Abramowitz, Mimi: Where Are the Women?, 302
Academic freedom, 120–21, 142 n43, 201, 205
Active Worker’s Schools (New York), 52
Adesska, Florence, 33 n41
Affiliated Schools for Women Workers, The, 189–221, 230, 273; admission of men to, 200–204, 220 n26; and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 190–92, 197, 203; curriculum of, 191, 193, 194; educational philosophy of, 191, 194, 198–203; and feminism, 202–5; funding of, 190–91, 197–98, 200, 205; organization of, 190–91, 197–99, 200; programs and functions of, 189–90, 191–92, 194, 196–97, 199–200; publications of, 194–95, 200, 218 n11, 220 n25; and unions, 192, 200–202, 205
AFL-CIO, xvii, 297, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306
Algor, Marie, 124
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA), 52–53, 56, 166
America, Helen, 116
America Federation of Labor (AFL), 8, 201; and white-collar workers, 228, 229, 233–34, 240; and women, 49, 89, 93, 189; and WTUL Training School, 16, 33 n31
American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), xvii, 297, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 300–301
American Labor Education Service (ALES), 189, 201–2, 241. See also Affiliated Schools for Workers
American Legion, 267
Anderson, Mary, 7, 12, 18, 34 n47 and n49, 49, 114
Barbour, Marion, 235
Barnard Summer School, 190, 191–92, 193
Berkowitz, Edith: “We Shall Be Free,” 62
Berry, Margaret, 124
Black women, 12, 16, 264; at Bryn Mawr Summer School, 116, 125–26; in YWCA, 79–80, 88, 102–3, 105 n28. See also Race issue
Blanshard, Paul, 52
“Blue Triangle Houses” (YWCA), 78, 80
Blum, Emanuel, 120
Bonner, Miriam, 153
Bookman, Clarence, 255
Brandeis, Louis D., 40
Bread and roses, 6, 136, See also Social, cultural, and recreational activities
Brody, Doris, 202
Brookwood Labor College, 47, 48, 51, 53, 56, 87, 150, 338–39
Brotherhood of Railway Clerks, 229
Brown, Richard, 269
Brown, Thelma, 102
Bryn Mawr College, 304
Bryn Mawr Community Center, 114, 141 n20
Bryn Mawr Daisy: poems and essays from, 129–37
Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers, 109–45; admission of men to, 192, 339–40; and Affiliated Schools for Women Workers, 190–92, 197, 203; and black students, 116, 125–26; and communism and socialism, 120–22; curriculum of, 118–21; during Depression, 119–22; educational philosophy of, 109, 110–12, 115, 118–19, 128, 142 n35; faculty of, 109, 118, 120–21, 124–25, 126, 127; finances of, 112, 128, 139 n13; founding of, 110–14; impact of, 122–29; as model, 150, 227, 259, 273; and Seabrook farms strike, 122, 145 n69, 333; and social activism, 120–21, 122–24, 142 n43, 143 n48; students at, 87, 115–18, 121–24, 125–26, 141–44 n24–25, n43–44 and n48–49; and unions, 118, 120, 143 n44 and n48; and WTUL Training School, 35 n54, 109–45; and YWCA, 90–91, 118. See also Hudson Shore Labor School
Burgess, Sarah, 131–32
Burns, Agnes, 26–29
Butcher, Debra, 316
Camp TERA (Camp Jane Addams), 258, 263, 266, 271
Career patterns of students, 195–96, 330; at Bryn Mawr Summer School, 122–25, 128–29, 143–44 n48–49; at Summer School for Office Workers, 233–34, 239; at WTUL Training School, 11, 20–21, 34 n53
Carnegie Corporation, 139 n13, 305
Carrol, Marian V., 243–44
Carter, Jean, 199–200; This America, 195
Caspar, Bella, 13
Chicago Theological Seminary, 238
Christensen, Ethlyn, 96
Christian Socialism, 111
CIO. See Congress of Industrial Organizations
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 255, 256–57
Class consciousness, 44; and office workers, 225–30, 236–37, 241, 249 n10; and Southern Summer School, 152–57, 167–68, 182 n2. See also Cross-class coalitions
Clay, Henry, 109
Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW), 290, 294, 295, 302, 303, 304–5, 306
