Index

Page numbers followed by the letter f refer to figures.

accompaniment, 11, 12, 13
Active Transportation Project, 39
activists, 17–21; in air quality monitoring, 26–27, 97; alliances and collaborations of, 26, 30, 47, 107, 124–126, 134–135, 139, 148; Chicana/o, 130–131; experiential knowledge of, 105, 107; oil wastewater concerns of, 34, 35; people categorized and labeled as, 97, 104, 107, 108; pesticide concerns of, 22; reports to regulatory agencies, 18; as research resource, 11; on toxic tours, 10, 13, 17–20; transition to work as, 95–97
Adams, Lucy W., 113
advocates: patients as self-advocates, 54, 56, 61, 66, 71; for prisoners, 11, 12, 16, 43, 44
aerial spray of pesticides, 99, 100, 101, 139
Agbayani Village for elderly housing, 142
Agricultural Worker’s Health and Medical Association, 141
Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, 134
agriculture, 21, 31; consolidation of businesses in, 31; 80–20 rule in, 31; farmworkers in (see farmworkers); and food insecurity, 13; fumigants in, 25, 98; grapes in, 24, 90f, 131, 134, 135–136; industrial, 21, 47, 97; multiracial labor resistance in, 124–126; oil wastewater in, 34–36; pesticides in (see pesticides); pollution from, 21; power relations in, 47, 97; residential homes near field operations in, 25, 92f, 103
air pollution, 9, 10, 21–27; cumulative burden from exposures to, 6, 100; in disadvantaged unincorporated communities, 38, 39, 40; from gas pipeline leak, 95–97; from oil extraction, 18; from pesticides, 10, 13, 22–24, 100, 103–105; prison facilities affected by, 41, 43; toxic tours visiting sites of, 13, 17–20, 37; from waste facilities, 23, 26–27, 100
Air Quality Flag Program in schools, 25
air quality monitoring, 25, 26–27, 96, 97
Allende, Salvador, 137
allergies, misdiagnosis of, 57
almond orchards, 24, 25
American Farm Bureau Federation, 126
Ansell, David, 7
antiecologies, 36
Araiza, Lauren, 133, 136
Armstrong v. Newsom, 82
arsenic, 23, 39
arthritis, misdiagnosis of, 51
artistic practices: of Rebel Chicano Art Front, 130–131; of Teatro Campesino, 134
assimilation, 113–114, 115
asthma, 9, 23, 24, 38, 104
autism, 23
Avenal State Prison (ASP), 69, 72–78, 83; dust control in, 85; as endemic facility, 74n2; incidence of valley fever in, 75n3, 76, 79, 84

Baba, George, 111–112
Baba, Kosaburo, 124
Bakersfield CA, 3, 11, 12–13, 89f–91f; Chinatown in, 120; hospital in, 37; ICE office in, 30; Japanese in, 125; Mexicans in, 128; oil extraction sites in, 34, 35, 89f; policing in, 44; prison facilities in, 42; residential segregation in, 119; summer temperatures in, 27
beat-the-heat campaign, 28
biological risk, 9, 118; in colonial narratives, 116; disease attributed to, 6, 7, 21, 86, 117, 130, 140–141; in violence etiology, 136–137
biomedical approach, 6, 103, 106, 144; contributions of laypeople in, 14, 105–106; individual as focus in, 68, 148; medications in, 5 (see also medications for valley fever); racism in, 133, 135, 137; research funding for, 146; socioecology ignored in, 6, 7; in violence center, 136
Black Panther newspaper, 135, 136, 137
Black Panther Party (BPP), 14, 133–137, 144
Blacks, 6, 75, 119, 135; exclusion policies on, 129, 130; People’s Free Medical Clinics for, 14, 132, 133–134; in prison system, 6, 41–42, 84
Blaine Larsen Farms labor violations, 33
blame placed on individuals, 5, 6, 74, 97, 105, 108
Body and Soul (Nelson), 133
bone infection in valley fever, 51
boycotts of grapes, 131, 134, 135–136
Bracero Program, 126–127, 141–142
Brady, Mary Pat, 46
brain infection in valley fever, 2
Braz, Rose, 14, 147
breakfast programs, free, 12–13, 136
Briggs, Charles, 146
bubonic plague, 118, 122
Bucket Brigade, 26–27
Burlingame Treaty (1868), 117

