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The Black Worker Since the AFL-CIO Merger, 1955–1980—Volume VII: Index

The Black Worker Since the AFL-CIO Merger, 1955–1980—Volume VII
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Series Page
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright
  5. Foreword
  6. Contents
  7. Preface
  8. Part I: The Challenge of Equal Economic Opportunity
    1. Introduction
      1. Condition of the Black Worker
        1. 1. Economic Status of Nonwhite Workers, 1955–62
        2. 2. Statement of Whitney M. Young, Jr.
        3. 3. 35% Black Jobless Rate Says Top Economist
        4. 4. Displaced Farm Workers Lose Industrial Jobs in Rural South
        5. 5. Black Workers: Progress Derailed
        6. 6. Last Hired, and Usually the First Let Go
        7. 7. Black Manpower Priorities: Planning New Directions
        8. 8. Black Workers Expose Kaiser Racism
        9. 9. Weber Case Hits Unions, Minorities
        10. 10. High Court Decision Backs Affirmative Action on Jobs
        11. 11. A Kind of 'Tolerance'
        12. 12. Court Oversteps Bounds
        13. 13. Voluntary Affirmative Action Meets Goals of Civil Rights Act
        14. 14. The Weber Decision
        15. 15. Appeal of Black Conservatives Rings Hollow to Workers, Poor
        16. 16. Administration Policies Fail to Address Needs of Blacks
        17. 17. Progress of Black Americans Reversed Under GOP Policies
        18. 18. Where Reaganomics Hits Hardest: Minorities & Women
  9. Part II: The AFL-CIO and the Civil Rights Issue
    1. Introduction
      1. The AFL-CIO and the Civil Rights Struggle
        1. 1. AFL-CIO Merger Agreement
        2. 2. Correspondence to the Merger Convention
        3. 3. Report of the Resolutions Committee on Civil Rights, 1955
        4. 4. What Goes on Here?
        5. 5. New Day Dawns for Negro Labor in AFL-CIO Merger Here
        6. 6. About Randolph and Townsend
        7. 7. Solidarity Forever
        8. 8. AFL-CIO Resolution on Civil Rights, 1957
        9. 9. AFL-CIO Resolution on Civil Rights, 1961
        10. 10. AFL-CIO Resolution on Civil Rights, 1963
        11. 11. AFL-CIO Resolution on Civil Rights, 1965
        12. 12. Statement by the AFL-CIO Executive Council on Civil Rights Act of 1966
        13. 13. Black Power and Labor
        14. 14. AFL-CIO Executive Council Report on Civil Rights, 1967
        15. 15. AFL-CIO Resolution on Civil Rights, 1969
        16. 16. The Fight for Civil Rights Is Alive and Well
        17. 17. AFL-CIO Executive Council Report on Civil Rights, 1975
        18. 18. Real Exercise of Civil Rights Linked to Full Employment
        19. 19. Meany Hails Solidarity of Civil Rights Alliance
        20. 20. Labor's Civil Rights Goals Linked to Demand for Full Employment
        21. 21. A Coalition for People
        22. 22. Lack of Opportunity Thwarts Strides Toward Racial Justice
      2. A. Philip Randolph: "Gentleman of Elegant Impatience"
        1. 23. AFL-CIO Seats Two Negroes
        2. 24. Randolph Says Negro Not Free
        3. 25. AFL-CIO Report on Civil Rights, 1961
        4. 26. Council Rejects Randolph Charges, Backs AFL-CIO Rights Record
        5. 27. Along the N.A.A.C.P. Battlefront
        6. 28. "Take What's Yours—And Keep It!"—Randolph
        7. 29. AFL-CIO Resolution on Negro Civil Rights--Labor Alliance, 1965
        8. 30. A "Freedom Budget" For All Americans
        9. 31. Minutes, A. Philip Randolph Institute
        10. 32. $100 Billion Freedom Fund
        11. 33. Comments on a "Freedom Budget" For All Americans
        12. 34. Phil Randolph, The Best of Men, Touched and Changed All of Us
        13. 35. Randolph's Vision Recalled to Nation
        14. 36. A. Philip Randolph Memorial
        15. 37. House Votes Gold Medal Honoring Phil Randolph
      3. The NAACP and the AFL-CIO
        1. 38. The NAACP Hails the AFL-CIO Merger
        2. 39. Racism Within Organized Labor: A Report of Five Years of the AFL-CIO, 1955–1960
        3. 40. The NAACP vs. Labor
        4. 41. Reflections on the Negro and Labor
        5. 42. AFL-CIO Saves NAACP
        6. 43. Benjamin Hooks, Executive Director, NAACP, to the AFL-CIO Convention, 1979
        7. 44. NAACP to Join Labor's Solidarity Day Protest
        8. 45. Roy Wilkins Provided Strength During Critical Civil Rights Era
        9. 46. Delegates Hit Reagan on Civil Rights Retreat
      4. Black Civil Rights Leaders Speak Before AFL-CIO Conventions
        1. 47. Thurgood Marshall
        2. 48. Martin Luther King, Jr.
        3. 49. Roy Wilkins
        4. 50. Mary Moultrie
        5. 51. Benjamin Hooks
        6. 52. Vernon Jordan, Jr.
  10. Part III: Radical Black Workers
    1. Introduction
      1. The Black Workers Congress
        1. 1. The Black Liberation Struggle, the Black Workers Congress and Proletarian Revolution
        2. 2. Excerpts from the Black Workers Congress Manifesto
        3. 3. Organize the Revolution, Disorganize the State!
        4. 4. Conditions Facing Black and Third World Workers
        5. 5. Black Workers Delegation in Vietnam
      2. Auto
        1. 6. Black Workers in Revolt
        2. 7. Wildcat!
        3. 8. Confront the Racist UAW Leadership
        4. 9. Black Workers Protest UAW Racism
        5. 10. League of Revolutionary Black Workers General Policy Statement, Labor History, and the League's Labor Program
        6. 11. DRUM Beats Will Be Heard
        7. 12. Black Worker Raps
        8. 13. National Workers Program
        9. 14. Black Workers--Dual Unions
        10. 15. Auto Mongers Plot Against Workers
        11. 16. Black Worker Shoots Foremen: Resolve Problem with Management
        12. 17. MARUM Newsletter
      3. The Progressive Labor Party
        1. 18. Black Workers: Key Revolutionary Force
        2. 19. Black Workers Must Lead
        3. More Black Labor Radicalism
        4. 20. Racism and the Workers' Movement
        5. 21. United Community Construction Workers, 1971
        6. 22. Black Workers Fight Imperialism: Polaroid Corporation
        7. 23. Boycott Polaroid
        8. 24. Polaroid Blacks Ask Worldwide Boycott
  11. Part IV: The Negro-Labor Alliance
    1. Introduction
      1. Negro Labor Assembly
        1. 1. Minutes of the Negro Labor Assembly, October 14, 1959
        2. 2. Minutes, Negro Labor Assembly, September 30, 1965
      2. Negro American Labor Council
        1. 3. Keynote Address to the Second Annual Convention of the Negro American Labor Council, November 10, 1961
        2. 4. Unless Something Special Happens
        3. 5. Randolph Fears Crisis on Rights
        4. 6. Negro Jobs for a Strong Labor Movement
        5. 7. Frustration in the Ghettos: A National Crisis
        6. 8. NALC Head Asks Labor Aid March of Poor
        7. 9. Something New in the House of Labor
        8. 10. NALC Delegates Warn Against Redbaiters
        9. 11. NALC Convention Urges Political Action
      3. Coalition of Black Trade Unionists
        1. 12. Conference Proceedings, Coalition of Black Trade Unionists
        2. 13. Black Unionists Form Coalition
        3. 14. A Giant Step Toward Unity
        4. 15. Newest Black Power: Black Leaders Building Massive Labor Coalition Inside Unions
        5. 16. Black Caucus in the Unions
      4. Bayard Rustin
        1. 17. Morals Concerning Minorities: Mental Health and Identity
        2. 18. Address to the 1969 Convention of the AFL-CIO, Bayard Rustin
        3. 19. The Blacks and the Unions
        4. 20. Labor's Highest Award Honors Bayard Rustin
      5. United Steelworkers of America
        1. 21. Steelworkers Fight Discrimination
        2. 22. USWA's Civil Rights Program Wins Praise
        3. 23. Address
        4. 24. History of the United Steelworkers of America: Steel Union Buttresses Racism
        5. 25. National Ad Hoc Committee of Concerned Steelworkers Annual Meeting, 1972
        6. 26. Black Steelworkers' Parley Spurs Representation Fight
        7. 27. The Fight Against Racism in the USWA
      6. Municipal Workers
        1. 28. Union Battle Won in Memphis
        2. 29. Memphis: King's Biggest Gamble
        3. 30. Economic Boycott in Memphis to Continue
        4. 31. The Struggle in Memphis
        5. 32. In Memphis: More Than a Garbage Strike
      7. United Auto Workers
        1. 33. Address of Walter P. Reuther Before the Annual Convention of the NAACP, June 26, 1957
        2. 34. There's No Half-Way House on the Road to Freedom
        3. 35. Watts: Where They Manufacture Hope
        4. 36. A Black Caucus Formed in Auto Union
        5. 37. Out of Struggle--Solidarity
        6. 38. Bannon Urges More Opportunity for Minorities to Enter Trades
        7. 39. Black Caucus Builds Black-White Solidarity at Chrysler Plant
        8. 40. Black-White Caucuses Win UAW Offices
        9. 41. Stepp Named First Black UAW Head At Big 3 Plant
        10. 42. Labor, Blacks Meet, Map Political Push
      8. Building Trades
        1. 43. NAACP Battle Front
        2. 44. NY Building Trades Unions Face Discrimination Hearings
        3. 45. Building Trades Take Solid Stand Against Discrimination
        4. 46. Building Unions Boiling Over Gov't. Hiring Ruling
        5. 47. Opposition to Philadelphia Plan
        6. 48. Revised Philadelphia Plan
        7. 49. Black Claims Bias in Union Training Plan
        8. 50. LEAP
        9. 51. Coalition Demands Hiring of Minority Workers
        10. 52. The Bricks and Mortar of Racism
        11. 53. Civil Rights and Church Leaders Warn of Attacks on Black People
  12. Part V: 1199 and the Black Worker
    1. Introduction
      1. Overview
        1. 1. Twenty Years in the Hospitals: A Short History of 1199
        2. 2. Local 1199 Makes Realistic Gains for its Newly-Organized Members
        3. 3. Local 1199 Sparks National Union for Hospital, Nursing Home Workers
      2. Hospital Workers Organize
        1. 4. Hospital Strike is Settled; $40 Minimum, Other Gains Won
        2. 5. One Big Union Established for All Hospital Workers: Local 1199 Hospital Division, AFL-CIO
        3. 6. More Hospitals Organizing into Local 1199
        4. 7. Strike Settlement Sets Stage for Organizing Drive to Build Strong 1199 in Hospitals
        5. 8. The Challenge of Bronxville: 1199 Takes It Up With All-Out Drive to Win Lawrence Hospital Strike
        6. 9. The Bronxville Strike
        7. 10. Truce in Bronxville
        8. 11. Ballad of the Bronxville Hospital Strike
        9. 12. For Sam Smith, Hospital Orderly: A Battle Whose Time Has Come
        10. 13. The Plight of Hospital Workers
        11. 14. Hospital Woes
        12. 15. Pittsburgh: Hospital Workers Fight for Union Rights
        13. 16. Battle in Pittsburgh
      3. The Struggle in Charleston
        1. 17. Hugh A. Brimm, Office of Civil Rights, To Dr. William M. McCord, President of Medical College of South Carolina, September 19, 1968
        2. 18. Carolina Strike Unites Rights, Labor Groups
        3. 19. Mrs. King's Crusade
        4. 20. National Organizing Committee Hospital and Nursing Home Employees
        5. 21. A Gathering Storm in Charleston, S.C.
        6. 22. Text of Speech
        7. 23. The Charleston Coalition
        8. 24. Charleston's Rights Battleground
        9. 25. Text of Address
        10. 26. Charleston: Our Strike for Union and Human Rights
        11. 27. 113-Day Hospital Strike in Charleston
        12. 28. Letters from Charleston Strikers
      4. Bread and Roses
        1. 29. Is This Any Way to Run a Union?
        2. 30. Bread and Roses
        3. 31. Bread and Roses Union Brings Cultural Events to Members
        4. 32. Images of Labor (Gallery 1199)
        5. 33. Strong 'Images of Labor'
        6. 34. "Take Care, Take Care"
        7. 35. United We Laugh
        8. 36. Union Musical to Premiere at Boro Hospital
        9. 37. Hospital Revue Hits 'Home' for Employees
        10. 38. A Revue That's Good Medicine
  13. Notes and Index
  14. Notes
  15. Index

