Bibliography

Abdelkader, Dina. Social Justice in Islam. Herndon, VI: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2000.

Abrahamian, Ervand. “ʿAli Shariati: Ideologue of the Iranian Revolution.” Merip Reports 102 (1982): 24–28.

———. Iran between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.

Acemoglu, Daron, and James A Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Ahmed, Shahab. What Is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.

Al-Qadhi Muhammad bin Salama. Musnad al-Shihab. Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiya, 1985.

Al-Rikabi, Jaffar. “Bāqir al-Ṣadr and the Islamic State: A Theory for ‘Islamic Democracy.’” Journal of Shi’a Islamic Studies 5, no. 3 (2012): 249–275.

Al-Ṣadr, Ayatullah Bāqir. Iqtisaduna (Our Economics). Beirut: Dir al-Ta’aruf, 1982.

Altun, Fahrettin. “Alternatif Tarih Yazmak: Necip Fazıl Kısakürek’in Hafıza Siyaseti.” Toplum ve Bilim 123 (2012): 170–203.

Altunkaya, M. “Mevlid-i Şerif»in 1480. Yılında Adalet ve Özgürlük Peygamberi Muhammed (Sav).” Özgün İrade 5, no. 49 (2008): 17–19.

Amaeshi, Kenneth. “Decolonizing African Scholarship.” Project Syndicate, November 27, 2019.

An-Náim, Abdullahi Ahmed. Islam and the Secular State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.

———. Muslims and Global Justice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

An-Nawawi. Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi, accessed May25, 2021. Available at https://sunnah.com/nawawi40.

Arab Barometer. “Methodology.” Available at https://www.arabbarometer.org/survey-data/methodology/.

Arat, Reşit Rahmeti. “Yusuf Has Hacip. Kutatgu Bilig Çeviri II.” Ankara: Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Tarihi Kurumu Yayınları, 1985.

Arikan, Gizem, and Pazit Ben-Nun Bloom. “Religion and Political Protest: A Cross-Country Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 2 (2019): 246–276.

Ayoob, Mohammed. “Challenging Hegemony: Political Islam and the North–South Divide.” International Studies Review 9, no. 4 (2007): 629–643.

———. The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008.

———. “Political Islam: Image and Reality.” World Policy Journal 21, no. 3 (2004): 1–14.

Balcı, İsrafil. “ʿUmar (r.a) : A Leader Crowned with Truth and Justice.” Life and Religion. Istanbul: Turkish Diyanet Foundation, 2013. Available at https://www.lastprophet.info/umar-r-a-a-leader-crowned-with-truth-and-justice.

Bandura, Albert. “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change.” Psychological Review 84, no. 2 (1977): 191–215.

Bartky, Sandra Lee. “Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power.” In Feminism and Foucault: Reflections on Resistance, edited by Sandra Lee Bartky, Irene Diamond, and Lee Quinby, 61–86. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 1988.

Batniji, Rajaie, Lina Khatib, Melani Cammett, Jeffrey Sweet, Sanjay Basu, Amaney Jamal, Paul Wise, and Rita Giacaman. “Governance and Health in the Arab World.” The Lancet 383, no. 9914 (2014): 343–355.

Bayat, Asef. Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013.

———. “Revolution without Movement, Movement without Revolution: Comparing Islamic Activism in Iran and Egypt.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 40, no. 1 (1998): 136–169.

Beblawi, Hazem, and Giacomo Luciani. The Rentier State. New York: Routledge, 2016.

Beinin, Joel. Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Beinin, Joel, and Frédéric Vairel. Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013.

Bellin, Eva. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 36, no. 2 (2004): 139–157.

Berger, Lars. “Sharī‘a, Islamism and Arab Support for Democracy.” Democratization 26, no. 2 (2019): 309–326.

Blaydes, Lisa. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Blaydes, Lisa, and Eric Chaney. “The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE.” American Political Science Review 107, no. 1 (2013): 16–34.

Bloom, Pazit Ben-Nun, Gizem Arikan, and Marie Courtemanche. “Religious Social Identity, Religious Belief, and Anti-Immigration Sentiment.” American Political Science Review 109, no. 2 (2015): 203.

Boix, Carles. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Bourdeau, M. “Auguste Comte.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011.