CalEnviroScreen mapping tools, 38, 43
Calexico CA, 93f, 94f, 138
California Alien Land Law (1913), 125
California Correctional Health Care Services, 76, 82
California Correctional Institution, 74n2
California Correctional Peace Officers Association, 75–76
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), 6, 69–70, 73–79, 81, 84–86; Avenal State Prison of (see Avenal State Prison); firefighter training of inmates, 150; lawsuits on health practices of, 73–78, 85–86, 87; Pleasant Valley State Prison of (see Pleasant Valley State Prison)
California Department of Public Health, 75, 76, 139, 141
California Division of Occupational Safety and Health on heat illness, 28
California Independent Petroleum Association, 36
California Pesticide Drift Exposure Response Act (2005), 21
California Prisoners Unions, 137
Camp Florence (Pinal County AZ), 78n5, 112, 114
Camp Hamilton Veterans Park, 34
capitalism, racial, 130, 133, 146, 148
carceral state, 69–87. See also prison system
case stories: of Arturo, 60, 63, 98, 99; of Champion, 56–58, 59, 61–62; of Chiagozi, 78, 79, 81; of Clara, 55–56; of Elijah, 70–72; of Elisa, 100–102; of Felicita, 103–104; of Isabel, 65–66; of Joaquin, 79, 80, 81, 82–83; of Jorge, 100–102; of Jose, 62–63; of Liz, 95–97, 105, 107–108; of Luis, 57, 59–60, 63; of Maria, 98–100; of Marilou and Beatrice, 2–3; of Mary, 49–52; of Noe, 57–58, 63, 65; of Rob, 72–73, 79, 83–84; of Rodrigo, 60, 62, 63–64; of Ronnie, 4–5, 80; of Soledad, 64–65; of Tita, 53–55
Center for Race, Poverty, and the Environment, 97
Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence, 136
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2, 53, 74n2, 77
Central Pacific Railroad, 117, 119
Central Valley CA: agriculture in (see agriculture); endemic areas for valley fever in, 2 (see also endemic areas for valley fever); environmental hazards in, 100, 101, 110, 116, 147; immigrant population in (see immigrant population); incarceration rate for residents of, 41–42; incidence of valley fever in, 85–86; Indigenous people in, 115, 116; multiracial farm labor resistance in, 124–126; oil and gas extraction in (see oil and gas extraction); pesticides in, 23 (see also pesticides); policing in, 41–42, 46; racial capitalism in, 130, 148; racialization in, 9, 52, 111, 126, 129–131; research methods in, 1, 11; toxic tours in, 13, 17–20, 34, 37; water quality in, 35
Chavez, Cesar, 104, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138
“Chavista,” categorization as, 104, 108
Chevron, 35, 36
Chicana/o activists, 19, 128, 130–131
children, 23, 24; Indigenous, 115; labor of, 135; lead exposure of, 43; monitoring air quality for, 25–26; pesticide exposure of, 13, 22, 23, 139; of undocumented families, 143
Chinatowns, 118, 120, 121, 122–123, 127
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 112, 122, 123, 124
Chinese immigrants, 111–112, 117–124, 129
cholera, 117, 118
Cisneros, Sandra, 15
citizen science, 26–27
citizenship, 37, 67, 97, 107; for Chinese, 117, 122; for Japanese, 114, 125
Clean Water Center, 39
climate change: heat-related illnesses in, 27–29; vulnerability of incarcerated populations in, 149–150
coalitions: in air quality monitoring, 97; in community-based environmental research, 97, 106; in community health clinics, 14, 132–144; in drinking water concerns, 39; in multiracial farm labor resistance, 124–126
Coccidioides immitis, 2
coccidioidomycosis, 2. See also valley fever
Colbert, Stephen, 32
collective bargaining by farmworkers, 137
colonialism, 108, 114–117
Colorado River Land Company (CRLC), 123
Committee for a Better Arvin (CBA), 12, 26–27, 44, 97, 100
Committee for a Better Earlimart, 103
Committee on the Cost of Medical Care, 140
Committee Opposing Psychiatric Abuse of Prisoners, 137
communication, 5, 60–64; derogatory tone of health staff in, 50, 80; health insurance affecting, 51; misdiagnosis and mistreatment in, 66; in prison system, 72, 78, 79, 80–81; on surgical procedure, 57–58; waiting time for information in, 57; on work conditions, lack of physician interest in, 98; on workers’ compensation and disability benefits, 60–63
Community and Migrant Health Clinics (C/MHC), 143
community-based participatory action research, 97, 107, 147
community clinics, 14, 53, 132–144; in Calexico CA, 93f, 94f; of National Farmworkers Health Group, 14, 132–133, 134, 137–138, 142; People’s Free Medical Clinic, 14, 132, 133–134, 150
Community Equity Initiative, 36
Community Recycling and Resource Center, 26–27
compliance with therapy, 3–4, 51, 55, 148
concentrated animal feeding operations, 41, 43
confidentiality in research, 10, 12
consent of research participants, 10
contracts for farmworkers, 126–127, 137
Corcoran State Prison, 74n2
corridos in cultural environment, 1, 2
Costa Vargas, Joao, 10
cost of medications for valley fever, 3–4, 53, 148; family assistance with, 4, 63, 65; in prison system, 73, 147; as unaffordable, 3, 51, 147; for uninsured, 54, 55–56
cotton production, 123
court cases: on H-2A visa program violations, 33; on health care in prison, 6, 73–78, 82, 85–86, 149
COVID-19 pandemic, 24, 33, 145, 146, 149
criminalization, 5, 8, 14, 19, 21, 30, 40
criminal justice system, 9, 136–137
crimmigration policies, 30, 40
“Crossroads Ministries,” 12–13
cruel and unusual punishment, 85, 149
cumulative disadvantages, 9
cumulative health burdens, 8, 43; for Japanese American prisoners, 112; in prison system, 6, 9, 43–44, 46, 74; recovery from valley fever in, 101–102; risk for valley fever in, 6, 8–9, 100, 101, 105, 107
cumulative vulnerabilities, 9–10, 21, 46

dairy operations, 43
De Anda, Teresa, 22, 23
deaths, 2, 6, 50, 52; in COVID-19 pandemic, 149; in diarrhea, 140; heat-related, 28, 29; of Indigenous people in colonial settlements, 115–116; perinatal, 140; police-related, 45; in prison facilities, 4–5, 77, 80, 81, 149; of waste facility workers, 26
Delano CA: community clinics in, 132, 138, 142; grape boycott in, 134; pesticide concerns in, 21, 22, 23, 103; prison facility in, 74n2
“delinquent citizenship,” 67
democratization of health care, 14, 132–144
deportation, threat of, 8, 30, 108, 144; for Chinese, 112, 122, 123; for H-2A visa workers, 33; for Japanese, 125; for prisoners, 29, 42; in status as displaceable and disposable, 47, 110, 129, 130, 148
depression era, 123, 124, 140
diabetes, persons with, 6, 51, 54, 77
diagnosis of valley fever, 3, 49–54, 57, 60; and misdiagnosis (see misdiagnosis in valley fever); number of visits for, 56; in prison system, 71, 72–73, 79–80, 86; return to work after, 60; travel distance and transportation affecting, 37, 58
diarrhea, death rate from, 140
dibromochloropropane (DBCP), 23
diphtheria, 114, 115, 116, 118
disability insurance, 50, 61–63, 83
disadvantaged unincorporated communities (DUCs), 36–40
discrimination: of formerly incarcerated, 83; language, 5, 8; racial, 45, 140, 142
“diseases have no eyes,” 15, 131
distrust of health care system, 57, 59
documentation status, 29–30, 59, 67; and health care access, 55, 143–144
double consciousness, 19
drinking water, 23, 38–39, 43, 127
drought, 31, 38–39
Du Bois, W. E. B., 19
dust bowl refugees, 140
dust devil, 92f
dust exposure, 2, 39, 43, 89f–92f; in cumulative hazards, 101; face masks for, 76; in prison facilities, 43, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 85; soil sealants for control of, 85; from tractor movements, 25, 100; in WWII internment camps, 111, 112, 113