INDEX

Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 465

Abel, Iorwith W., 224, 232, 287, 392, 296, 399, n 117

Abernathy, Ralph David, 194, 405, 477, 487, 496, 509, 512, 513, 516, 517, 521, 522, 524, 528, 532, 534, 535, n 140

Abzug, Bella S., 475, 544, n 136

Afro-American League of the U.S., 340

Agnew, Spiro, 234, 269, 337, 351, 355, n 93

Ahlgren, Frank R., 409

Alcindor, Lew, 465

Alda, Alan, 538

Aldridge, Rev. John W., 419

Alexander, Kelly M., 134

Ali, Muhammad, 546

Allegheny County Labor Council, 391

Allen, Hazel, 308

Alliance for Labor Action, 278, 327

Allied Industrial Workers of America, 93, 364

Alperin, Matthew, 549

Alvarenga, Joyce, 490

Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union, 114, 287, 312, 364, 445, 542

Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen (AMCBU), 70, 102, 192, 333, 347, 352, 361, 364, 366, 369, 370, 371

American Committee on Africa, 305

American Federation of Government Employees, 86, 364

AFL-CIO, 16, 33, 34, 35, 36, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168

American Federation of Labor (AFL) 290, 291

AFL-CIO Building and Construction Trades Department, 86, 87, 98, 103, 112, 401, 447, 451

AFL-CIO Central Labor Council, 418

AFL-CIO Civil Rights Committee, 181

AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department, 61, 62, 63, 77, 83, 98, 106, 107, 108, 110, 113, 116, 117, 118, 120, 127, 132, 133, 136, 137, 163, 169, 176, 181, 182

AFL-CIO Industrial Union Department, 75, 78, 92, 100, 114, 136, 152, 153

AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education, 197, 377, 418, 444, 449

AFL-CIO Maritime Trades Department, 449

AFL-CIO Metal Trades Council, 168

American Federation of Musicians, 109, 165, 364

American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 115, 192, 330, 339, 341, 347, 351, 355, 361, 364, 365, 366, 369, 370, 371, 404, 406, 408, 415, 417, 418, 445, 508

American Federation of Teachers, 192, 291, 361, 364, 369

American Jewish Committee, 127

American Jewish Congress, 127

American Medical Association, 94, 327

American Negro Labor Council, 539

American Newspaper Guild, 326

American Nurses Association, 480

American Postal Workers Union, 364

American Red Cross, 486

American Tobacco Company, 86, 509

American Civil Liberties Union, 500

Americans for Democratic Action, 500

Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Free Masons, 135

Anderson, Willard, 443

Andrews, Benny, 547, 548

Anti-War March on Washington, 487

Antonini, Luigi, 170, n 75

Apprenticeship, the U.S. Bureau of, 84

Arneson, Robert, 546, 548

Aronson, Arnold, 114

Ashlock, Ervin, 271

Assistant Printing Pressmen Union, 168

Associated Builders and Contractors, 468

Association of Fire Fighters, 167

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 165

Atomic Energy Commission, the U.S., 448

Attica Prison, 213, n 85

Austin, Dick, 353

Austin, Ollie, 305

Back to Africa Movement, 159, 161, 289

Badillo, Herman, 330, 539

Bailey, Pearl, 357

Bakery and Confectionary Workers’ International Union of America, 364

Bakke, Allan, 35, n 13

Baldwin, James, 474, n 133

Ballard, Henry, 135

Balogh, James, 392

Balogh, Sigmund, 392

Baltimore Building Trades Council, 455

Banks, Richard, 305, 308, 310

Bannon, Ken, 439, n 122

Baranczak, Stanislaw, 547

Barnett, Ross R., 169, n 73

Barr, John U., 55

Bass, Jack, 527

Bates, Daisy, 515

Battle, 3rd, Robert, 257, 433, 434

Bauman, Mordecai, 540

Bayer, Pam, 31

Bazelon, David, 151

Beal, Jack, 547, 548

Becknell, Leotha, 490

Belafonte, Harry, 541, 545, 546

Bell, A. C., 308, 310, 311

Bell, Bobby, 274

Bell, Patricia, 311

Bennett, Isiah, 509, 510, 511

Berek, Judy, 481

Berg, Russell K., 449

Berking-Sutton Bill, 492

Berman, David, 549, 551

Betters, James, 392

Bibb, Leon, 545

Biemiller, Andrew J., 115, n 56

Bill of Rights, 49, 60, 64, 319, 495

Bimbo, Alonzo, 441

Black and White Get It Together Caucus, 443

Black capitalism, 278, 292, 289

Black, John, 478, 495, 501

Black Legislative Caucus, 334

Black Liberation Movement, 209, 211, 212, 213, 220, 279, 281, 283, 288, 289

Black Nationalism, 233, 239, 278

Black Panther Caucus (BPC), 267, 269

Black Panther Party, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 278, n 84

Black Reconstruction, 312

Black Trade Unionists, 334, 335, 342, 346, 347, 348, 355, 361, 364, 371, 372

Black United Front, 255

Black Workers Congress, 207, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 225, 228, 229, 233