Coeducationalization, 92, 157–58, 193–94, 200–204, 232, 235–36, 238, 339–40
Cohn, Fannia Mary, 9–10, 11, 31 n14, 114, 331; and ILGWU, 41–43, 44–47 passim, 48–51, 53–54
Coit, Eleanor, 94, 96, 336; and Affiliated Schools for Women Workers; 194, 196, 198, 200, 201, 202; and Summer School for Office Workers, 226, 228–29, 230, 231, 236–37, 240–41
Collins, Ruth, 129–30
Columbia University, 203
Communication Workers of America (CWA), 298–99
Communism, 42, 50–51, 120–22, 149; and office workers, 229, 231, 235
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 89, 93–94, 189–90, 192, 201; in the South, 155, 158, 165, 170; and white-collar workers, 228, 234, 240
Cook, Alice Hanson, 96, 124, 202; interview with, 328–41
Cornell University, 290, 291–92, 298, 301–2, 317–18
Cross-class coalitions, xi–xvii, 39, 48, 56, 149–50, 338–39; at Bryn Mawr Summer School, 112, 115–16, 118, 125–27; and class tension, 9, 12, 19–20, 34 n52, 48–49, 81–83, 140 n17, 169; at WTUL Training School, 5, 8, 15, 31 n9, 339; at YWCA, 77, 79, 81–83, 94–95, 97, 99–102, 150
Crouch, Diamond, 102–3
Curriculum, 340; of Affiliated Schools for Women Workers, 191, 193, 194; of Bryn Mawr Summer School, 118–21; of current labor education programs, 292–93, 310, 336–37; of ILGWU, 44, 46, 55–56, 59–60; at she-she-she camps, 260–61, 264–66, 268–69, 278–79; of Southern Summer School, 151–52, 154; of Summer School for Office Workers, 231–32, 236, 237–38, 239–40; of WTUL Training School, 5–6, 8, 10, 11–14; of YWCA, 84–85, 94–95
Dana, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 109
de Schweinitz, Dorothea, 268
Douglas, Paul, 13, 14, 109, 226
Dressner, Sadie, 118
Dyche, John, 40
Edelman, John, 200
Educational philosophy, xv–xvi, 39, 54, 329–30, 332–34, 335–37, 340; of Affiliated Schools for Women Workers, 191, 194, 198–203; of Bryn Mawr Summer School, 109, 110–12, 115, 118–19, 128, 142 n35; of current labor education programs, 291–92, 293, 294, 336–37; of ILGWU, 39, 41, 43–47, 54–57; of she-she-she camps, 257, 259, 260–62, 264, 269, 271–74, 278–79; of Southern Summer School, 152–57, 182 n2; of Summer School for Office Workers, 231–32, 234–36, 237–38, 239–42; of WTUL Training School, 5–6, 7, 17–21, 30 n4; of YWCA, 77–78, 83–84, 86, 336
Eliot, Laura, 31 n9
Ellickson, Katherine Pollak, 125. See also Pollak, Katherine
England, 111–12
Ether, Marie, 258–59
Evans, Sara, 182 n2
Faculty, 333, 336–7, 340–41; at Bryn Mawr Summer School, 109, 118, 120–21, 124–25, 126, 127; at current labor education programs, 313–14; at ILGWU, 44; at she-she-she camps, 263–64, 270; at Southern Summer School, 152–53, 154–55; at Summer School for Office Workers, 232; at WTUL Training School, 10, 13
Fairchild, Mildred, 122
Fancy Leather Goods Workers, 39, 52
Faxon, Mrs. Henry D., 31 n9
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 198–99; and she-she-she camps, 255, 259–67, 270
Feminism, 49, 54, 202–5, 235, 272, 330–32, 334; social, 109–10, 138 n5, 139 n7, 202–3, 260; working-class, 168–69
Finances: of Affiliated Schools for Women Workers, 190–91, 197–98, 200, 205; of Brookwood Labor School, 338–39; of Bryn Mawr Summer School, 112, 128, 139 n13; of current labor education programs, 292, 293, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306; of ILGWU, 41; for she-she-she camps, 255, 257, 259, 261, 262, 268, 269–71, 282 n37; of WTUL Training School, 6–7, 8, 11–12, 14–16, 20, 33 n31
Fitzpatrick, John, 234
Frankfurter, Estelle, 109
Franklin, Stella, 31 n9
Friedman, Mollie, 56
Friedmann, Ernestine, 84, 95–96, 193, 199, 202, 262, 341
Fryman, Patsy, 307
Fulton, Margaret, 116
Funding. See Finances
Gastonia strike, 175–77
Gauthier, Rita, 207–8
Gersh, Harry, 266
Gildersleeve, Dean Virginia C., 193