Brannen, Samuel J., Christian S. Haig, and Katherine Schmidt. “The Age of Mass Protests: Understanding an Escalating Global Trend.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Washington, DC, March 2020. Available at https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/200303_MassProtests_V2.pdf?uL3KRAKjoHfmcnFENNWTXdUbf0Fk0Qke.

Braudel, Fernand. “Histoire et Sciences Sociales: La Longue Durée.” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 13, no. 4 (1958): 725–753.

Brownlee, Jason, Tarek Masoud, and Andrew Reynolds. The Arab Spring: Pathways of Repression and Reform. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Bulaç, Ali. “Islamcilik Nedir?” Zaman, July 2012.

Çağlak, C. “Ebedi Adalet.” İktibas 19, no. 274 (2001): 31.

Çakır, Y. “Amerikan Adaleti ve Zenciler.” Haksöz 1, no. 14 (1992): 16.

Cammett, Melani, and Sukriti Issar. “Bricks and Mortar Clientelism: Sectarianism and the Logics of Welfare Allocation in Lebanon.” World Politics 62, no. 3 (2010): 381–421.

Castells, Manuel. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2015.

Cetinsaya, Gokhan. “Rethinking Nationalism and Islam: Some Preliminary Notes on the Roots of ‘Turkish-Islamic Synthesis’ in Modern Turkish Political Thought.” Muslim World 89, nos. 3–4 (1999): 350–376.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Chen, Daniel L., and Jo Thori Lind. “The Political Economy of Beliefs: Why Fiscal and Social Conservatives/Liberals Come Hand-in-Hand.” Unpub. paper, 2005.

Chomsky, Noam. Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007.

Ciftci, Sabri. “Islam, Social Justice, and Democracy.” Politics and Religion 12, no. 4 (2019): 549–576.

———. “Modernden Postmoderne Iktidar Kavramındaki Değişim.” Master thesis, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Yönetimi ve Siyaset, 1997.

———. “Modernization, Islam, or Social Capital: What Explains Attitudes toward Democracy in the Muslim World?” Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 11 (2010): 1442–1470.

———. “Secular-Islamist Cleavage, Values, and Support for Democracy and Shari’a in the Arab World.” Political Research Quarterly 66, no. 4 (2013): 781–793.

———. “Self-Expression Values, Loyalty Generation, and Support for Authoritarianism: Evidence from the Arab World.” Democratization 25, no. 7 (2018): 1132–1152.

Ciftci, Sabri, Fred. M. Wuthrich, and Ammar Shamaileh. Beyond Piety and Politics: Religion, Social Relations, and Public Preferences in MENA, n.d.

Ciftci, Sabri, F. Michael Wuthrich, and Ammar Shamaileh. “Islam, Religious Outlooks, and Support for Democracy.” Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 2 (2019): 435–449.

Cizre-Sakallioglu, Umit, and Menderes Cinar. “Turkey 2002: Kemalism, Islamism, and Politics in the Light of the February 28 Process.” South Atlantic Quarterly 102, no. 2 (2003): 309–332.

Clark, Janine A. Islam, Charity, and Activism: Middle-Class Networks and Social Welfare in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.

Crone, Patricia. God’s Rule: Government and Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

Danesh, Maryam, and Hassan Abniki. “The Relation between Liberty and Justice in Ali Shariati’ Political Thought.” International Journal of Political Science 5, no. 9 (2015): 1–8.

Danışman, Zuhuri. Koçi Bey Risalesi. 1000 Temel Eser, vol. 609. Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1985.

Darling, Linda T. A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice from Mesopotamia to Globalization. New York: Routledge, 2013.

Davis, Nancy J., and Robert V. Robinson. “The Egalitarian Face of Islamic Orthodoxy: Support for Islamic Law and Economic Justice in Seven Muslim-Majority Nations.” American Sociological Review 71, no. 2 (2006): 167–190.

Djupe, Paul A., and Ryan L. Claassen. The Evangelical Crackup? The Future of the Evangelical-Republican Coalition. Philedelphia: Temple University Press, 2018.

Djupe, Paul A., and Christopher P. Gilbert. The Political Influence of Churches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

———. “The Resourceful Believer: Generating Civic Skills in Church.” Journal of Politics 68, no. 1 (2006): 116–127.