Earlimart CA, 22–23, 24–25, 92f, 103–105
East Porterville CA, 38
ecosocial theory, 8–9
Eighth Amendment rights, 85
Eisenhower, Milton, 113
elderly, 24, 139, 142
Emergency Medi-Cal state insurance, 55, 143
emergency room services, 3, 7, 50, 53–54, 58; denial of, 130; for diagnosis of valley fever, 53; in pesticide poisoning, 103–104; waiting time for, 53
endemic areas for valley fever, 2, 9, 16; family disintegration in, 65–66; Japanese farmers in, 111; prison facilities in, 6, 69, 70, 74, 76–79, 84–85, 86, 147, 149; racial health disparities in, 6, 129; World War II prison camps in, 78n5, 112
environmental factors, 7–10, 14–16; air pollution in (see air pollution); and blame placed on individuals, 5, 6, 74, 97, 105, 108; in climate change, 27–29, 149–150; in cumulative hazards, 14, 100, 105; in cumulative vulnerabilities, 9–10; dust exposure in (see dust exposure); heat exposure in, 27–29, 102; in miasmic theory, 116, 118; nonwhite people seen as immune to, 116–117; pesticide exposure in (see pesticides); racialized exposure to, 110; research methods on, 10, 11, 13; in socioecology (see socioecology)
environmental health, 9, 14
environmental injustice, 9, 15, 19, 37, 102–103
environmental justice activists, 17–21. See also activists
environmental racism, 8, 21, 84; in disadvantaged unincorporated communities, 38; health disparities in, 106; in prison system, 40–45, 85
environmental violence, 15
epidemics in colonial settlements, 114–116
epidemiology, laypeople contributions in, 105–106
Epstein, Steven, 105, 106
evacuation from homes in gas pipeline leak, 95–97
expert knowledge, 26, 105, 106, 107

face masks for dust exposure, 76
family: financial support from, 4, 63, 64, 65; gender roles in, 50, 59–60, 64–65, 68; impact of valley fever in, 3–4, 50, 52, 64–66; remittances sent to, 60; transportation assistance from, 58, 65
Fanon, Frantz, 137
Farmer, Paul, 7
Farm Security Administration, 140, 141
farmworkers, 27–34; and activist collaboration, 107, 134–137; blamed for toxicity experienced, 97, 98; Chinese immigrants as, 117, 120, 123; communication of health providers with, 60–64, 105; in community-based participatory action research, 97; contracts for, 126–127, 137; cumulative vulnerabilities affecting, 9; daily challenges affecting, 4; diagnosis of valley fever in, 57; in disadvantaged unincorporated communities, 36–39; distrust of medical system, 59; documentation status of, 29–30, 59, 64, 67; dust exposure of, 22, 102; in endemic areas, 16, 111; exploitation of, 9, 30, 33, 34; in grape vineyards, 24, 56, 57, 90f; in H-2A visa program, 32–34; health care access for, 5, 14, 37, 67, 68, 132, 137–144; health care providers mislabeling woman as, 50–51, 52; heat exposure of, 27–29, 102; incidence of valley fever in, 6, 7; Japanese immigrants as, 124–125; knowledge as layperson, 105, 108; labor camps for, 33, 67, 127, 128, 139, 140–141; Mexican immigrants as, 126–129 (see also Mexican immigrants); pesticide exposure of, 21–23, 98–100, 102, 139; research methods involving, 2–3, 10, 11; return to work, 59–60; sexualities of, 108–109; strikes of, 17, 124; wages paid to, 29, 30, 31, 33, 66, 126–127
Farm Workers Health Services, 139
Favela, Ricardo, 130–131
fever, as symptom in valley fever, 2, 53, 60, 101
Filipino American Labor Union, 124
Filipinos, 6, 77, 124, 126, 134, 142
financial challenges in valley fever, 60–67; as burden for family, 4, 64–65; in cost of medications (see cost of medications for valley fever); coworker assistance in, 63–64, 68; debt accumulated in, 51, 52, 63; family support in, 4, 63, 64, 65; and return to work, 59–60
firefighters, inmates trained as, 150
flea markets, recruitment of research participants at, 1–2
Floyd, George, 145
food insecurity, 13
formerly incarcerated people, 14, 81–84; faith-based ministry services for, 12, 13; return to work, 83, 86; transitional health care for, 82–83, 86, 147
fracking, 11, 17–19, 35
Free Southern Theater Company, 134
Fresno CA: Chinatown in, 120, 127; Chinese immigrants in, 119–120; as endemic area for valley fever, 2, 111; health care access in, 55–56; heat illness in, 28; incarceration rate for residents in, 41; Japanese immigrants in, 124; Mexican immigrants in, 127, 128; multiracial farm labor resistance in, 124; pesticide use in, 23; Pleasant Valley State Prison in, 79; residential segregation in, 119, 128; toxic tours in, 13, 37
Fresno Federation of Labor, 124
Fryer, E. R., 113
Fullilove, Mindy Thompson, 52, 67
fumigants, 25, 98