Gilmore, Marguerite, 125; interview with, 327–41
Goins, Irene, 12
Gold, Theresa, 196
Golden, Clinton, 200
Gompers, Samuel, 43
Goodman, Sadie, 99–101
Goodrich, Carter, 200
Graduate Department of Social Economy and Social Research (Bryn Mawr), 113, 140 n17
Guigno, Louise, 196
Haber, William: Unemployment, a Problem of Insecurity, 195
Hagood, Margaret Jarmon: Mothers of the South, 160
Haigwood, Ruby, 116
Hand, Frances Fincke (Mrs. Learned), 122
Haray, Margaret, 16–17, 34 n43
Hardie, Kier, 53
Harrison, J. F. C., 111–12
Health care, 15, 33 n34, 59, 263, 267
Hearst newpapers, 267
Heath, Venus M., 67–69
Hendrix, Bertha, 175–77
Hendrix, Leona B, 242
Henry, Alice 10
Herbst, Alma 96
Hewes, Amy, 109, 119, 120, 124, 195
Hill, Helen, 18
Hochman, Julius, 53
Honour, Margaret, 124
Hopkins, Harry, 198, 255, 257, 259, 260–61
Huberman, Elizabeth Lyle, 124, 127–28, 129
Huberman, Leo, 154–55
Hudson Shore Labor School, 192, 208, 339–40; publications from 205–17; “These Are The Words We Said”, 205–8. See also Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers
Huntzinger, Leona, 63–64
ILGWU. See International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
Indiana University, 303
Industrial War Service Centers (YWCA), 78–79
Institute for Women and Work (Cornell), 298, 301–2, 306; publications of, 301–2
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations (ILIR). See University of Michigan
International Congress of Working Women, 81
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) Education Department, 39–74; curriculum at, 44, 46, 55–56, 59–60; education philosophy of, 39–41, 43–47, 54–57; founding of, 39, 40–42; after 1935 reorganization, 53–56; and social activism, 39, 45–47, 51, 54–55; and socialism, 42, 46, 50–51; and spiritual needs, 43–46, 55; during twenties, 49–52
International Union of Electrical Workers HUE), 290–91
James, Williams 256
Jones, Brownie Lee, 96
Jones, Dottie, 319–20
Jones, Mary Harris (Mother), 177–82
Kazcor, Josephine, 197
Kemp, Marjorie, 16
Kennan, Ellen, 120
Kingsbury, Susan M., 91, 113, 114, 192
Kirkland, Lane, 297
Klebe, Henrietta, 233
Kohn, Barbara: interview with, 309–15
Kornbluh, Joyce L.: interview by, 309–15
Kosovicz, Mary, 130–31
Kyrk, Hazel, 124
Labor drama, 156–57, 199, 232–33, 265, 330, 335; examples of, 177–82, 208–17, 244–48, 274–75
Labor education, current, 56, 287–323, 336–37; curriculum of, 292–93, 310, 336–37; educational philosophy of, 291–92, 293, 294, 336–37; funding for, 292, 293, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306; and labor union programs, 290–91, 297–301, 306–8; and union-university cooperation, 296–97, 298, 299, 303, 305; and university programs, 290, 291–93, 301–3
Labor education, history of, 31 n5, 39, 47–50, 56, 110, 288–90, 296, 327
Labor unions: and current education programs, 290–91, 296–301, 303, 306–8; and efforts to organize women, xvii–xviii, 5, 49, 93–94, 288; in garment industry 39–40, 52, 58; in the South, 149–50, 164–66; and white-collar workers, 228–30, 233–34, 237–42, 300; and women activists, xvii–xviii, 89–90, 149–50, 164–66, 169–70, 303, 309–10, 337–38; and women’s education, 39, 54, 87; and women’s issues, 290–91, 297, 306–8, 334; and workers’ education, 8, 87, 139 n13, 150, 333. See also individual unions
Lake Forest College, 238
La Zar, Jennie, 65–67
Legislative efforts, xvii, 5, 77–78, 81–83, 87
Leonard, Louise, 92, 170. See also McLaren, Louise Leonard
Lerner, Anita Marburg, 124
Lerner, Max, 200
Le Sueur, Meridel, 255–56
Lewinson, Jean Flexner 125, 127
Life and Labor, 10; articles from, 21–29, 57–69
Lindeman, Eduard, 200
Lipschitz, Dora, 13
Lockwood, Helen Drusilla, 124
Loud, Oliver, 124
Lucia, Carmen, 123–24, 128–29, 144 n49, 197