Black Workers Congress Women’s Commission, 228

Blackburn, Rev. Malcolm, 416, 419, 420

Blue, George, 348

Bluestone, Irving, 151

Boggs, Maywood, 451

Bommarito, Peter, 386, n 114

Bon, Anton, 392

Bonadio, Frank, 448

Bond, Horace Julian, 356, 512, n 107

Bonsai, Dudley, 465

Booth, William H., 446, 447

Boston State College Coalition, 456, 457, 458

Boyd, Helen, 308, 309

Boykin, James, 481

Boyle, William A. (“Tony”), 225, 268, 293, n 92

Braden, Henry, 455

Bradford, Jack, 524, 533

Brandeis, Louis D., 173, n 77

Bratcher, Neil, 338, 347, 352

Bread and Roses, 483, 537, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 548, 551, 552, 553

Brennan, Peter J., 152, 224, 366, 367, 369, 371, 446, 447, 460, 463, 464, n 126

Brennan, William, 35, 36, 38, 40, n 10

Brewster, Rev. W. Herbert, 420

Bricklayers, Masons, Plasterers’ International Union of America, 125, 163, 314, 364

Brimm, Hugh A., 502, 508

Brimmer, Andrew F., 157, n 69

Brooke, Edward W., 521, n 145

Brookins, Willie, 240

Brooks, Charles, 352

Broome, F. William, 519

Brooks, Thomas R., 383

Brosius, Peter, 549

Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, 166, 191

Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, 166

Brotherhood of Railway Clerks, 133, 163, 164, 190

Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America, 165

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 57, 58, 71, 79, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 132, 133, 135, 159, 160, 161, 306, 307, 317, 325, 371

Brothers, Brenda, 533

Brown, Bill, 455

Brown, Charles, 401

Brown, Charlotte, 25, 26

Brown, Claire G., 526, 529

Brown, Gloria, 441

Brown, H. Rap, 180, 263

Brown, Hank S., 94, 96, 97

Brown, Jerry, 478, 480

Brown, Iran, 535

Brown, Jim, 343, 354

Brown, Leo, 308

Brown, Sadie, 524

Brown v. Board of Education, 176, 180

Brulja, Matt, 392

Bryant, Baxter, 410, 412, 414

Bryant, Ernestine, 524, 535

Bryant, William Cullen, 188

Building and Construction Trades Council, 66, 110, 378

Building and Construction Trades Council of New York, 446, 460, 463

Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S., 371

Burger, Warren E., 35, 36, 37, n 11

Burke, Bob, 327

Burke, Joseph F., 450

Burke, Rufus, 265

Burke-Hartke Bill, 371

Burns, Arthur F., 118, n 58

Burns, Danny, 441

Burns, James McGregor, 374, n 109

Cafeteria Employees, 305, 307

Calderwood, Stan, 300

Callahan, Mary, 95

Cambridge, Godfrey, 538

Canty, Pearline, 537

capitalism, 221, 224, 227, 229, 224, 233, 239, 244, 245, 252, 254, 260, 262

capitalist, 232, 286, 289, 290, 291, 296

capitalists, 230, 231, 248

Caplan, Marvin, 114

Carey, James B., 53, 58, 62, 64, 71, 72, 75, 77, n 29

Carmichael, Stokely, 180, 404

Carnovsky, Morris, 538

Carter Administration, 444

Carter, Margaret, 526

Carter, Jimmy, 41, 44, 118, 160, 201, n 21

Carver Federal Savings and Loan Association, 135

Catholic Council on Human Relations, 419

Catholic Interracial Council, 99, 121

Cavness, Charles, 400

Celler, Emanuel, 38, n 14

Center for Social Change, 118

Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, 373

Central High School, 60

Chamberlain, Wilt, 354

Chandler, Dr. Cleveland A., 330

Chaney, James, 101, 135

Charleston Chamber of Commerce, 519

Charleston County Hospital, 476, 508, 517, 524, 530, 531, 532, 533, 535, 536

Charleston Medical College, 476, 507, 512, 514

Chavez, Cesar, 113

Chicago, Judy, 545

Chicago Packinghouse Workers, 291

Chisholm, Shirley A., 512, 525, n 143

Chrysler Corporation, 210, 237, 238, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 256, 257, 259, 266, 269, 270, 271, 275, 425, 444

Church Ushers Association of Brooklyn and Long Island, 135

Churchill, Ray, 416

Churchill, Winston, 200

Chwast, Jacqueline, 547

Ciampa, P. J., 410, 412

Citizens Committee to Aid the Lawrence Hospital Strikers, 493

Civil Rights Act of 1957, 60

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 18, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 100, 106, 111, 114, 115, 117, 118, 135, 161, 192, 317, 328, 386, 387, 421, 429, 451, 452, 459, 505, 515

Civil Rights Act of 1965, 107, 176

Civil Rights Bill of 1966, 102, 151

Civil Rights Commission, the U.S., 60, 111, 114, 125, 190, 191, 410, 464

Clark, Sondra, 480

Clarke, Oscar, 305

Clay, William L., 353, n 106

Cleveland Community Relations Board, 191

Coalition for Labor Union Women, 120, 181

Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, 332, 361, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 44

Code on Fair Trade Union Racial Practices, 127

Coe, Sue, 547

Cole, Edward, 256

Cole, Lewis, 542, 549, 551, 554

Collins, Judy, 542

Colm, Gerhard, 374

Colon, Miriam, 542

Colorado Labor Council, 96

Committee for Justice for Pittsburgh Hospital Workers, 474, 500

Committee on Equal Opportunity in Apprenticeship and Training, 84

Committee on the Move for Equality (MOVE), 407

Communication Workers of America, 364, 367

communism, 70, 89, 209, 226, 330, 425, 548

Communist Party - U.S.A. (CPUSA), 207, 208, 209, 211, 214, 218, 219, 220, 225, 226. 227, 244, 268, 269

communistic, 73

communists, 65, 67, 70, 72, 125, 126, 138, 159, 170, 188, 212, 215, 218, 219, 220, 222, 226, 227, 280, 291, 330, 348, 425, 517

Community Action Program (CAP), 444

Community Legal Services, Inc., 453

Community Progress, Inc., 87

Concerned Citizens Committee, 493

Concerned Clergy of Charleston, 523, 533

Concerned Transit Workers, 224

Congress, the U.S., 78, 94, 100, 101, 106, 107, 110, 115, 116, 127, 136, 137, 158, 189, 319, 323, 338, 340, 341, 343, 368, 375, 387, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 451

Congress of Industrial Organizations Committee on Civil Rights, 53, 59, 60, 62, 63, 91

Congress of Industrial Organizations Committee to Abolish Racial Discrimination, 53, 54

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 103, 104, 127, 209, 315, 329, 493, 474, 512, n 52

Congressional Black Caucus, 353, 354, 357, 372

Connor, Eugene (“Bull”) T., 121, 328, n 63

Cooper, Ashley, 514, 523

Copeland, Lehman, 433

Conroy, John F., 519

Constitution, the U.S., 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 60, 67, 110, 319, 395, 424

Construction Stabilization Board, 344

Conway, Jack T., 114, n 55

Conway, Mimi, 542

Conyers, John M., 512, n 143

Corbett, Ray, 460

Corey, Professor Irwin, 542

Cost of Living Council (COLC), 479

Cousy, Bob, 465

Cowan, Frank, 352

Creamer, J. Shane, 453

Crosswaith, Frank R., 50, 124, 305, 306, 307, 308, 311, n 24

Cunningham, Sarah, 538

Curran, Joseph E., 53, 70, 76, n 28

Daley, Richard J., 269, n 93

Daniels, Floyd, 240

Daniels, Jonathan, 101, 135

Daniels, Wilbur, 115, n 56

Darnell, Emma, 16

Daughters of Israel, 490

Daughters of Jacob, 491

Daughters of Miriam, 551, 552

David, Aberdeen, 478

Davis, Angela, 263, 331

Davis, Fred, 409

Davis, Jim, 331, 400, 401

Davis, John F., 445

Davis, Leon J., 92, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 479, 482, 484, 487, 489, 490, 491, 492, 495, 497, 524, 534, 537, n 131

Davis, Ossie, 482, 485, 493, 495, 525, 538, 539, 541, 542, 544, 546, 549, 551, 552, n 139

Davis, Paul, 544, 545

Davis, Jr., Sammy, 343, 354, 356, 357

Davis, Walter, 16, 88, 108, n 7

Davis-Bacon Act, 468

Deas, Rosabelle, 536

Debs, Eugene, 547

Dee, Ruby, 482, 485, 538, 541, 542, 544, 546, n 139

Dellums, C. L., 135

Dellums, Ronald V., 444, n 123

Democratic Party, 209, 244, 249, 252, 333, 336, 337, 350, 356, 370, 371, 445, 479

Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 233

Densmore, Henry, 166

Depression, the Great, 202, 203, 252, 459, 497

diDonato, Pietro, 461

Diggs, Jr., Charles C., 424, n 119

Distillery, Rectifying, Wine and Allied Workers’ International Union of America, 364

Distributive, Processing and Office Workers of America, 327, 329, 338, 347, 352, 361, 364, 367, 369, 370, 371

Dixiecrats, 51, 55, 81, 136, 186, 424, 427

Dixon, Roy, 455

Dobbins, Anderson L., 190

Doctor, Bobby, 410

Dodge Main Plant, 236, 240, 241, 248, 261, 264, 265, 266, 272

Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM), 224, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 249, 264, 265, 266