Gage, Henry Tifft, 122
Galgiani, John, 77
Gandhi, Mahatma, 135
Garduque, Tony, 131
gas stations refusing service to Mexican farmworkers, 142
Geary Act (1892), 122
gender roles in family, 50, 59–60, 64–65, 68
genetic factors in health disparities, 6, 7, 8, 16, 147
Geneva conventions on prisoners of war, 78n5, 114
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907), 125
German prisoners of war, 86, 114
germ theory, 118, 122
Gila River Indian Community (Pinal County AZ), 113, 114
Gila River Relocation Center (Pinal County AZ), 111–114
Gilmore, Craig, 14, 147
gold mining, Chinese immigrants in, 117, 119
Gomez, Marisela, 45
grapes, 24, 56, 57; boycotts of, 131, 134, 135–136; Hernandez poster on, 131; pesticides on, 135–136; shade for workers under, 24, 90f
The Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck), 38
Great Depression, 123, 124, 140
Gregge v. Kate, 85
Gross, Liza, 36
ground-level ozone, 24, 25
GSI Environmental, 35–36
guest workers in H-2A visa program, 32–34
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 137
Gutierrez, Ramon, 129
Guzmán, Christina Morales, 127

H-2A Agriculture Visa program, 32–34
Harrison, Jill Lindsey, 22
Hawaii, 122, 124
healers, traditional, 133
health care access, 5, 6–7, 50–52; Agricultural Worker’s Health and Medical Association in, 141; in community clinics (see community clinics); democratization of, 14, 132–144; denial of, 130; for formerly incarcerated, 86; in hospitals (see hospital services); as human right, 68, 148; indigent programs for, 6–7, 54–56; insurance for (see health insurance); in prison system, 4–5, 70, 71, 72, 86; Proposition 187 affecting, 143–144; Public Law 45 affecting, 141–142; red tape in, 5, 9, 54, 55, 147; unexpectancy feeling in, 52, 67; wait time for, 52–59, 66, 67, 147
health care providers: beliefs on cause of valley fever, 98; communication with, 50, 57, 58, 60–64, 80; in community clinics, 53; cost of visits to, 54; of gas pipeline leak exposed families, 96; labeling of patients by, 104, 107; in long-term care, 83–84; in Mexico, 3, 53, 54, 102; misdiagnoses on valley fever by, 51, 54, 57, 72–73, 101; in pesticide poisoning response, 99, 103–105; in prison system, 5, 71, 72–73, 78, 79, 80–81; recommending relocation for recovery, 101–102; travel for appointments with, 58, 65; wait time for, 53, 57
health disparities, 6–9, 15, 16; racial (see racial health disparities)
health insurance: of formerly incarcerated people, 82, 84; importance of, 53; indigent programs for, 6–7, 54–56; lack of, 3–4, 50–51, 54, 55–56, 143; Medi-Cal, 6, 51, 52, 55, 143; state subsidized, 52, 55
health justice, 142–144
heat exposure, 27–29, 102
Henderson, Thelton, 74, 77–78
Hernandez, Ester, 131
Hines v. Youseff, 85
HIV and AIDS, 6, 77, 106
Homeland Security Investigation (HSI) police, 30
homophobia, 109
hope, loss of, 4, 5
Horton, Sarah, 28
HoSang, Daniel Martinez, 129
hospital services, 6–7, 37, 50–54; for asthma in children, 24; distance and transportation for, 37, 58; in emergency room (see emergency room services); in pesticide exposures, 23, 103–105
The House on Mango Street (Cisneros), 15
housing: cost of, compared to wages, 127; drinking water in, 23, 38–39, 43, 127; forced evacuation from, 95–97; in H-2A visa program, 33; insecurity in, 9; in labor camps, 33, 127, 128, 139, 140–141; proximity to field operations, 25, 92f, 103; residential segregation in (see residential segregation)
Huang, Ganlin, 9
Huerta, Dolores, 131, 134
human rights: health care as, 68, 148; for prisoners of war, 86
hydrogen sulfide, 26–27

ICE officials, 29–30
Identifying Violations Affecting Neighbors Kern (IVAN Kern), 27
identity: collective, of Chicana/o, 19, 131; gender, 132, 146; racialized, 15, 47, 70
immigrant population: Chinese, 111–112, 117–124, 129; as displaceable, disposable, and deportable, 47, 110, 148; documentation status of, 29–30, 55, 59, 67, 143–144; education access for, 143; health care services for, 67, 118, 119, 139–142; historical views on, 67, 117; intimidation and harassment of, 108; Japanese, 111–114, 124–126, 129, 149; language and culture of, 126; Mexican (see Mexican immigrants); state legislation reducing rights of, 142–144
Immigration and Naturalization Services, 143
immigration policies, 9, 14, 29–30, 142–143; Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) in, 112, 122, 123, 124; crimmigration in, 30, 40; deportation threat in (see deportation, threat of); gender imbalance from, 119–120, 121; H-2A visa program in, 32–34; Page Act (1875) in, 119, 121; quota system in, 122
Immigration Reform Act (1924), 122
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), 142–143
immunocompromised people, 2, 6, 77; in HIV and AIDS, 6, 77, 106
incarceration. See prison system
incidence of valley fever, 2; in Central Valley residents, 85–86; in farmworkers, 6, 7; in prison system, 6, 69, 71, 74, 75n3, 76, 78, 79, 84
Indigenous people, 6, 113, 114–116, 119; community policing of, 44; exclusion policies on, 129, 130; incarceration rate for, 41
indigent health programs, 6–7, 54–56
insubordination: of Chinese immigrants, 123; creating spaces of, 19, 20; Japanese practices in, 125
insurance: disability, 50, 61–63, 83; health (see health insurance); unemployment, 30, 61, 63; workers’ compensation, 30, 60–63
International Labor Defense, 125
internment camps in World War II, 111–114, 129, 149
interviews in research, 10–11, 12
Inuits, 6, 77
irrigation with oil wastewater, 34–36
Italian prisoners of war, 78n5, 86, 114
Itliong, Larry, 131, 134