McAvoy, Ann, 205–6
McDonald, Lois, 85, 86, 96; and Southern Summer School, 150, 154, 196, 200, 202
McDonald, Marie, 59
McIntosh, Millicent Carey, 124, 140 n17
McLaren, Louise Leonard, 95, 96; and Affiliated Schools for Women Workers, 190, 196, 199, 202; and Southern Summer School, 150, 152–53, 157–58, 169. See also Leonard, Louise
Maniloff, Sylvia, xviii
Mansbridge, Albert, 111, 141 n20
Marriage: and careers, 11, 16–17, 34 n43, 167
Martin, Prestonia Mann: Prohibiting Poverty, 257
Mayer, Helen, 116
Men: admitted to womens’ education programs, 92, 157–58, 193–94, 200–204, 232, 235–36, 238, 339–40
Merriam, Ida Craven, 125
Michigan State University, 293
Michigan Summer School for Women Workers, 311–14
Mitchell, Broadus, 120, 124, 154
Mittelstadt, Louisa, 8–9, 11, 31 n10
Monroe, Edna, 98–99
Moscicki, Helen, 205
Muskiwinni Foundation, 302
National Conference of Industrial Women (YWCA), 81–82, 83, 104 n21
National Congress of Neighborhood Women (New York), 303–4
National Consumers League (NCL), 109
National Recovery Act (NRA), 53, 120–21, 200
National Women’s Trade Union League (NWTUL or WTUL) Training School for Women Organizers, 5–35, 48–49; accomplishments of, 20–21; curriculum of, 5–6, 8, 10, 11–14; educational philosophy of, 5–6, 7, 17–21, 30 n4; faculty at, 10, 13; fieldwork at, 6, 10–12, 14, 17–19; finances of, 6–7, 8, 11–12, 14–16, 20, 33 n31; founding of, 6–8, 30 n1, 31 n9; and health care, 15, 33 n34; as model, 7, 109, 150; and other women’s organizations, 114–15, 141 n22, 193, 228, 257; scholarships to, 7–8, 15–17, 33 n31; social, cultural, and recreational activities of, 6, 15; and social activism, 7, 14, 17–19; and socialism, 9–10; students at, 8–10, 11, 16, 20–21, 26–29, 33 n41, 34 n53, 86–87
National Youth Administration (NYA), 255, 267–72
Nelson, Anne, 292
New Deal: and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 120–22; and unionism, 53, 165; and women, 202, 255–56, 259–61, 267–68, 271–72; and workers’ education, 195, 198. See also She-she-she camps
Nine to Five, 306
Nine to Five: The National Association of Working Women, 290, 294–95, 299–300, 304
Nixon, H. C., 155
Nord Elizabeth, 123–24, 126, 128–29, 144 n49
Northwestern University, 194, 238
Oberlin College, 194, 200, 238, 264
Ohio State University, 302–3
Olson, Helen, 274–75
O’Neill, William L., 138 n5
Opportunity School, 264
O’Reilly, Leonora, 31 n9
Palmer, Gladys, 124; The Industrial Experience of Women Workers at the Summer Schools, 1928–1930, 195; The Scrapbook of the American Labor Movement, 195
Pells, Richard H., 156
Perkins, Frances 258
Pesotta, Rose, 124
Peterson, Esther, 125, 129; interview with, 328–40
Phoebe Anna Thorne School (Bryn Mawr), 113, 140 n17
Pieper, Doris, 233–34
Pollak, Katherine: Your Job and Your Pay, 195. See also Ellickson, Katherine Pollak
Powell, Myrtle, 235
Poyntz, Juliet Stuart, 41–42, 43–47 passim, 57–61, 70 n8
Price, Mildred, 195
Program on Women and Work (POWW, University of Michigan), 293, 301, 319
“Proctocol of Peace,” 40
Race issue, 16, 149, 151, 206, 288, 312, 320, 332
Rand School, 40–41
Richman, Lena, 109
Robins, Margaret Dreier, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 33 n34
Robinson, Dolly Lowther, 124, 144 n49
Robkin, Polly, 153
Rockefeller Foundation, 198, 200, 301
Rodolfo, Sophie Schmidt, 129
Rogin, Larry, 296; interview with, 328–38
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 257–58, 260, 261, 270–71, 272
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 256
Russell, Alys, 111
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 303
Rutz, Henry, 200–201
Saunders, Laurance, 109
Schlesinger, Benjamin, 40
Scholarships, 7–8, 15–17, 33 n31, 49, 91–92, 151
Scott, Anne F., 185 n46