Donahue, Thomas R., 121, 177, n 62

Dorsey, Ralph, 549

Dotter, Earl, 542

Douglas, Paul H., 335, 336, n 101

Douglass, Frederick, 475, n 135

Downes, Kenneth, 472

Dress and Waist Pressers, 305

Dressmakers Union, 305

Drew, Cornelius J., 124

Drug and Hospital Employes Union, 287, 482, 486, 513, 537

Drug Division Council, 484

Dubin, Marshall, 481, 539, 544

Dubinsky, David, 98, 169, 170, 171, 173, 187, 294, n 51

Du Bois, W. E. B., 159, 161, n 70

Dubrow, Evelyn, 182

Duquesnay, Ann, 549, 551, 554

Eastland, James O., 89, 169, 358, 359, 424, 425, 426, n 73

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, 25

Edney, Steve, 182

Edwards, Nelson Jack, 330, 334, 339, 341, 342, 347, 348, 351, 352, 361, 366, 369, 371, n 104

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 51, 60, 61, 66, 124, 125, 186, 337, n 26

Eldon Gear and Axle Plant, 237, 240, 248, 261, 264, 265, 270, 271, 272

Eldon Avenue Revolutionary Movement (ELRUM), 235, 236, 237, 238, 249, 270

Elliot, Joe, 237

Elliot, Walter, 353

Emancipation Proclamation, 92, 114, 315

Emergency Summit Conference of Third World People, 215

Employment Act of 1946, 140, 144

Engels, Frederick, 221, 225

Epps, Jesse, 417

Epps, Labrone, 500

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 13, 14, 15, 32, 107, 108, 111, 114, 117, 118, 120, 181, 190, 192, 397, 460, 506, 543

Equal Opportunity Employment Act of 1972, 176

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 120, 176

Evans, Frank, 58, 93, 96, 97, 99

Evans, Fred Ahmed, 263

Evans, Sam, 409

Evers, Charles, 340

Evers, Medgar, 101, 135

Ewen, Frederick, 538

Executive Order 8802, 159, n 71

Executive Order 10925, 68, 69

Executive Order 11063, 78

Executive Order 11246, 15, 506, 507, n 5

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), 13, 58, 78, 84, 108, 127, 168, 183, 423, 427, 428

Fair Housing Act of 1968, 176

Fair Housing Act of 1979, 120

Fair, John, 401

Fair Labor Standards Act, 136, 375

Fair Union Practices Board, 63

Fagan, Edward, 308

Fanion, Gerald, 410, 416

Fanon, Frantz, 239

Farm Equipment-United Electrical Workers (FEUE), 435

Farm Workers Union, 287

Farmer, James, 326, 329, 474, n 96

Fasanella, Ralph, 542, 545, 547, 548

fascism, 67, 227, 268, 276, 279, 300, 330, 514

Featherstone, Ralph, 263

Federal Housing Authority (FHA), 78, 101, 309

Federal Reserve Board, 138

Federation for Constitutional Government, 55

Federation of Negro Civil Service Organizations, 305

Feinglass, Abe, 102, 104, 105

Fifteenth Amendment, 126, 175, 312

Fight Back, 224, 359, 371, 461, 465, 468

Finley, Murray H., 118, n 57

Fire Fighters Union, 372

Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, 86

First Amendment, 413

First National Trade Union Civil Rights Conference, 60

Fitzsimmons, Frank E., 268, n 92

Flack, Audrey, 547, 548

Fleary, George, 134

Floore, George, 17

Fobbs, Annie, 536

Fonda, Jane, 546

Foner, Henry, 495

Foner, Moe, 473, 476, 477, 482, 495, 496, 524, 525, 537, 538, 544, 545, 546, 553, 554, n 132

Food and Tobacco Workers, 327

Food Packers Association, 364

Food Trades Vocational High School, 485

Ford, Charles, 392

Ford, Father George B., 475

Ford, Gerald, 17, 43, 44, n 20

Ford Foundation, 209, 210, 540

Ford II, Henry, 256

Ford Motor Company, 236, 237, 240, 257, 259, 269, 270, 433, 439

Ford Revolutionary Union Movement (FRUM), 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242

Forge, Rushie, 272

Forman, James, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, n 86

Forrester, Martin, 305

Fosco, Peter, 449, n 129

Foster, Stephen, 465

Four Freedoms, Inc., 392

Fourteenth Amendment, 126, 175, 312, 413

Fowler, George H., 445, 539

Fox, Art, 242

Fox, Joseph, 307

Frankel, Marvin E., 461, 467

Franklin, E. J., 531

Franklyn, Hardy, 134

Fraser, Douglas A., 179, 247, 251, 252, 253, 444, 445, 543, n 78

Frasier, Woodrow, 500

Frazier, Eugene, 88, n 48

Frazier, E. Franklin, 382, n 110

Freedom Budget, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 374, 376, 450

Freedom Rides, 134, 386

Freeman, Ellsworth, 431

Freeman, Gordon M., 449, n 129

Frost, Robert, 178

Fuller, Alex, 16

Fuller, Mabel, 305

Fund for Tomorrow, Inc., 540

Gaboury, Fred, 442, 443

Galamison, Rev. Milton A., 135, 539

Gandhi, Mahatma, 80, 386, n 115

Garrison, Lloyd, 124

Garson, Barbara, 549, 551, 552, 554

Garvey, Marcus, 159, 161, 233, n 70

Geer, Will, 538

General Building Contractors Association, 454

General Motors Corporation, 40, 66, 167, 210, 229, 256, 258, 259, 269, 270, 292, 425

Gerber, Martin, 444

Gerdts, Abigail Booth, 540

Giamboi, Joe, 459

Gianotti, Frank B., 412

Gibbons, Harold, 330

Gildea, James C., 16

Gilford, Jack, 544, 545

Gilford, Madeline, 544

Gillotte, Tony, 552, 553

Gilmore, Robert, 151, 152

Gittens, Winifred, 305, 307

Glaberman, Martin, 242, 243

Glaser, Milton, 544, 545, 548

Glover, Lottie Mae, 529

Godfrey, Bernice, 490

Godoff, Elliott, 472, 477, 480, 488, 490, 495, 497, 501, 509, 510, 524, 526, 527, 528, 535

Godwin, Lemond, 16

Goldberg, Arthur J., 66, 69, n 41

Goldberg, Moshe, 479

Golden Foundation, the John, 540

Goldman, Eric F., 385

Goldwater, Barry, 89, 201

Gompers, Samuel, 64, 118, 197, 222, 396, 545, 546, 548, n 40

Goodman, Andrew, 101, 135

Goodman, Howard, 453

Gootnick, Margery, 479

Goree, Henrietta, 501

Goudia, Kernell, 33

Grady, Rev. Z. L., 523

Grandison, Jeremiah, 64, n 40

Grant, Micki, 542, 549, 551, 552, 554

Great Society, 138, 141, 150, 153

Greathouse, Pat, 444

Greeley, Horace, 191

Green, Ernest, 462

Green, Richard, 135

Green, Sol, 311

Green, William, 98, 386, n 51

Griffin, Jim, 242, 243

Gross, Mimi, 547, 548

Grossman, Robert, 547

Guild of Professional, Technical and Clerical Employees, 475, 478

Guinan, Matthew, 96

Guthrie, Arlo, 542

Gutman, Herbert G., 541

Haggerty, Cornelius J., 268, 448, 449, n 92

Hague, Howard R., 392

Hall, Paul, 169, 448, 449, n 74

Hamer, Fannie Lou, 515, n 144

Hamilton, Edward, 464

Hamlin, Michael, 210, 228, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242, 243

Hampton, Fred, 263

Hanna, Hilton E., 347, n 105

Hardin, Alma, 524, 533

Harlem Labor Center, 305, 308

Harlem Trades Union, 124

Harris, Edward, 416

Harris, Fred R., 521, n 145

Harrington, Michael, 538

Harrison, George M., 71, 75, 76, 88, 131, 164, n 45

Harrison, Tony, 352

Hart, Philip, 384, n 112

Hart, William, 391

Hartford Plan, 455

Hartke, Rupert Vance, 384, n 112

Hartung, William, 59

Hastings Center Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences, 543

Hatcher, Lillian, 338, 348, 352

Hatcher, Richard G., 358, 512

Haughton, James, 459, 460, 468, n 129

Hawkins-Humphrey Bill, 178

Hayes, Albert J., 88, n 48

Hayes, Charles, 67, 332, 333, 334, 338, 339, 342, 343, 346, 352, 361, 366, 369, 370, 371, n 44

Hayes, Vertis, 433

Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), the Department of, 100, 342, 504, 505, 511