Driessen, Michael D. “Sources of Muslim Democracy: The Supply and Demand of Religious Policies in the Muslim World.” Democratization 25, no. 1 (2018): 115–135.

Duran, Burhanettin. “Cumhuriyet Dönemi İslamcılığı: İdeolojik Konumları, Dönüşümü ve Evreleri.” Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce 6 (2005): 129–156.

Editorial. “Adalet, Politikaya Alet Edilemez.” Yeniden Milli Mücadele 10, no. 516 (1979): 16.

———. “İslam’ın Kayıp Savaşçıları ve Susturulan Adalet Çığlığı.” İktibas 20, no. 277 (2002): 58.

El-Affendi, Abdelwahab. Who Needs an Islamic State? London: Malaysia Think Tank, 2008.

Eliaçık, İhsan. “Adalet ’Kozmos’un Temelidir.” Bilgi Ve Düşünce 9 (2003): 58–63.

———. “İslam Uygarlığı Tarihten mi Çekiliyor?” Bilgi Ve Düşünce 8 (2003): 37–46.

———. “Sivil Dönüşüm.” Değişim 5, no. 44 (1997): 44.

Eliaçık, R. İhsan. Adalet Devleti: Ortak İyinin İktidarı. İnşa Yayınları, 2015.

Emek ve Adalet Platformu. “Emek ve Adalet’ten Gezi Parkı Bildirisi.” Accessed July 10, 2017. Available at http://platformhaber.net/?p=19298.

Emiroğlu, T. “İnsanlık âdil İdareye Muhtaçtır.” Sebil 4, no. 167 (1979): 11.

Emre, Akif. “‘Müslümancılık’ Ya Da Klan Siyaseti.” Yeni Şafak, August 26, 2008. Available at https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/akif-emre/muslumancilik-ya-da-klan-siyaseti-12487.

Enayat, Hamid. Modern Islamic Political Thought: The Response of the Shi ‘i and Sunni Muslims to the Twentieth Century. New York: I. B. Taurus, 2005.

Ersoy, Mehmed Âkif. Safahat. Istanbul: Bilgeoğuz Yayinlari, 1989.

Esposito, John L., and Dalia Mogahed. “Battle for Muslims’ Hearts and Minds: The Road Not (yet) Taken.” Middle East Policy 14, no. 1 (2007): 27–41.

Esposito, John, and John L. Voll. Islam and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Fadl, Khaled Abou El. Islam and the Challenge of Democracy: A Boston Review Book. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Fakhry, Majid. A History of Islamic Philosophy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

Feldman, Noah. The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.

Feldman, Stanley. “Structure and Consistency in Public Opinion: The Role of Core Beliefs and Values.” American Journal of Political Science 32, no. 2 (1988): 416–440.

Filali-Ansary, Abdou. “Muslims and Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3 (1999): 18–32.

Fish, M. Steven. Are Muslims Distinctive? A Look at the Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Foucault, Michel. Archaeology of Knowledge. Translated by A. Sheridan. New York: Routledge, 2013.

———. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by A. Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1991.

Gause, F. Gregory, III. “Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability.” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 4 (2011): 81–90.

Gellner, Ernest. “Islam and Marxism: Some Comparisons.” International Affairs 67, no. 1 (1991): 1–6.

———. Muslim Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Goizueta, Roberto S. “Liberation Theology 1: Gustavo Gutierrez.” In Wiley Blackwell Companion to Political Theology, edited by William T. Cavanaugh and Peter Manley Scott, 280–292. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2019.

Gold, Gary D., and George S. Naufal. “Wasta: The Other Invisible Hand—A Case Study of University Students in the Gulf.” Journal of Arabian Studies 2, no. 1 (2012): 59–73.

Gorodnichenko, Yuriy, and Gerard Roland. “Culture, Institutions and Democratization.” Public Choice 187 (2020): 1–31.

Greif, Avner, and David D. Laitin. “A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change.” American Political Science Review 98, no. 4 (2004): 633–652.

Grewal, Sharan, Amaney A. Jamal, Tarek Masoud, and Elizabeth R. Nugent. “Poverty and Divine Rewards: The Electoral Advantage of Islamist Political Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 63, no. 4 (2019): 859–874.