Scott, Frances E., 242–43
Seabrook Farms strike, 122, 145 n69
Selden, Helen Schuldenfreid, 129
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 299–300, 304
Sex-role definitions; and educational training, 17–19, 84, 264–65; and marriage and career, 11, 16–17, 34 n43, 167; Southern, 158, 160–61, 166, 167–69, 185 n46
She-she-she camps, 255–83; accomplishments of 267, 273–74; closing of, 271–73; community reaction to, 266–67, 270, 272; curriculum of, 260–61, 264–66, 268–69, 278–79; educational philosophy of, 257, 259, 260–62, 264, 269, 271–74, 278–79; essays from, 274–79; establishment of, 259–61, 281 n19; under FERA, 255, 259–67, 270; funding for, 255, 257, 259, 261, 262, 268, 269–71, 282 n37; government resistance to, 259–61, 267–68, 269–72; under NYA, 255, 267–72; recruitment for, 268, 270; social life at, 266; staff of, 263–64, 270; students at, 262–63, 264, 266, 268; vocational training at, 263, 266, 268–69
Shoemaker, Alice, 96, 193, 199, 202, 204, 229
Silverbrook, Nettie, 287
Simms, Florence, 77, 78–83 passim, 95
Smith, Alexia, 17
Smith, Hannah Whitall Pearsall, 111
Smith, Hilda (“Jane”) Worthington, 124–25, 219 n19, 327, 332–33, 335, 336, 338; and Affiliated Schools for Women Workers, 190, 192, 193, 196, 198–99, 203; and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 110, 113–14, 118, 124–25, 128, 142 n43; and she-she-she camps, 255, 257, 259–63, 268–72
Smithsonian Institute, 299
Snyder, Eleanor: Job Histories of Women Workers at the Summer Schools, 1931–34 and 1938, 195
Social, cultural, and recreational activities: at Bryn Mawr Summer School, 120; at ILGWU, 43–46, 55; at WTUL Training School, 6, 15; at YWCA, 78, 90, 97
Social activism, xvi, 39, 52–57; and Affiliated Schools for Women Workers, 201; and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 120–21, 122–24, 142 n43, 143 n48; and ILGWU, 39, 45–47, 51, 54–55; and Southern Summer School, 154; and WTUL Training School, 7, 14, 17–19; and YWCA, 77, 85, 95, 150
Social feminism, 109–10, 138 n5, 139 n7, 202–3, 260
Socialism, 235; and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 120–22; and ILGWU, 42, 46, 50–51; and WTUL Training School, 9–10; and YWCA, 82–83, 95
Social unionism, 43
Southern Summer School for Women Workers in Industry, 92, 149–86, 190, 192, 193, 332; accomplishments of, 169–71; admission of men to, 157–58, 193, 339; curriculum of, 151–52, 154; educational philosophy of, 152–57, 182 n2; essays from, 171–82; faculty at, 152–53, 154–55; founding of, 150–51; and labor drama, 156–57, 177–82; and race, 151, 332; and student expression, 155–57; students at, 87, 151, 158–59, 165–71; and transition from agriculture to industry, 160–62, 166–67, 173–74, 184 n26; and unions 150, 164–66, 169–70
Southern Tenant Farmer’s Union (STFU), 159
Southern United States, 79, 92–93, 149–51, 164–66
Speer, Mrs. Robert, 114
Spencer, Jennie, 87–90; “My Transition,” 90
Starr, Helen Norton, 51
Starr, Mark, 53–54, 55–56, 57, 124, 200
Stenographers, Typists, Bookkeepers and Assistants Union, 229, 234
Stolberg, Benjamin, 54
Strikes, 7, 10–11, 40, 49, 89, 133–35; coal, 177–82; Gastonia, 175–77; Seabrook Farms, 122, 145 n69, 333; Southern textile, 164–65, 179, 172–73, 185 n39
Student-industrial movement (YWCA), 83, 97, 99–102
Students, 86–87, 329–30; at Bryn Mawr Summer School, 87, 115–18, 121–24, 125–26, 141–44 n24–25, n43–44 and n48–49; at she-she-she camps, 262–63, 264, 266, 268; at Southern Summer School, 87, 151, 158–59, 165–71; at Summer School for Office Workers, 233–34, 239; at WTUL Training School, 8–10, 11, 16, 20, 26–29, 33 n41, 86–87; at YWCA, 86–87
Suffrage (vote), 26, 104 n14, 110, 112
Sullivan, Rose, 12