Height, Dorothy I., 512, n 142

Heller, W. W., 15

Helstein, Ralph, 88, 151, n 48

Hemphill, Gwen, 338, 352

Henderson, Vivian, 16, 151, 153

Herberg, Will, 173

Heyward, Mrs. D. P., 530

Higgins, Msgr. George G., 467, 468

High School of Fashion Trades (N.Y.), 539

Hill, David, 501

Hill, Herbert, 170, 171, 172, 173, 445, 450, 460, 464, 466

Hill, Norman, 151

Hilbert, Paul, 391

Hines, Gregory, 545

Hinz, Gary L., 270, 272

Hitler, Adolph, 94, 200, 423, 424

Hod Carriers, Building and Common Laborers, 165

Hodgson, James D., 16, 232, n 7

Hoff, William, 517

Hoffman, Robert, 412, 413

Holland, James, 166

Hollie, Ronald, 478

Holloman, Frank, 416

Holman, M. Carl, 26

Holmes, Adolph, 16

Holmes, Robert, 444

Hometown Plan, 454, 455

Hooks, Benjamin L., 119, 175, 179, 195, 201, n 59

Hooks, Robert, 538

Hoover, President Herbert, 45

Horne, Gerald, 31

Horowitz, Rachelle, 151

Horston, Kenny, 269

Horton, Clarence, 271

Hosley, Fred, 265

Hospital and Nursing Home Workers, 517

Hospital Delegate Assembly, 492

Hotel and Allied Service Union, 305

Hotel and Restaurant Employees and Bartenders International Union, 132, 314, 364

House Judiciary Committee, 78

House Labor and Education Committee, 170

Housing Act of 1965, 158

Howe, Irving, 547, 548

Howe, Stephen, 549

Hughes, Randolph, 452, 453

Hughes, Richard J., 445, n 125

Hugo, Victor, 185

Human Resources Development Institute (HRDI), 116, 117

Humphrey, Hubert H., 38, 446, n 15

Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act, 118, 119, 199

Hunton, George, 99

Hutcheson, M. A., 449

Hyde, Al, 352

Illinois Union of Social Services’ Employees, 364

imperialism, 221, 224, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233, 254, 260

imperialists, 231, 275, 277, 282

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 290

Innis, Roy, 512

Interdenominational Ministers’ Alliance, 414

Interdenominational Ministers’ Alliance of Brooklyn and Long Island, 134

International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, 190

International Association of Machinists (IAM), 364, 372, 539

International Association of Marble, Slate and Stone Polishers, Rubbers, and Sawyers, Tile and Marble Setters Helpers and Terrazzo Helpers, 364

International Black Appeal (IBA), 264, 265

International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), 62, 76, 85, 87, 125, 163, 165, 166, 190, 191, 448, 449, 462

International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers of America and Canada, 67, 74, 86, 165

International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 325, 330, 331, 361, 364, 371, 384, 444

International Chemical Workers Union, 167

International Fire Fighters Association, 166

International Harvester Company, 87, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 443

International Laborers Union of America, 16

International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union, 95, 99, 115, 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 187, 277, 293, 294, 296, 306, 312, 364, 551, 552, 553

International Longshoremen’s Association, 87, 364, 510

International Transport Workers Union of America, 64, 73, 96, 123, 124, 176

International Union of Electrical Workers, 71, 72, 94, 95, 445

International Union of Operating Engineers, 168, 453, 464

International Woodworkers of America, 364

Iron and Structural Steel Workers Union, 165, 314, 445

Italian American Labor Council, 369

Jackson, Allan, 305, 307, 308, 310

Jackson, Andrew, 200

Jackson, Anne, 542

Jackson, Jesse, 326, n 96

Jackson, Jimmy Lee, 101, 135

Jackson, Joseph T., 493, 494

Jackson, Maynard H., 16, 454, n 7

Jackson, Dr. Ralph, 415, 417, 418, 419, 420

Jacobs, Jim, 241, 242

Jacobs, Sophi Yarnall, 124

James, C. L. R., 242, n 91

James, Stanley, 275

Javits, Senator Jacob, 13, 152, 521, n 2

Jefferson Avenue Revolutionary Union Movement (JARUM), 235, 238

Jennings, Colie, 406

Jernigan, Ike, 232, 269, 272

Jewish Labor Committee, 55

Jim Crow, 15, 57, 89, 105, 127, 132, 133, 134, 170, 171, 173, 207, 288, 382, 388, 423, 493

Job Development Program, 14

John Birch Society, 186, n 79

Johnson, Eddy, 465

Johnson, Edrena, 477

Johnson, James, 232, 263, 269, 270, 271, 272

Johnson, President Lyndon Baines, 13, 43, 66, 69, 100, 101, 107, 111, 115, 135, 137, 153, 161, 198, 201, 202, 429, 448, 513, n 3

Johnson II, Napoleon, 16

Johnson, Rae, 265

Johnson, Ray, 240

Jolly, A. C., 308

Jones, Hubert L., 17

Jones, Hugh M., 270, 272

Jones, James Earl, 544

Jones, Paul, 343

Jones, T. O., 404, 410, 412

Jordan, Jr., Vernon E., 16, 201, 392, n 6

Justice, U.S. Department of, 56, 60, 61, 78, 100, 108, 111, 114, 166, 181, 182, 190, 516

Kahn, Tom, 151

Kaiser Aluminum Company, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 177

Kaplan Fund, Inc., the J. J., 540

Keenen, Joseph D., 48, 88, 90, 91

Kempton, Murray, 385

Kennedy, Beverly, 534

Kennedy, Edward M., 384, 521, n 112

Kennedy, President John F., 43, 64, 78, 94, 114, 125, 161, 186, 207, 234, 338, 387, 497, n 19

Kennedy, Robert, 152, 277

Kerner Commission Report, 292, 325, 430

Keyserling, Leon, 151, 152, 153, 450

Kheel, Theodore W., 124

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 203, 204

King, Bill, 546

King, Coretta Scott, 119, 194, 476, 477, 478, 487, 496, 501, 502, 511, 512, 513, 514, 517, 520, 523, 528, 543

King, Jr., Martin Luther, 67, 68, 74, 104, 114, 118, 119, 126, 139, 180, 181, 184, 188, 198, 201, 202, 243, 256, 277, 317, 326, 328, 329, 333, 350, 354, 383, 386, 404, 405, 406, 429, 450, 472, 474, 477, 487, 493, 496, 500, 508, 511, 515, 516, 525, 532, 543, n 42

King Center for Social Change, 543

King, Rev. D. E., 332

Kircher, Bill, 193

Kirkland, Joseph Lane, 120, 159, 161, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 201, 202, 377, 386, n 61

Kissinger, Henry A., 210, 234, n 89

Klein, Robert, 544

Knight, Elizabeth, 305

Kosloski, Al, 471

Kowalski, Joseph, 270

Kuchel, Thomas H., 38, n 16

Ku Klux Klan, 52, 55, 101, 119, 135, 164, 177, 178, 181, 312, n 27

Kyles, Rev. S. B., 413, 416

Labor, the U.S. Department of, 14, 16, 84, 109, 112, 137, 168, 190, 191, 330, 450, 452

Labor Council for Latin-American Advancement, 120, 181

Labor Education Advancement Program (LEAP), 16, 17, 112, 116, 117, 454, 455

Labor Leadership Assembly for Peace, 476

Laborers International Union of North America, 364

LaFrage Institute, the John, 152

Landron, Jack, 549, 551

Landrum-Griffin Act, 91, 96, 449, n 49

Laquer, Walter, 385

LaRocque Bey Dancers, 539

Lasley, Russell R., 74

Latin, Pete, 392

Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union, 364

Laurence, Jacob, 545

Lawson, Jr., Rev. James M., 404, 405, 407, 408, 413

Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR), 107, 113, 114, 115, 120, 384, 430

League for Registered Nurses, 480

League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 210, 211, 235, 238, 241, 242, 245, 248, 249, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259, 287

League of Voluntary Hospitals, 479, 480

Lee, Curtis, 240

Lee, Rev. G. W., 183

Left-Center Coalition, 276, 279, 281, 384

Lehman, Herbert H., 473, n 132

Leonard, Eddie, 401

Leonard, Edward J., 449, n 129

Leonard, Vincent M., 500

Levenson, Sam, 538, 542, 545

Lewis, Anthony, 385

Lewis, Howard, 272

Lewis, John L., 123, 130, 197, 548, n 65

Lewis, John R., 16, n 7

Lewis, Sid, 272

Lewis, Thelma, 500

Liberal Party, 172

Lincoln, Abraham, 89, 327, 546

Lincoln Center, 541, 545, 546

Lindsay, Mayor John, 459, 460, 462, 464, 465, 513

Little Rock High School, 462

Liuzzo, Viola, 101, 135, 429

Livengood, Delbert, 502

Livingston, David, 325, 326, 328, 475

Local 1199 (of the Drug and Hospital Employees Union), 470–554 passim

Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 272, 343, 356

Loeb, Henry, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 415, 417, 420

Loeb, William, 411

Logan, Rose, 240

London, Jack, 185

Longstreth, W. Thatcher, 234, 450

Loughlin, James, 450

Lowell, Stanley, 445

Lucy, William, 330, 334, 338, 339, 341, 351, 355, 361, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 371