Grzymała-Busse, Anna. Nations under God: How Churches Use Moral Authority to Influence Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.

Gumuscu, Sebnem. “Class, Status, and Party: The Changing Face of Political Islam in Turkey and Egypt.” Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 7 (2010): 835–861.

Haber7. “5 Yıldızlı Otel Karşısında Yerde Iftar.” Available at https://ramazan.haber7.com/tarihi-mekanlar/haber/771822-5-yildizli-otel-karsisinda-yerde-iftar.

Hardy, Cynthia, Bill Harley, and Nelson Phillips. “Discourse Analysis and Content Analysis: Two Solitudes.” Qualitative Methods 2, no. 1 (2004): 19–22.

Harris, Kevan. “A Martyrs’ Welfare State and Its Contradictions: Regime Resilience and Limits through the Lens of Social Policy in Iran.” In Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran, edited by Steven Heydemann and Reinoud Leenders, 61–80. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.

Harvey, Ramon. The Qur’an and the Just Society. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018.

Hasan, Ahmad. “Social Justice in Islam.” Islamic Studies 10, no. 3 (1971): 209–219.

Hashemi, Nader. Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Hendawi, Hamza. “Sudan’s ‘Nubian Queen’ Protester Becomes Iconic Image of Anti-Government Demonstrations.” National News, April 10, 2019. Available at https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/sudan-s-nubian-queen-protester-becomes-iconic-image-of-anti-government-demonstrations-1.847419.

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

Hoffman, Michael, and Amaney Jamal. “Religion in the Arab Spring: Between Two Competing Narratives.” Journal of Politics 76, no. 3 (2014): 593–606.

Horkheimer, Max. Critical Theory: Selected Essays. Translated by Matthew J. O’Connell and Others. New York: Continuum, 2002.

Huntington, Samuel. “The Clash of Civilizations.” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 22–49.

Iannaccone, Laurence R. “Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-Riding in Cults, Communes, and Other Collectives.” Journal of Political Economy 100, no. 2 (1992): 271–291.

İkiz, M. L. “Tahkirciler.” İslamın İlk Emri Oku 5, no. 49 (1965): 12.

Iqbal, Muhammad. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1968.

Işık, Vahdettin, Ahmet Köroğlu, and Yusuf Enes Sezgin. 1960–1980 Arası İslamcı Dergiler: Toparlanma ve Çeşitlenme. Ankara: İlem Kitaplığı, 2016.

Israel, Jonathan Irvine. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Izutsu, Toshihiko. Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an. Vol. 1. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002.

Jafri, Askari, trans. Peak of Eloquence, Nahjul Balagha Sermons and Letters of Imam, 11th rev. ed. Islamic Seminary Publications, n.d.

Jamal, Amaney A. Of Empires and Citizens: Pro-American Democracy or No Democracy at All? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.

———. “Reassessing Support for Islam and Democracy in the Arab World? Evidence from Egypt and Jordan.” World Affairs 169, no. 2 (2006): 51–63.

Jamalzadeh, Naser. “Sociopolitical Justice in Three Jurisprudential, Philosophical and Sociological Approaches.” Islamic Political Thought 2, no. 1 (2015): 7–42.

Johnson, Benton. “On Church and Sect.” American Sociological Review 28, no. 4 (1963): 539–549.

Kabbani, Nader. “Youth Unemployment in the Middle East and North Africa: Revisiting and Reframing the Challenge,” February 26, 2019. Available at https://www.brookings.edu/research/youth-employment-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-revisiting-and-reframing-the-challenge/.

Kara, İsmail. Türkiye’de İslamcılık Düşüncesi (I–II). İstanbul: Dergah Yayinlari, 2013.

Karagiannis, Emmanuel. The New Political Islam: Human Rights, Democracy, and Justice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.

Karakoç, Ekrem, and Birol Başkan. “Religion in Politics: How Does Inequality Affect Public Secularization?” Comparative Political Studies 45, no. 12 (2012): 1510–1541.

Karpat, Kemal. The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Karpat, Kemal H. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Keddie, Nikki R. An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghānī. Vol. 586. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

———. Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891–1892. London: Frank Cass, 1966.

Kedourie, Elie. Democracy and Arab Political Culture. Portland: Frank Cass, 1994.