Summer School for Office Workers, 192, 193–94, 200, 225–51, 264; accomplishments of, 241–42; admission of men to, 194, 200, 232, 235–36, 238; and class consciousness, 225–30, 236–37, 241, 249 n10; compared to other schools, 225, 227–28, 231; curriculum of, 231–32, 236, 237–38, 239–40; educational philosophy of, 231–32, 234–36, 237–38, 239–42; fees for, 231; letters from, 242–44; and other women’s organizations, 288–29, 238; recruitment for, 231, 233, 238; students at, 233–34, 239; and unions, 228–30, 233–34, 237–42
Sweet Briar College 93, 151, 193
Sweezy, Susan Shepherd, 124, 127
Tentler, Leslie, 117
Textile Workers’ Organizing Committee (TWOC), 165, 337
Thomas, Martha Carey, 110–14, 118, 140 n14–17, 192
Thompson, W. 0., 120–21
Tindall, Susan, 318
Tippett, Tom, 87–88
Trade Union Women’s Studies, 292–93
Training School for Women Organizers. See National Women’s Trade Union League
Tuve, Rosamund, 124
Unions. See Labor unions
Union Women’s Alliance to Gain Equality (Union WAGE, California), 303
United Auto Workers (UAW), 290–91
United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers, 39, 52
United Labor Education Committee (New York), 39
United Office and Professional Workers of America (UOPWA), 234
Unity House, 44–45, 56–57, 58–61
University and College Labor Education Association (UCLEA), 303, 316
University of Alabama, in Birmingham 302
University of California, 302–3
University of Chicago, 10, 12–14, 238
University of Connecticut, 303
University of Kentucky, 303
University of Maine, 303
University of Michigan, 290, 291, 293, 301, 309–15, 319
University of Oregon, 303
University of Wisconsin, 92, 190, 191, 192–93
Van Kleeck, Mary, 196
Vineyard Shore Workers’ School, 87, 192, 193
Vocational training, 263, 266, 268–69, 337
Voice, The (Southern School for Women Workers, Austin, Texas), 316–17
Walker, Amy, 31 n9
Ware, Caroline, 124, 125, 154, 183 n9
Watts Glen, 298
Weed, Helena 256
White-Collar Workshops, 236, 240–41
Whitehead, Myrtle, 8–9, 11, 32 n20
Williams, Aubrey, 260
Williams, Constance, 125
Williamson, Margaret, 228–29
Wisconsin Summer School for Woman Workers, 92, 190, 191, 192–93
Wolfson, Theresa, 51, 124, 196, 232, 233
Women: in the home, 29, 136; in the labor force, 5, 288–89; and New Deal, 202, 255–56, 259–61, 267–68, 271–72; unemployed, 255–56, 259–60, 263, 274–75. See also Labor unions
Women Employed (Chicago), 303
Women’s Bureau (Department of Labor), 7, 195, 229
Women’s Trade Union League. See National Women’s Trade Union League
Worker’s education. See Labor education
Worker’s Education Association (England), 111
Worker’s Education Bureau, 3940, 48, 56
Worker’s University at Washington Irving High School (New York), 41, 46
Working conditions, 22–26, 63–69, 129–35, 162–64, 171–75, 276–77, 319; stretch-outs and speed-ups, 164, 172–73, 185 n39
Workplace Hustle, 298
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 195, 336, 340. See also New Deal
WTUL. See National Women’s Trade Union League
Wylie, Laura, 126–27
Young Woman’s Christian Association (YWCA) Industrial Programs, 77–106, 257; accomplishments of, 86–87, 88, 90, 96; and black women, 79–80, 88, 102–3, 105 n28; curriculum of, 84–85, 94–95; educational philosophy of, 77–78, 83–84, 86, 335; Industrial Clubs of, 77–78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 92, 96; and labor unions, 81–83, 93–94, 169; and other women’s organizations, 80, 84, 90–93, 95–96, 150–51, 192–94, 202; publications of, 97–103; and recruitment for summer schools, 90–93, 115, 231, 233; and religion, 78, 82–83, 84, 94; secretaries and staff of, 77, 84, 94–96, 118, 124, 150, 193–94, 226, 335; and social activism, 77, 85, 95, 150; social and recreational activities of, 78, 90, 97, 120; summer conferences of, 85–86, 87–88
Ziegler, Philip, 229–30.