Lundstrom, Chet, 443

Lyerson, Frank T., 166

Lyles, Helen, 500

Lynch, Leon, 33, 35

Lynch, Matt, 414

Lyons, John H., 449, n 129

McCarthy, Joseph R., 207, n 81

McBride, Lynwood, 501

McCone Commission, 432

McCord, Dr. William M., 476, 477, 502, 509, 510, 511, 514, 518, 523

McCormick Workers Reaper Division, 434

McCrae, Whit, 352

McCree, Jr., Wade H., 424, n 119

McDaniel, Billy, 549

McDaniel, William Foster, 549

McDonald, David J., 62, 64, 68, 79, 88, 123, 169, 170, 171, 187, 391, 392, 396, n 37

MacDonald, J. C., 416

McGovern, George, 337, 338, 340, 345, 350, 351, 356, 365, 370, 371, n 102

McGowin, Ed, 546, 548

McNair, Robert E., 509, 510, 512, 517, 518, 519, 523, 524, n 138

McNamara, James, 465

McRae, Bernest, 526

Madison Square Garden, 479

Magee, Henry, 335

Maimonides Medical Center, 472

Makeba, Miriam, 539

Malcolm X, 207, 475, n 83

Mallon, Edna, 482

Manning, Louis, 64, 73

Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962, 25

Mansfield, Michael J., 384, n 112

Mao Tse Tung, 213, 217, 219, 226

March, Ron, 237, 265

March on Washington Movement, 58, 81, 82, 159, n 35

March on Washington, the 1963, 141, 142, 160, 180, 326, 328, 329, 371, 377

Marcuse, Herbert, 385

Marshall, Raymond, 107

Marshall, Thurgood, 171, 182, 194, 341, 473, n 29

Marshall Plan, 81, 93, n 46

Marshall, William (Bill), 274, 444

Martin, Louie, 201

Marx, Karl, 217, 221, 225

Marxism, 209–42, 276–81 passim, 425

Maryland Freedom Union, 103

Mason-Dixon Line, 94

Mathias Amendment, 102

Matthews, Jr., John, 240, 241

May, Rev. Joseph H., 135

Mazey, Emil, 88, 96, 97, n 48

Meany, George, 34, 50–139 passim, 170–202 passim, 222, 268, 306, 313–35 passim, 344, 349, 365–87 passim, 428, 448, 461, 515, 525

Medal of Freedom, 161

Medical College of South Carolina, 502, 503, 506, 509, 510, 520

Medical College Hospital (S.C.), 476, 477, 503, 504, 508, 516, 517, 518, 523, 524, 526, 529, 531, 533, 534, 535, 536

Memphis City Council, 413, 414, 416, 417, 420

Memphis Council on Human Rights, 419

Menapace, Jerry, 102, 104

Menken, Alan, 549, 552, 554

Metcalf, Ralph, 334, 338, 345, n 99

Metropolitan African Methodist-Episcopal Church, 159, 160

Metropolitan Ministry in Higher Education, 456

Metropolitan Transit Authority, 406

Metzenbaum, Howard M., 384, n 112

Michel, Robert, 173

Michelson, Bill, 491

Mid–Atlantic States Apprenticeship Conference, 110

Miller, Edward, 31, 32

Mills, Wilbur D., 449, n 129

Miners for Democracy, 225

Minh, Ho Chi, 223, n 88

Minkoff, Isaiah, 151, 153

Minton, Lee W., 88, n 48

Mitchell, Clarence, 114, 136, 199, 201, 384, n 54

Mitchell, John, 455

Mitchell, Ted, 490

Mitchell, Theodore, 472

Model Cities, 264, 464

Molders International Union, 109

Mondale, Joan, 547

Mondale, Walter, 521

Monserrat, Joseph, 474

Montalban, Ricardo, 485, 538

Montgomery, David, 500

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 328

Montgomery Bus Company, 207

Moon, Prince, 352

Moore, Edith, 352

Moore, Ferman, 432

Moore, William L., 101, 135

Mooty, Rayfield, 399, 401, 402

Morse, Wayne L., 427, n 121

Mostel, Zero, 545

Motley, Constance, 309

Moultrie, Mary Ann, 193, 195, 477, 510, 514, 516, 517, 518, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 532, 534, 535

Moyers, Bill, 543

Muehlenkamp, Bob, 480

Murphy, Hugh, 16

Murphy, John, 88

Murphy, Thomas F., 449, n 129

Murray, Philip, 386, 548, n 113

Murray-Green-Meany Award, 386

Muse, Benjamin, 416

Musicus, Milton, 463

Muskie, Edmund, 384, 521, n 112

Mussolini, Benito, 170

Myrdal, Gunnar, 80

Nagler, Isidore, 306

National Ad Hoc Committee of Concerned Negro UAW Members, 433

National Ad Hoc Committee of Concerned Steelworkers, 397, 398, 399, 402

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 414, 415

National Afro-American Labor Council, 330, 331, 347, 350

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 50, 54, 55, 62, 76, 77, 97, 106, 114, 119, 126, 127, 133, 134, 136, 152, 157, 162, 165, 167, 168–209 passim, 305, 306, 313, 314, 315, 362, 371, 384, 406, 408, 422–28, 439, 445, 446, 450, 460, 462, 464, 466, 473, 474, 487, 493, 512, 514

National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 67, 90, 189, 390, 468, n 43

National Catholic Council for Interracial Justice, 419

National Conference of Christians and Jews, 409

National Conference of Plans for Progress, 446

National Council of Churches, 419

National Council of Distributive Workers, 326

National Council of Negro Women, 512

National Council of Senior Citizens, 181

National Defense Council, 91

National Education Association, 364, 372, 445

National Endowment for the Arts, 540, 545, 551

National Endowment for the Humanities, 540, 545, 548

National Football League Players Association, 551

National Institute of Labor Education, 87

National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council, 114

National Labor Relations Act, 446, 478, 510

National Labor Relations Board, 61, 65, 72, 75, 76, 163, 166, 173, 389, 446, 449, 478, 480

National League of Cities, 352

National Medical Association, 93

National Museum of American History, 547

National Negro Congress, 159

National Organizing Committee (NOC), 241, 242, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252, 253

National Organizing Committee of Hospital and Nursing Home Employes, 476, 510, 512, 513, 521, 526, 528

National Planning Association, 374

National Postal Office Mail Handlers Board, 372

National Sharecroppers Fund, 305

National Steelworkers Rank and File, 401

National Transport Association, 167

National Welfare Rights Organization, 512

National Youth Act, 331

National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees, 478, 481, 482, 540, 544, 546, 548, 551, 552, 553

National Union of Hospital and Nursing Home Employees (NUHNHE), 486, 487, 488, 496, 498

National Urban Coalition, 26, 120

National Urban League, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 152, 314, 315, 316, 512

Neel, Alice, 547, 548

Negro American Labor Council (NALC), 125, 127, 128, 133, 134, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 493, 512

Negro History Week, 538, 539

Negro Labor Assembly, 305, 308

Negro Labor Committee, 50, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311

Negro Steelworkers Leadership Committee, 402

Negro Trade Union Leadership Council, 110

Neibuhr, Reinhold, 483

Nelson, Chris, 352

Nessim, Barbara, 547

New Breed Democratic Trade Union Caucus, 434

New Detroit Committee, 239, 255

Newman, Winn, 108

Newport News (Va.) Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, 278

New York City Central Labor Council, 473, 543

New York City Commission on Human Rights, 326, 445, 446, 460, 539

New York Furriers Union Joint Council, 192

New York Plan, 459, 460, 463, 464, 465

New York State Building and Construction Trades Council 224, 369

New York Teachers Guild, 305

Nicholas, Henry, 476, 478, 487, 495, 499, 524, 527, 531, 535

Niles, Barbara, 549, 551

Nixon, Russell A., 461

Nixon, President Richard Milhous, 43, 44, 66, 111, 115, 118, 210, 215, 222, 223, 224, 228, 232, 234, 263, 269, 278, 293, 296, 330, 334, 336, 337, 340, 341, 342, 343, 349, 350, 351, 354, 356, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 365, 368, 380, 383, 385, 451, 464, 479, 516, 519, 521, 525, n 20

Normile, Paul, 392

Noroian, Edward, 500

Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 26, 151, 543, n 9

Norton, James, 462, 463

Nunez, Judge Emilio, 474

O’Casey, Sean, 538

Odetta, 542, 546

Office and Professional Employees International Union, 132, 364

Office of Civil Rights, the U.S., 502, 505, 508

Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), the U.S., 148, 369

Office of Federal Contract Compliance, the U.S., 108, 181, 192, 369, 447, 448, 449, 450, 452, 454, 455, 460, 464