Kemal, Namık. “And Seek Their Council in the Matter.” In Modernist Islam 1840–1940: A Source Book, edited by Charles Kurzman, 144–148. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

———. “Renan Müdafaanamesi.” In Külliyat-ı Kemal, 1st ed., edited by Ali Ekrem Bulayir, 58. Istanbul: Selanik Matbaasi, n.d.

Khadduri, Majid. The Islamic Conception of Justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.

Khan, M. A. Muqtedar. Islam and Good Governance: A Political Philosophy of Ihsan. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2019.

Khanani, Ahmed. “Contemporary Islamism and the Sacralization of Democracy.” Political Theology, 2013. Avialable at https://politicaltheology.com/political-theology-and-islamic-studies-symposium-contemporary-islamism-and-the-sacralization-of-democracy/.

Khatib, Lina, and Ellen Lust. Taking to the Streets: The Transformation of Arab Activism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.

Khawaja, Mustafa. “Fighting Corruption: From the Missing Link to Development Priority.” In Arab Human Development in the 21st Century: The Primacy of Empowerment, edited by Bahgat Korany, 105–130. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2014.

Khomeini, Sayyid R. M. Theory of Justice. Translated by Hussein Karamyar. Available at https://www.al-islam.org/theory-justice-sayyid-ruhullah-musawi-khomeini.

Korany, Bahgat. “Redefining Development for a New Generation: A Political Economy Analysis.” In Arab Human Development in the Twenty-First Century: The Primacy of Empowerment, edited by Bahgat Korany, 3–19. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2014.

Köroğlu, Ahmet. “Türkiye’de İslamcılık Düşüncesinin Seyrini Dergiler Üzerinden Okumak.” In 1960–1980 Arasi Islamci Dergiler: Toparlanma ve Cesitlenme, edited by Vahdettin Işık, Ahmet Köroğlu, and Yusuf Enes Sezgin, 5–41. Ankara: İlem Kitaplığı, 2016.

Kuhn, Randall. “On the Role of Human Development in the Arab Spring.” Population and Development Review 38, no. 4 (2012): 649–683.

Kuran, Timur. Islam and Mammon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.

———. “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989.” World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations 44, no. 1 (1991): 7–48.

Kuru, Ahmet T. Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

———. “Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion.” World Politics 59, no. 4 (2007): 568–594.

Kurzman, Charles. Liberal Islam: A Source Book. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Kyriacou, Andreas P. “Individualism–Collectivism, Governance and Economic Development.” European Journal of Political Economy 42 (2016): 91–104.

Lapidus, Ira. “Islamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 40, no. 4 (1997): 444–460.

Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

———. “The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Society.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 6, no. 4 (1975): 363–385.

Levitsky, Steven, and Daniel Ziblatt. How Democracies Die. New York: Broadway Books, 2018.

Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.

———. “Freedom and Justice in the Modern Middle East.” Foreign Affairs 84 (2005): 36.

———. “Islam and Liberal Democracy.” Atlantic Monthly 271, no. 2 (1993): 89–97.

———. “Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview.” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (1996): 52–63.

———. The Shaping of the Modern Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

———. “Why Turkey Is the Only Muslim Democracy.” Middle East Quarterly, March (1994): 41–49.

Licht, Amir N., Chanan Goldschmidt, and Shalom H. Schwartz. “Culture Rules: The Foundations of the Rule of Law and Other Norms of Governance.” Journal of Comparative Economics 35, no. 4 (2007): 659–688.

———. “The Emergence of Social Justice in the West.” In Routledge International Handbook of Social Justice, edited by Michael Reisch, 14–26. New York: Routledge, 2014.

Lyotard, Jean-Francois. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Translated by G. Bennington and B. Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979.

Madi-Sisman, Özlem. Muslims, Money, and Democracy in Turkey: Reluctant Capitalists. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2017.

Madi-Sisman, Özlem, and Sisman, Cengiz. “Immanuel Wallerstein, Islam, Islamists, and the World-System Theory.” The Maydan, November 2018. Available at https://themaydan.com/2018/11/immanuel-wallerstein-islam-islamists-world-system-theory/.