Jackson v. Brown, 85
Japanese American Federation of Japanese Labor, 124
Japanese and Japanese Americans, 111–114, 124–126; assimilation plan on, 113–114; farming cooperatives of, 125; in WWII internment camps, 111–114, 129, 149
Japanese Buddhist Temple (Bakersfield CA), 125
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association farmworker union, 124
Japanese Workers Association, 124–125
Jim Crow laws, 117, 122
Jiminez, Flaco, 11

Kelso, J. Clark, 74, 75
Kennedy, John F., 139
Kennedy, Robert F., 135
Kern County, 14, 17–27; agribusiness consolidation in, 31; disadvantaged unincorporated communities (DUCs) in, 36–40; as endemic area, 2; H-2A visa program in, 32; heat-related illnesses in, 27–29; immigration policies in, 29–30; incarceration rate in, 41; oil wastewater in, 34–36; prison facilities in, 40–45; research methods in, 1, 11, 12, 13, 14; sheriff department, 30, 40, 42, 93f; toxic tours in, 13, 17–20
Kern Crossroads Youth Facility, 40–41
Kern Environmental Enforcement Network, 97
Kern Medical Center, 50–52
Kern River Oil Field, 89f
Kern Valley State Prison, 74n2
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 135
Kleinfeld, Andrew Jay, 85–86
knowledge: in benefit claims filing process, 61; in community-based collaborations, 20, 26–27, 106; depriving prisoners of, 80–81; experiential, 105, 107, 109; informal systems of, 108; of laypeople, 8, 16, 26–27, 97, 105–106; local, in collective self-defense system, 46; and narratives in official records, 107–108; of vulnerable groups on socioecology, 5, 7, 8, 16, 107
Krieger, Nancy, 8

labels applied: as activist or passive worker, 97, 104, 107, 108; as disposable, displaceable, and deportable, 47, 110, 129, 130, 148; as undeserving, 6, 20, 118, 128
labor camps for farmworkers, 33, 67, 127, 128, 139, 140–141
labor movements: alliances and collaborations in, 30, 47, 107, 124–126, 134–135, 139; Chicana/o activists in, 130–131; grape boycotts in, 131, 134, 135–136; nonviolent, 135; pesticide concerns in, 21, 135–136; strikes in, 17, 124
Lamont CA, 39
land ownership, 47; of Chinese, 122; of Indigenous people, 113, 115; of Japanese, 125–126; of large-scale farms, 32, 120, 123; of Mexican immigrants, 127; in Mexico, 124
land use: Indigenous traditional practices in, 115; politics of, 19
Lange, Dorothea, 38
language, 5, 8, 44, 46–47
Larsen Farms labor violations, 33
Latinx, 3, 9, 14; categorization as passive worker or angry activist, 97; in disadvantaged unincorporated communities, 38; incidence of valley fever in, 6, 75, 77, 84; Mexican immigrants (see Mexican immigrants); in prison system, 41–42, 75, 77; racialized interpretations of valley fever in, 111
lawsuits: on H-2A visa program violations, 33; on health care in prison system, 6, 73–78, 82, 85–86, 149
laypeople, knowledge of, 8, 26–27, 97, 105–106
lead exposure, 43, 133
learning disabilities, 23
legacy communities, 36
leprosy, 122
Lerdo prison facilities, 40
Liboiron, Max, 21
life expectancy, 7, 87
Lipsitz, George, 11
Logan, Thomas M., 116
London, Jonathan, 9
Lost Hills CA, 37
low-birth weight, 9, 38
Lucas, Kimberley, 84

malaria, 115, 117, 128
Mantini-Briggs, Clara, 146
marriages, interracial, 119, 122, 123
Marshall Project, 149
Martin, Philip, 31
Martin Luther King Jr. Park, 12–13, 44
Massey, Doreen, 46–47
McFarland CA, 23, 55, 56, 139
McKittrick Oil Field, 35
measles, 114, 115, 116
Medicaid, 143
Medi-Cal health insurance, 6, 51, 52, 55, 143
Medical Indigent Assistance (MIA) program, 55–56
medical racism, 5, 8, 66, 135; history of, 110, 111; in miasmic theory, 118–119; oppressive conditions caused by, 133; in prison system, 70
Medicare, 6
medications for valley fever, 98; compliance with, 3–4, 51, 55, 148; cost of (see cost of medications for valley fever); for formerly incarcerated people, 82–83; long-term, 83, 101–102; in prison system, 73, 78, 81; side effects of, 83
Merced County CA, 111, 119, 120, 126
Mexicali (Mexico), Chinese immigrants in, 123–124
Mexican American Political Association, 136
Mexican Baptist church (Fresno CA), 127
Mexican Farm Labor Program Agreement (Bracero Program), 126–127, 141–142
Mexican immigrants, 12, 124, 126–130; in Bracero Program, 126–127, 141–142; cost of housing for, 127; in disadvantaged unincorporated communities, 38; gas stations refusing to provide service to, 142; in H-2A visa program, 32, 33; health care access of, 50–51; health care provider beliefs about, 50, 98, 99, 104; in labor camps and shantytowns, 141; in multiracial farm labor resistance, 124; mutual aid societies of, 128; pesticide exposure of, 98–100, 103–104; returning to Mexico, 66; sending remittances to family, 60; undocumented status of, 59
Mexico: Chinese immigrants in, 123–124; consultations with physicians in, 3, 53, 54, 102; remittances sent to family in, 60; return to, 66
miasmic theory, 116, 118–119
Migrant Health Act (1962), 139
mining, Chinese immigrants in, 117, 119
miscarriage, 6, 55
misdiagnosis in valley fever, 51, 54, 58, 66; and delay in treatment, 3, 53, 54; in prison system, 72–73; self-advocacy of patients in, 56
Molina, Emily Tumpson, 39–40
Molina, Natalia, 129, 130
Moses, Marion, 138–139
movement-based geography, 11
multiracial farm labor resistance, 124–126
mutual aid organizations, 125, 128
Myer, Dillon S., 113