Office of Manpower Automation and Training, the U.S., 87

Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union, 167, 372

Old Slave Mart, 526

Oliver, William, 176

Olson, Jesse, 475, 478

Olwell, William, 182

O’Malley, Father John, 501

O’Neal, Frederick D., 121, 182, n 62

Oneita Strike, 213

Operation Breadbasket, 335, n 100

Operation Dixie, 57, 421, n 31

Operation PUSH, 332, n 98

Operative Plasterers and Cement Masons Association, 166

Oppenheimer, James, 540

Ornamental and Structural Iron Workers, 168

Ottley, Peter, 305

Overton, L. Joseph, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 473

Owen, Chandler, 58, n 34

Palmer, Robert, 301

Palmieri, Victor, 373

Paper Box Makers, 305

Parker, Charlie Mack, 207

Parks, Rosa, 207, 515, 545, n 80

Parrish, Richard, 305, 306, 307, 308, 367

Parsons, Lucy E., 548

Patterson, J. O., 405, 416, 420

Payne, Larry, 405

Penn, Colonel Lemuel, 101

Pennsylvania Nurses Association, 501

Perkins, Frances, 548

Permanent Administrative Committee (PAC), 473, 484

Perry, Nonnie, 540

Petrillo, James C., 109, n 53

Philadelphia Building and Construction Trades Council, 450

Philadelphia Plan, 112, 113, 230, 369, 393, 451, 452, 453, 463

Pierce, Samuel, 307

Pipkin, Joe, 413

Pittman, Charles, 33

Pittsburgh Federation of Teachers, 501

Plastic and Novelty Workers, 305

Plumbers and Pipe Fitters Union, 125, 165, 168, 314, 461

Plumbers, Marine and Steamfitters Union, 454

Pocketbook Workers Union, 372

Poitier, Sidney, 485, 538, 544

Polaroid Revolutionary Workers Movement, 264, 299, 300, 301

Pollard, William E., 176, 198

Poor People’s Campaign on Washington, 322, 329, 405, 450

Pope John XXIII, 391

Posnick, Michael, 549

Potofsky, Jacob S., 95, 131

Powell, Jr., Adam Clayton, 170, 171, 473, n 74

Powell, Don, 418

Powell, Jr., Lewis F., 35, n 11

Powell, Robert E., 16, 88, 136, n 48

Powell, Tom, 418

Pratt, Dr. Henry N., 472

President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, 64, 66, 68, 72, 84, 85, 446

President’s Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 129

President’s Committee on Government Contracts, 51, 60, 61, 66, 166

President’s Council of Economic Advisors, 15

President’s Council on Wage and Price Stabilization, 479

Pressley, John, 307

Price, Jr., Judge Gwilym, 501

Price, Leontyne, 160

Progressive Labor Party, 275, 279, 280

Project Outreach, 439

Proposition 13, 119, 177, n 60

Prosten, Dave, 524

Pryon, Beverly, 331

Pryor, Downing, 410, 412, 414

Pullman Company, 128, 130, 132, 159

Punch, Fred, 487

Quill, Michael J., 122, 124, n 64

Quoc, Nguyen Ai, 233

Rabouine, Leo, 331

Radical Action Union, 456

Raftery, Lawrence M., 449, n 129

Rand School of Social Sciences, 58

Randall, Tony, 544

Randolph, A. Philip, 57, 58, 59, 62, 64, 71, 74, 79, 83, 85, 88, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 106, 114, 118, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 142, 151, 152, 153, 159, 160, 161, 162, 180, 181, 306, 307, 314, 317, 318, 325, 326, 328, 329, 348, 349, 371, 386, 472, 475, 483, 512, 513, 514, 515, n 29

Randolph Education Fund, the A. Philip, 109, 112, 116, 380, 462

Randolph Institute, the A. Philip, 107, 114, 120, 136, 139, 150, 151, 152, 160, 162, 181, 362, 365, 371, 386, 450, 467, 512

Randolph, John, 538

Rangel, Charles, 330

Ransom, Edith, 305

Raskin, A. H., 385, 473

Rauh, Jr., Joseph L, 136, 424, n 66

Ray, Carline, 549

Reagan, President Ronald, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 179, 181, 182, 269, 553, n 18

Reddick, L. D., 151

Reeb, Rev. James, 101, 135, 429

Regional Federal Agencies Pools, 450

Rehnquist, William H. 35, 36, 37, 38, n 11

Reinhardt, Uwe, 543

Republican National Committee, 43

Republican Party, 81, 136, 337, 356, 423, 427

Retail Clerks and Workers Union of America, 364

Retail Drug Employees Union, 471

Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (RWDSU), 86, 91, 92, 192, 193, 195, 291, 317, 320, 325, 326, 364, 471, 482, 486, 497, 509, 512, 513, 519, 537, 546

Reuss, Henry, 122

Reuther, Walter P., 50, 57, 63, 65, 78, 82, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 100, 114, 136, 169, 171, 173, 176, 187, 235, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 278, 279, 422, 425, 433, 434, 477, 515, 516, 518, 548, n 39

Rhoades, James, 272

Rice, Charles Owen, 391

Richardson, Elroy, 271

Right-to-Work Law, 94, 95, 187

Riley, Frank, 76, 77

Rivers, L. Mendel, 194, 496, 515, 519, n 141

Rizzo, Frank, 234

Roberts, Howard, 549

Robinson, Bill, 443

Robinson, Cleveland L., 91, 96, 317, 320, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 334, 338, 339, 342, 346, 347, 348, 352, 361, 370, 371, 539, n 50

Robinson, Howard, 353

Robinson, Remus, 424

Rockefeller, David, 222, 292

Rockefeller, Nelson, 92, 460, 464, 474, 475, 492, 493, 513, 539

Rogers, Clyde, 74

Rogers, Donald, 463, 464

Rogers, Nathaniel, 135

Roper, Elmer, 125

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 59, 473, 547, n 36

Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 129, 142, 159, 161, 344, 377, 435

Roosevelt, Theodore, 200

Ross, Arthur M., 191

Roth, Herrick S., 96, 97, 99

Roth, Norman, 443

Rourke, Joseph, 448, 449

Rousselot, John H., 162, n 72

Rowley, Ruby, 305

Roye, Wendell, 135

Rule 22, 426, n 120

Russell, Richard B., 138, n 67

Rustin, Bayard, 107, 114, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 222, 326, 329, 330, 365, 371, 372, 386, 387, 450, 467, 468, 474, 475, 512, 513, 538

Ryan, William F., 475, n 134

Saltonstall, Leverett, 38, n 17

Samp, Nelson, 270

Sanders, Luevena, 490

Santamaria, Mongo, 542

Sawyer, Roland, 392

Schafer, Dr. Hugo H., 486

Scharansky, Anatoly, 386, n 116

Schnitzler, Frank William, 57, 83, 88, 80, 91, 92, 95, 98, 110, n 47

Schoemann, Peter T., 449, n 129

Schulte, Maurice, 392

Schultz, George, 463

Schultz, John, 544

Schwerner, Michael, 101, 135

Scott, Bob, 465, 467

Scott, Christine, 308, 310

Scott, Ella, 490

Scott, John, 271

Scott, Howard, 305

Scottsboro Boys, 291

Scranton, William W., 392, n 118

Screvane, Paul, 309

Scumaci, Francis, 392

Seafarers International Union of North America, 163, 169, 355, 364, 365, 448

Seal, Wayne, 519

Seale, Bobby, 263

Seeger, Pete, 539, 542

Seelig, Len, 476, n 137

Selma–to–Montgomery March, 135

Selpski, “Cannonball,” 237

Senate, the U.S., 335, 426, 427

Senate Rule 22, 51, 52, 61, 426, 427

Service, Russell, 134

Service Employees Union, 511

Shafer, Mary, 480

Sharpeville Massacre, 438

Shea, William, 121

Sheet Metal Workers International Union, 165, 168, 314, 450, 454, 460

Sheffield, Horace, 352

Shelby County Community Relations Commission, 410

Shishkin, Boris, 54, 58, 62, 88, n 30

Shriver, Jr., Sargent (Robert), 338, n 102

Shubert Foundation, Inc., 540

Shulman, Dr. Donald, 448

Siegel, Anita, 547

Silverstein, Ted, 443

Simmons, Bill, 334, 361

Simmons, Mildred, 305

Simmons, Rosetta, 514, 522, 524

Simms, Leander, 399

Simon, Louis, 88

Simons, William, 366

Sinclair, John, 244

Siper, Phil, 495

Skills Bank Program, 14

Skirtmakers Union, 305

Slaiman, Donald, 88, 110, 115, 136, 137, 151, 152, 365, 454, n 56

Smallwood, Kenneth, 460

Small, Horace, 490

Smith, Jethro, 166

Smith, Lamar, 183

Smith, Leo, 94

Smith, Sam, 496

Smith, Jr., Vascoe A., 410

Smithsonian Institution, 545

Social Security Bill, 189

Socialists, 58, 171, 172, 475, 547

Socialist Workers Party, 244

Soledad Brothers, 263, 331

Solidarity Caucus, 434, 435, 436, 437

Solidarity Day, 179

Solidarity House, 235, 237, 251, 346

Sorel, Wedward, 548

Sortre, Martin, 263

South Vietnamese Liberation Army, 233

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 126, 127, 139, 184, 194, 195, 207, 209, 326, 328, 405, 407, 429, 476, 478, 487, 496, 509, 512, 513, 514, 516, 517, 518, 520, 521, 523, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 535, 536