Maguire, Daniel C. “Religious Influences on Justice Theory.” In Routledge International Handbook of Social Justice, edited by Michael Reisch, 53–64. New York: Routledge, 2014.

March, Andrew F. The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019.

———. “Genealogies of Sovereignty in Islamic Political Theology.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 80, no. 1 (2013): 293–320.

———. “Taking People as They Are: Islam as a ‘Realistic Utopia’ in the Political Theory of Sayyid Qutb.” American Political Science Review 104, no. 1 (2010): 189–207.

Mardin, Serif. The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000.

Markham, Ian S., and Suendam Birinci Pirim. An Introduction to Said Nursi: Life, Thought and Writings. New York: Ashgate, 2011.

Marx, Karl. “Theses on Feuerbach (1845).” In Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, translated by W. Lough, 13–15. Moscow, USSR: Progress Publishers, 1969.

Masoud, Tarek. Counting Islam: Religion, Class, and Elections in Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Mawdudi, Abu al-A’la. “Nationalism and Islam.” In Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives, edited by John Donahue and John L. Esposito, 94–97. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Maydan. “Islam and Islamism in Turkey: A Conversation with İsmail Kara.” The Maydan, 2017. Available at https://themaydan.com/2017/10/islam-islamism-turkey-conversation-ismail-kara/.

McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. “Comparative Perspectives on Contentious Politics.” In Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, edited by Mark Irving Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman, 260–290. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Melucci, Alberto. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Menchik, Jeremy. Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

Mesquita, Bruce Bueno De, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.

Michot, Yahya. “Mamlūks, Qalandars, Rāfidīs, and the ‘Other’ Ibn Taymiyya.” Public Lecture at Hartford Seminary, CT, 2015. Avialable at https://www.academia.edu/32096818/Yahya_Michot_Mamlūks_Qalandars_Rāfidīs_and_the_Other_Ibn_Taymiyya_.

Mirakhor, Abbas, and Hossein Askari. Conceptions of Justice from Islam to the Present. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, 2020.

Mitchell, Timothy. Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil. London:Verso Books, 2011.

Moaddel, Mansoor. Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Moore, Barrington, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon, 1993.

Murphy, Caryle. “Saudi King Unveils Massive Spending Package.” National News (Abu Dhabi), March 19, 2011. Available at https://www.thenational.ae/news/world/saudi-king-unveils-massive-spending-package#page2.

Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza. Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism. New York: Oxford University Press on Demand, 1996.

Newton, Kenneth. “Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy.” International Political Science Review 22, no. 2 (2001): 201–214.

The Noble Quran. Quran.com. Saheeh International translation. Available at https://www.quran.com.

Norris, Pippa. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

North, Douglass C., John Joseph Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Nursi, Said. Risale-i Nur Külliyatì, 2 Vols. Istanbul: Nesil, 1996.

Nurtsch, Ceyda. “The Koran and Social Justice: Interview with Turkish Theologian İhsan Eliaçık,” January 15, 2014. Qantara. Accessed August 13, 2014. Available at http://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-turkish-theologian-ihsan-eliacik-the-koran-and-social-justice.

Özdalga, E. “Necip Fazıl Kısakürek: Heroic Nationalist in the Garden of Mysticism.” Meddelanden: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, Stockholm 19 (1994): 5–27.

Pepinsky, Thomas B., R. William Liddle, and Saiful Mujani. “Testing Islam’s Political Advantage: Evidence from Indonesia.” American Journal of Political Science 56, no. 3 (2012): 584–600.

Pepinsky, Thomas B., and Bozena C. Welborne. “Piety and Redistributive Preferences in the Muslim World.” Political Research Quarterly 64, no. 3 (2011): 491–505.

Phillips, Nelson, and Cynthia Hardy. Understanding Discourse Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002.

Philpott, Daniel. “Explaining the Political Ambivalence of Religion.” American Political Science Review 101, no. 3 (2007): 505–525.

Pilavoğlu, M. K. “Dünya Medeniyetleri Arasında İslâm Medeniyeti İslâm Medeniyetinin Temeli Adâlettir İslâmiyetin Adalet Anlayışı.” İlahi Işık 5, no. 104 (1971): 8.

Pitlik, Hans, and Martin Rode. “Individualistic Values, Institutional Trust, and Interventionist Attitudes.” Journal of Institutional Economics 13, no. 3 (2017): 575–598.