N95 face masks, 76
National Agricultural Workers Survey, 31
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 136
National Farmworkers Association, 134
National Farmworkers Health Group (NFHG), 14; gas station of, 142; health clinics of, 14, 132–133, 134, 137–138, 142
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 75–76, 77
National Organization of Women, 136–137
Nelson, Alondra, 133, 135
Nihonjin Rodo Kyokai labor association, 125
Nishime, Leilani, 70
nitrate in drinking water, 23
nitrogen oxide in ground-level ozone, 24
nonwhite people: biological view of, 116–117, 130, 140–141; Blacks (see Blacks); blamed for risky behavior, 108; carceral facilities located in neighborhoods of, 42; Chinese, 111–112, 117–124, 129; clustering of 3p’s affecting, 46; in dangerous labor, 47, 117; in disadvantaged unincorporated communities, 37, 38; as disposable, displaceable, and deportable, 47, 110, 129, 130, 148; environmental racism affecting, 106; exploitation of, 108, 125, 148; health care access of, 67, 114, 128, 135, 140, 141, 142; as immune to harsh environment, 116–117; incarceration rate for, 41; Indigenous (see Indigenous people); Japanese, 111–114, 124–126, 129, 149; labeled as activist, 97, 104, 107; in labor camps and shantytowns, 140–141; Latinx (see Latinx); medical racism affecting, 118, 138; policing of, 44, 148; as prisoners of war, 114; residential segregation of, 117, 120, 126, 129, 148; risk for valley fever in, 129, 130; as undeserving of services, 118, 128, 130; unexpectancy feeling of, 67
North Kern State Prison, 74n2, 76
nutrition, in recovery from valley fever, 81

Oaxacan Indigenous people, 44
Occidental Petroleum, 35
oil and gas extraction, 21, 35, 89f; fracking in, 11, 17–19; gas flaring in, 18; gas pipeline leak in, 95–97; wastewater in, 34–35, 40
Olguin, Manuel, 131
Operation Blooming Onion (GA), 33
orphan disease, valley fever as, 146, 147
overtime wages, 31, 33
Owens, Buck, 11
Oxnard CA, 124

Pacific Islanders, 6
Page Act (1875), 119, 121
painful symptoms of valley fever, 3, 50–54, 57, 59–60, 101
Parent Partners–Padres Socios, 39
particulate matter in air, 23–24, 25, 38
Partida, Sal, 26–27
Patino, Luis, 69, 74, 84
Patricio Transnational Criminal Organization (TCO), 33
Peña, Devon, 36
Peña, Frances, 131
People’s Free Medical Clinic, 14, 132, 133–134, 150
Pérez, Emma, 97, 108
Perkins, Tracy, 22, 23
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 143
Pesticide Drift and the Pursuit of Environmental Justice (Harrison), 22
pesticides, 10, 13; accidents involving, 22–23, 103–105; aerial spray of, 99, 100, 101, 139; in cumulative health hazards, 100, 101; drift of, 10, 21, 22–23, 100, 103–105; field workers during application of, 99, 139; on grape crops, 135–136; labor camps exposed to, 139; poisoning from, 98–100, 103–105, 139; Terronez Clinic campaigns against, 133; water pollution from, 23
Petro Chemical Resources gas pipeline leak, 95–97
pets, death of, 96, 104
Phelan, James, 126
Pinal County AZ, 78n5, 111–114
Plata v. Brown Jr., 6, 74n2
Plata v. Schwarzenegger, 73
Pleasant Valley State Prison (PVSP), 69, 74–78; dust control measures in, 85; as endemic facility, 74n2; incidence of valley fever in, 75n3, 76, 79, 84
pneumonia, misdiagnosis of, 54
policing practices, 29–30, 41–42, 130; cultural insensitivities in, 44, 46; following labor union organizer, 18–19; overpolicing and underprotection in, 11, 44; violence in, 44–45, 46, 145, 148
pollution: of air (see air pollution); with poverty and prisons (3p’s), 7, 14, 16, 20–21, 41–42, 46, 147; of water, 23, 34–36, 38, 41
pollution burden score, 38, 43–44
popular epidemiology, 105–106
Poston War Relocation Center, 112
poverty, 7, 8, 16; in disadvantaged unincorporated communities, 37–40; with pollution and prisons (3p’s), 7, 14, 16, 20–21, 41–42, 46, 147; risk of common diseases in, 140
power relations, 8, 46–47, 97, 105–106, 107
pregnancy, 6, 55, 77, 140
prison abolitionists, 11, 43
Prison Accountability Project, 149
prison camps in World War II, 78n5, 86, 111–114, 129, 149
prisoner advocates, 11, 12, 16, 43, 44
prisoner-centered model of health care, 14
prisoners of war, 78n5, 86, 114
prison system, 7, 10, 11, 16, 69–87; access to health care in, 4–5, 70, 71, 72, 86; biological theory of violence in, 136–137; blame for health problems in, 6, 74; cellmates as diagnosticians and caretakers in, 14, 73, 79, 80–81; climate change vulnerability in, 149–150; communication in, 78, 79, 80; cost of valley fever medications in, 73, 147; court cases on health care in, 6, 73–78, 82, 85–86, 149; in COVID-19 pandemic, 149; cruel and unusual punishment in, 85, 149; culture of indifference in, 6; cumulative health burdens in, 6, 9, 43–44, 46, 74; cumulative vulnerabilities in, 9; death from valley fever in, 4–5, 77, 80, 81, 149; diagnosis of valley fever in, 71, 72–73, 79–80, 86; dust exposure in, 43, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 85; in endemic areas, 6, 69, 70, 74, 76–79, 84–85, 86, 147, 149; environmental racism in, 40–45, 85; faith-based ministries serving, 12; firefighter training in, 150; and formerly incarcerated people (see formerly incarcerated people); health hazard evaluation in, 75–76, 77; incidence of valley fever in, 6, 69, 71, 74, 75n3, 76, 78, 79, 84, 85; Indigenous people in, 41; life expectancy in, 87; medical racism in, 70; nutrition in, 81; with pollution and poverty (3p’s), 7, 14, 16, 20–21, 41–42, 46, 147; private contracts for, 42, 70, 79; punitive model of health care in, 70, 72, 80, 81, 86; racial health disparities in, 75, 77, 84; racial segregation in, 9; risk for valley fever in, 2, 6, 74–80, 84, 85; socioecology in, 70; solitary confinement in, 81, 149; transfer strategy in, 6, 69, 74, 76, 77–78, 79, 85
Proposition 22 (CA), 137
Proposition 187 (CA), 143–144
Public Law 45 (Bracero Program), 126–127, 141–142