Southern Regional Council, 320, 321

Southern Regional Council on Memphis, 416

Southern States Apprenticeship Conference, 110

Sowell, Thomas, 41

Stalin, Joseph, 219, 225, n 87

Stallworth, Bennett O., 450

Stanton, Hugh, 413

Steelworkers, the Ad Hoc Committee of Black, 400, 401

Steel Workers Organizing Committee, 402

Stennis, John C., 138, n 67

Stevens, May, 547, 548

Stevens, John Paul, 35, n 11

Stevens Co., the J. P., 178, 477, 542

Stockman, David, 44, n 22

Stokes, Carl B., 512, n 143

Stokes, Samuel, 401

Streator, Melvin D., 431

Strickland, Joe, 459

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 207, 209, 210, 211, 329, n 82

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 244, 250

Sturdivant, John, 182

Suffridge, James A., 88, n 48

Sullivan, David, 88, 136, n 48

Sullivan, Leon, 327

Supreme Court, the U.S., 50, 52, 54, 60, 61, 100, 102, 105, 110, 111, 116, 336, 337, 341, 357, 358, 389, 390, 394, 426

Sutton, Percy, 330, 525

Sviridoff, Mike, 87

Sweeney, John, 182

Taft-Hartley Act, 91, 96, 135, 166, 426, n 49

Talented Tenth, 159, 161

Talmadge, Senator Herman, 423, 426

Taylor, Ollie, 431

Taylor, William J., 480, 485

Taylor-Dunn, Corliss, 549, 551, 553, 554

Tent City, 207

Terkel, Studs, 543

Terry, Amy, 330

Terry, Luraline, 524

Third World, 222, 223, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233

Thirteenth Amendment, 126, 312, 357

Thomas, Emma, 554

Thomas, Mario, 545

Thomas, Norman, 475, 538, n 134

Thompson, Gary, 271

Thoreau, Henry David, 80

Thornton, John, 338

Thurmond, Strom, 194, 496, n 141

Till, Emmett, 183, 207

Tillman, Benjamin, 383, n 111

Tillow, Kay, 501

Tillow, Walter, 501

Timpson, Priscilla, 305

Title III, 60

Title IV, 102

Title VI, 505

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 14, 35, 37, 38, 39, 107, 109, 117, 137, 176, 192, n 4

Title 45, 505

Todd, Edward, 338, n 103

Tomlin, Lily, 544

Townsend, Lynn, 256

Townsend, Willard S., 56, 57, 59, 123, n 29

Toynbee, Arnold, 197

Trade Union Action and Democracy (TUAD), 442

Trade Union Leadership Council, 110

Trade Union Unity League (TUUL), 291

Traeye, Hermina, 535

Transport Workers of America, 364

Trotskyites, 212, 226, 244

Truman, President Harry S., 51, 54, 114, 161, 186, 338, 450, n 30

Truth, Sojourner, 515, 547, 548, n 144

Tubman, Harriet, 213, 515, n 144

Turner, Doris, 471, 478, 479, 513, 524, 525, 526, 534

Turner, Harold, 493, 494

Turner, Lionel, 33

Turner, Tom, 338

Tuskegee Institute, 76

Twain, Mark, 198

Tyler, Gus, 172

Ullman, Liv, 386

Umstead, Marie, 526

Undergarment and Negligee Workers, 305

United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada, 166

United Automobile Workers (UAW), 58, 67, 86, 167, 169, 173, 222, 223, 235–96 passim, 307, 327, 330–39 passim, 348, 352, 361–71 passim, 422–45 passim, 516, 518, 543

United Black Brothers, 212, 224, 264

United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, 165

United Cement, Lime, and Gypsum Workers International Union, 364

United Church Board for Homeland Ministries, 540, 542

United Community Construction Workers, 298, 456, 457, 458

United Farm Workers, 232

United Federation of Teachers, 277, 278, 279, 542

United Foundation, 258

United Freedom Movement, 191

United Front, 213

United Front of Cairo, 212

United Hebrew Trades, 369

United Labor Coalition, 444

United Mine Workers of America, 260, 293, 325, 502

United National Caucus, 225

United Nations, 94, 300, 343

United Office and Professional Workers, 327

United Packinghouse, Food and Allied Workers, 67, 74, 192

United Papermakers and Paperworkers Union, 165, 167

United Rubber Workers, 55

United States Phosphoric Company, 167

United States Steel Corporation, 34, 192, 229, 232, 396, 425, 501, 502

United Steelworkers of America (USA), 32, 16, 33, 34, 39, 68–70, 123, 167, 169, 177, 192, 287, 325, 338, 347, 361, 364, 369, 371, 387, 389, 390, 391, 392, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402

United Steelworkers National Civil Rights Committee, 389, 390, 391

United Textile Workers of America, 364

United Transport Service Employes, 56, 57, 59

Unity House, 313

Unruh, Jesse M., 269, n 93

Unterkoefler, Bishop Ernest, 523

Urban Coalition Conference, 106

Urban League, 76, 110, 124, 126, 127, 135, 152, 201, 202, 203, 209, 354, 362, 380, 445, 450, 454, 455, 474, 493

Van Arsdale, Jr., Harry, 77, 152, 446, 447, 473, 483, 491, n 127

Van Dalen, Anton, 548

Vaske, Stanley, 273

Vassil, Pamela, 546

Vauls, Travis, 455

Vietnam, 200, 208, 210, 229, 231, 234, 249, 320, 323, 324, 370, 384, 475

Vietnam War, 215, 233, 288, 363, 464

Voting Bill of 1957, 114

Voting Rights Act of 1965, 100, 111, 118, 135, 136, 179, 180, 182, 337, 358, 362, 429

Wade, Lyndon, 454

Wage-Price Freeze, 231, 344, 400

Wagner Act, 173, 185

Wagner, Robert F., 445, n 124

Wakefield, Dan, 483

Walker, James, 305, 307

Walker, Willie, 441

Walker, Wyatt T., 493

Wallace, George C., 242, 269, 278, 385, n 90

Wallach, Eli, 542

Walsh, Richard F., 88, 95, 131, n 48

War Labor Board, 54

Warren, Earl, 186

Washington, Jeff, 439

Washington, Joe, 455

Watkins, Ted, 430, 431, 432

Waters, Ethel, 357

Waters, Tom, 455

Watson, John, 228, 229, 233, 238, 239, 243

Watts, Roosevelt, 176

Watts Labor Community Action Committee, 429–433

Waye, Georgetta, 531

Wayne, John, 359

Weaver, George L. P., 58, 123, n 32

Weaver, Robert C., 448, n 128

Weber, Brian, 31–40 passim, 177

Webster, Milton P., 58, 65, 88, 98, 128, 131, n 33

Wechsler, James, 474, 525

Weihrauch, Milton, 71, 72

Weinstock, Harry, 495

Welfare Rights Organization, 296

Wellington, Al, 401

West, Duane, 433

West, Estella, 305, 308

Whack, Donna M., 530

Whack, Virgie Lee, 531

Whaley, Ruth Whitehead, 124

Wharton, Hunter P., 449, n 129

Whitaker, Willard, 18

White, Dave, 524, 525, 527

White, Walter, 207

White Citizens Councils, 52, 55, 67, 99, 135, 163, 164, 171, 183

White Panthers, 244

Whitten Amendment, 111

Wickenden, Elizabeth, 376

Wilcox, William H., 453

Wiley, George A., 512

Wilkins, Roger, 543

Wilkins, Roy, 50, 104, 106, 107, 114, 133, 180, 181, 189, 193, 197, 207, 326, 377, 406, 422, 446, 474, 475, 512, n 25

Wilks, John L., 464

Willis, A. W., 406, 408

Williams, George, 431

Williams, Harrison, 369

Williams, Joe, 274

Williams, Ken, 299

Williams, Mamie, 271, 272

Williams, Robert, 207

Williams, Walter, 41

Williams, Walter E., 468, n 130

Wilmore, Jacques, 410

Wilson, Charles, 331

Wilson, Charles E., 40

Wiltz, Clinton, 32

Wirtz, W. Willard, 26, 448, n 8

Woll, Matthew, 98, n 51

Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers Union, 461, 463, 467

Woodcock, Leonard, 222, 268, 269, 442

Woodson, Mary, 500

Wooten, Chuck, 240, 243, 244, 272

Workers Defense League, 109, 112, 116, 127, 152, 380, 462, 465

World Trade Center, 458, 462, 465, 467

World War II, 138, 150, 200, 231

Wosk, Mariam, 548

Wright, Norm, 455

Wurf, Jerry, 115, 369, 412, 413, 415, 418, 419, n 56

Wyatt, Addie, 334, 352

Wyatt, Rev. Claude, 352

Yarborough, Ralph W., 521, n 145

Young, the Rev. Andrew J., 16, 114, 476, 516, 519, 524, 543, 546, n 7

Young, Coleman, 444, 543

Young, Jr., Whitney M., 13, 107, 114, 151, 153, 181, 314, 326, 446, 450, 454, 474, 512, n 1

Young, William, 272

Young Democrats, 511

Young People’s Socialist League, 172

Young Workers Liberation League, 331

Youngstown Steel Workers Group, 225

Zappa, Joe, 274

Zelenko, Herbert, 171, n 76

Zimmerman, Charles, 62, 77, 88, 136, 170, 172, n 38

Zupko, Dr. Arthur G., 485

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