Porta, Rafael La, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny. “The Quality of Government.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15, no. 1 (1999): 222–279.

Putnam, Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000.

Quisay, Walaa, and Thomas Parker. “Thought, On the Theology of Obedience: An Analysis of Shaykh Bin Bayyah and Shaykh Hamza Yusuf’s Political.” The Maydan, 2019.

Qutb, Sayyid. Milestones. International Islamic, 1981.

———. Social Justice in Islam. Translated by John B. Hardie. Oneonta, NY: Islamic Publications International, 2000.

Rahman, Fazlur. “The Principle of ‘Shūrā’ and the Role of the Umma in Islam.” American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (1984): 1.

Ramadan, Tariq. Islam, the West and the Challenges of Modernity. Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 2001.

———. Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Renan, Ernest. “Islamism and Science.” In The Poetry of the Celtic Races and Other Studies, translated by William G. Hutchison, 84–108. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1970.

Rizzo, Helen, Abdel-Hamid Abdel-Latif, and Katherine Meyer. “The Relationship between Gender Equality and Democracy: A Comparison of Arab versus Non-Arab Muslim Societies.” Sociology 41, no. 6 (2007): 1151–1170.

Robbins, Michael, and Amaney Jamal. “The State of Social Justice in the Arab World: The Arab Uprisings of 2011 and Beyond.” Contemporary Readings in Law & Social Justice 8, no. 1 (2016): 127–157.

Rose, Richard. “Does Islam Make People Anti-Democratic? A Central Asian Perspective.” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 4 (2002): 8–37.

Rotter, Julian B. “Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement.” Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 80, no. 1 (1966): 1.

Sachedina, Abdulaziz. The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.

Sarfati, Yusuf. “Challenging Hegemony: Voices of Dissent from the Islamic Left in Turkey.” In Political Muslims: Understanding Youth Resistance in the Global Context, edited by Tahir Abbas and Sadek Hamid, 149–172. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2019.

Schmitter, Philippe C., and Terry Lynn Karl. “What Democracy Is . . . and Is Not.” Journal of Democracy 2, no. 3 (1991): 75–88.

Schwartz, Shalom H. “Mapping and Interpreting Cultural Differences around the World.” In Comparing Cultures, Dimensions of Culture in a Comparative Perspective, edited by H. Vinken, J. Soeters, and P. Ester. Boston, MA: Brill, 2004.

———. Values and Culture. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Schwedler, Jillian. “Comparative Politics and the Arab Uprisings.” Middle East Law and Governance 7, no. 1 (2015): 141–152.

Sedgwick, Mark. Muhammad Abduh. London: Oneworld, 2014.

Sen, Amartya Kumar. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Sevgili, M. “Allahın Adaleti.” İslamın İlk Emri Oku 15, no. 177 (1977): 14.

Shariati, ʿAli. “And Once Again Abu-Dhar.” n.d.

———. “Eslam-Shenasi (Islamology).” Tehran: Ershad, 1971.

———. “Man and Islam.” In Man and Islam, edited by Fatollah Marjani. New Jersey: IPI, 1981. Kindle.

———. Man and Islam. Edited by Fatollah Marjani. New Jersey: IPI, 1981. Kindle.

———. “Modern Man and His Prisons.” In Man and Islam, edited by Fatollah Marjani. New Jersey: IPI, 1981. Kindle.

———. “Red Shi’ism (the Religion of Martyrdom) vs. Black Shi’ism (the Religion of Mourning).” Accessed May 20, 2021. Avialable at https://www.iranchamber.com/personalities/ashariati/works/red_black_shiism.php.

———. “Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People.” 2 Pts. Accessed May 5, 2018. Available at http://www.shariati.com/kotob.html.

———. Religion vs Religion. Chicago: ABC International, 2003.

———. “Worldview of Tawhid.” In On the Sociology of Islam. Translated by Hamid Algar. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press, 1979.

———. “World Vision.” In Man and Islam, edited by Fatollah Marjani. New Jersey: IPI, 1981. Kindle.

Sim, David. “FIFA World Cup 2014: Brazilian Batman Crusades for Justice in Rio Protests.” June 13, 2014. Available at https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/fifa-world-cup-2014-brazilian-batman-crusades-justice-rio-protests-1452546.