qualitative research, 10
Quinones v. County of Orange, 6
quota system in immigration policies, 122

racial capitalism, 130, 133, 146, 148
racial health disparities, 6–7, 146; in environmental racism, 106; historical theories on, 116–123; in prison system, 75, 77, 84; socioecology in, 130
racialization of people, places, and health, 7, 8, 19, 46; in agriculture, 14, 47, 97, 110, 130; biological view in, 116–117; in Central Valley, 9, 52, 111, 126, 129–131; for Chinese immigrants, 111–112, 117–124; cumulative hazards in, 8, 9, 14; and epidemics in colonial settlements, 114–116; expert and laypeople knowledge in, 105; health care access in, 67–68; incidence of valley fever in, 6, 46; land ownership restricted in, 47; for Mexican immigrants, 128; poverty, pollution, and prison (3p’s) in, 7, 14; in prison system, 70, 75, 77, 84–85, 86, 110; risk for valley fever in, 110, 111; socioecology in, 8, 70, 110; unexpectancy feeling in, 52; in World War II intermittent camps, 111–114
racialized identities, 15, 47, 70
racism: environmental (see environmental racism); medical (see medical racism)
railroads, 117, 119, 127
Ramirez, Catherine, 113
Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y., 67
Ratcliff, Kathryn S., 8, 10
Reagan, Ronald, 136
Rebel Chicano Art Front, 130–131
Recology Blossom Valley Organics composting site, 27
recovery from valley fever, 3, 4, 52, 59–60; in prison system, 72, 81; relocation to new area for, 101–102; and return to work, 59–60, 62
recruitment of research participants, 1, 2–3, 4, 10, 11, 55
recurrence of valley fever, 3–4, 50–52, 73
redlining practices, 7, 128
red tape, 66; in disability and workers’ compensation insurance, 60–63; in health care access, 5, 9, 54, 55, 147
religions, 119, 125, 127, 134
research methods, 10–14, 145; citizen science in, 26–27; community-based, 97, 106, 107; laypeople contributions in, 8, 26–27, 97, 105–106; recruitment of participants in, 1, 2–3, 4, 10, 11, 55; toxic tours in, 10, 13, 17–20, 34, 37
residential areas: forced evacuation from, 95–97; proximity to agricultural operations, 25, 92f, 103; segregation of (see residential segregation)
residential certificates for Chinese immigrants, 122
residential segregation, 7, 8, 110; of Chinese immigrants, 117, 118, 119; redlining in, 7, 128; sanitation programs in, 118, 120, 121
respiratory infection in valley fever, 53, 54, 83, 101
return to work, 59–60, 62, 99, 148; of formerly incarcerated, 83, 84, 86; long-term symptoms affecting, 83
The Revolution Will Be Improvised (Fielder), 134
risk for valley fever, 2, 110–111, 129, 130; in cumulative health burdens, 6, 8–9, 100, 101, 105, 107; genetic susceptibility beliefs on, 6, 7, 8, 16, 147; individual susceptibility beliefs on, 5, 6, 21, 74, 97, 98, 105, 108; in pesticide exposure, 98–100, 101; in prison system, 2, 6, 74–80, 84, 85
Roberts, Dorothy, 111
Rodgers, Clay, 35
Rodriguez Fielder, Elizabeth, 134
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 140
Roosevelt, Theodore, 125

