85
Yau, Joanna, 89
Young and Restless: The Girls Who Sparked America’s Revolutions, (Kahn), 7
Youth Internet Safety Study (YISS), 138
YouTube, 2–3, 8–9, 12–17, 23–26, 31, 50, 60, 66, 78–79, 81, 83–85, 88, 90–93, 95–97, 101–104, 106–107, 136, 151, 156; age appropriateness of, 72–73, 140–144, 148–149; and celebrity, 68–69; and method of study, 23–26, 111; popularity of, 4, 68, 99; and self-representation, 70–71, 75–76, 95, 101, 158–159, 162. See also “Am I Pretty or Ugly” YouTube trend
YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture (Burgess and Green), 68
Zillich, Arne F., 90