Smith, Christian. The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and Social Movement Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Spierings, Niels. “The Influence of Islamic Orientations on Democratic Support and Tolerance in Five Arab Countries.” Politics and Religion 7, no. 4 (2014): 706–733.

Stark, Rodney, and Roger Finke. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

Stepan, Alfred C., and Graeme B. Robertson. “An ‘Arab’ More Than a ‘Muslim’ Democracy Gap.” Journal of Democracy 14, no. 3 (2003): 30–44.

Svolik, Milan W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Tamimi, Azzam. Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat within Islamism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Tessler, Mark. “Islam and Democracy in the Middle East: The Impact of Religious Orientations on Attitudes toward Democracy in Four Arab Countries.” Comparative Politics 34, no. 3 (2002): 337–354.

———. Islam and Politics in the Middle East: Explaining the Views of Ordinary Citizens. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015.

Tessler, Mark, Amaney Jamal, and Michael Robbins. “New Findings on Arabs and Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 4 (2012): 89–103.

Thompson, Elizabeth F. Justice Interrupted: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Middle East. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.

Tilly, Charles. Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Tosun, M. H. “Mağaralarımızın Tıkaçlarına İlahi Çözüm Saygı İffet ve Adaleti Kuşanmak.” Özgün İrade 6, no. 65 (2009): 40–42.

Transparency International. “Middle East and North Africa: Corruption Continues as Institutions and Political Rights Weaken.” January 29, 2019. Available at https://www.transparency.org/en/news/regional-analysis-mena.

Tuğal, Cihan. Passive Revolution: Absorbing the Islamic Challenge to Capitalism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.

Türkmen, Hamza. “Toplumu Kuran Ekseninde Donusturmeyi Esas Almaliyiz.” Yeni Yeryüzü 1 no. 9 (1994): 7.

Türköne, Mümtazer. Siyasi Ideoloji Olarak Islamciligin Dogusu. Istanbul: Iletisim, 1991.

Tusi, Nasir Al-Din Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad. Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī. [18th Century] Manuscript/Mixed Material. Avialable at https://www.loc.gov/item/2016404676/.

Uslaner, Eric M. “Democracy and Social Capital.” In Democracy and Trust, edited by Mark Warren, 121–150. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Vahide, Sukran. Islam in Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. “Islam, the West, and the World.” Journal of Islamic Studies 10, no. 2 (1999): 109–125.

———. “The Political Construction of Islam in the Modern World-System.” In Islam and the Orientalist World-System, edited by Khaldoun Samman and Mazhar Al-Zo’by, 33–44. London and New york: Routledge, 2015.

Walzer, Richard. Abū Naṣr Al-Fārābī’s Mabādi’ Ārā’ Ahl Al-Madīna Al-Fāḍila: A Revised Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Allen and Unwin, 1930.

Wedeen, Lisa. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

Weedon, C. Feminist Practice and Post-Structuralist Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987.

Yavuz, M. Hakan. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

———. “Nationalism and Islam: Yusuf Akçura and ‘Üç Tarz-ı Siyaset.’” Journal of Islamic Studies 4, no. 2 (1993): 175–207.

———. Nostalgia for the Empire: The Politics of Neo-Ottomanism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.

———. Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey. Vol. 28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

———. Toward an Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

———. “Turkey: Islam without Shari’a?” In Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, edited by Robert W. Hefner, 146–178. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.

Yavuz, M. Hakan, and John L. Esposito. Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gülen Movement. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2003.

Yazgan, M. “Adalet ve Zulüm.” Büyük Doğu 13, no. 20 (1967): 20.

Yeniçeri, C. “İslâm’da Ölçü ve Tartı.” İslam Medeniyeti 2, no. 13 (1968): 11.

Yenigun, Halil Ibrahim. “The New Antinomies of the Islamic Movement in Post-Gezi Turkey: Islamism vs. Muslimism.” Turkish Studies 18, no. 2 (2017): 229–250.

Yıldırım, E. “Şura, Biat ve Adalet Temeldir.” Yeni Zemin 1, no. 5 (1993): 20–21.

Yom, Sean L. From Resilience to Revolution: How Foreign Interventions Destabilize the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015.