Sacramento CA, 41, 115, 131, 134, 139
Safeway supermarket, grape boycott at, 136
Sakutaro, Iwasa, 124
Salinas CA, 22, 138
San Francisco CA: Black Panther Party health center in, 132; Chinese immigrants in, 117, 118, 121, 122–123; court hearing on pesticides in, 22, 103; Indigenous population in, 115
Sanger CA, 138
sanitation programs, 122, 140–141, 148; in labor camps, 139, 140–141; in miasmic theory, 118
San Joaquin CA, 18, 57, 111, 115, 119
schools: air quality concerns in, 22, 23, 25; fracking sites near, 18; shooting of children in, 145–146
scientific knowledge, 26–27, 105–106
Seale, Bobby, 137
Secure Communities program, 29
segregation: in prison system, 9; residential, 7, 8, 110, 117, 118, 119
self-advocates, patients as, 54, 56, 61, 66, 71
Sequoia Elementary School (CA), 18
settler colonialism, 108, 114–117
sexualities of farmworkers, 108–109
sexually transmitted infections, 120–121
sex workers, 120–121
shade for farmworkers, 24, 28–29, 90f
Shah, Nayan, 121
shantytowns, 140–141
sidewalks, 39, 49, 90f
Sleath, Jack, 112
Smith, Charles E., 111, 112, 114
Smith v. Schwarzenegger, 85
snowball sampling, 12
social determinants of health, 8, 145
The Social determinants of Health (Ratcliff), 8
social factors, 7–10, 14–16; in COVID-19 pandemic, 145; in cumulative vulnerabilities, 9–10; as determinants of health, 8, 145; hierarchy and power in, 46–47; in patterns of infection, 2; research methods on, 10, 11, 13; in socioecology (see socioecology)
social security, 30; disability benefits in, 63, 83
socioecology, 15, 48, 110, 148–149; activist concerns with, 45; coalitions of care in, 144; fugitive, 70; health care as human right in, 68, 148; politics of, 103; in prison system, 40, 70, 112, 148; in racial health disparities, 7, 8, 130; toxic tours in research on, 20; and transcorporality, 97; for vulnerable groups, 5
Steinbeck, John, 38
stereotypes on vulnerability to valley fever, 6
Stockton CA, 111, 119, 120
subordination, 20, 39, 108, 129; of Chinese, 123; and creating spaces of insubordination, 19, 20; of Japanese, 125; prison system in, 40
surgical treatment of valley fever, 3, 50, 51, 57–58
surplus disease, valley fever as, 146
swap meets, recruitment of research participants at, 10, 11, 55
symptoms of valley fever, 2, 3, 4, 50–57, 101; fever in, 2, 53, 60, 101; as focus of treatment, 7; long-term, 83–84; pain in, 2, 3, 50–54, 57, 59–60, 101; in prison system, 71, 78, 79, 80; racial differences in, 6
syphilis, 114, 120–121, 137
Sze, Julie, 97, 105–106, 147

Taft Federal Prison (TFP), 70–71, 78, 79, 81, 83
“Take My Job!” campaign of UFW, 32
Takeuchi, Tetsugoro, 124
Taylor, Breonna, 145
Teatro Campesino, 134
Terminal Island, 71–72
Terronez Clinic, 132–133, 134, 150
Texaco, 36
3p’s of pollution, poverty, and prisons, 7, 14, 16, 20–21, 41–42, 46, 147
Toland, H. H., 120–121
Tomlinson, Barbara, 11
toxic tours, 10, 13, 17–20, 34, 37
tractor movements, dust exposure from, 25, 100
transcorporality, 97
transect approach to data gathering, 12
Transparency and Responsibility Using State Tools (TRUST) Act, 29–30
travel distance and transportation for diagnosis and treatment, 37, 58
treatment of valley fever, 3–5; and caregiving responsibilities of women in, 64–65; feeling of unexpectancy during, 52, 67; financial challenges in (see financial challenges in valley fever); long-term, 2, 4, 83, 101–102; medications in (see medications for valley fever); in prison system, 4–5, 6, 69–87; surgery in, 3, 50, 51, 57–58; travel distance and transportation affecting, 37, 58; waiting time in, 52–59, 66, 67, 147
tuberculosis, 112, 117, 118, 128
Tulare County CA, 2, 22, 23, 38, 41, 111
Tuskegee syphilis experiments, 137
typhoid fever, 116, 118

underbounding process, 39–40
undeserving, populations seen as, 6, 20, 118, 128
unemployment insurance, 30, 61, 63
unemployment rates, 32, 38
unexpectancy, feeling of, 52, 67
unincorporated areas, 3, 13, 36–40, 90f–91f
unions: collaboration with environmental justice activists, 47; of miners, as opponents of Chinese immigrants, 117; in multiracial labor resistance, 124–126, 134–135; NFHG health clinic for members of, 137–138, 142; of prison employees, 75–76
United Farm Workers, 32, 61, 104, 131, 142
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), 132, 134; and Black Panther Party coalition, 134, 135–137, 144; in grape boycotts, 135–136; health clinic of, 93f
U.S. Public Health Services (USPHS), 111–112, 139
Uvalde (TX) school shooting, 145–146

vaccine for valley fever, 5
valley fever, 2; diagnosis of (see diagnosis of valley fever); disparate health impacts of, 5; from dust exposure (see dust exposure); endemic areas for (see endemic areas for valley fever); in farmworkers (see farmworkers); incidence of (see incidence of valley fever); as orphan disease, 146, 147; physician beliefs on, 98; in prison system (see prison system); racialized interpretations of, 111; recovery from (see recovery from valley fever); recurrence of, 3–4, 50–52, 73; risk for (see risk for valley fever); as surplus disease, 146; symptoms of (see symptoms of valley fever); treatment of (see treatment of valley fever)
venereal diseases, 120–121
Vietnam veterans, 131
violence: biological etiology of, 136–137; against Black Panther Party, 137; environmental, 15; against Indigenous people, 115–116; in policing, 44–45, 145, 148; in school shooting, 145–146; structural, 7
volatile organic compounds in ground-level ozone, 24
vulnerable populations, 2, 147; in climate change disasters, 149–150; cumulative vulnerabilities in, 9–10, 21, 46; overpolicing and underprotection of, 11; in prison system, 2, 6, 149–150; socioecology in, 5, 148; stereotypes on, 6

wages paid to farmworkers, 29, 30, 31, 33, 66, 126–127; and costs for room and board, 127; for H-2A workers, 33; for overtime, 31, 33
wait time for health care, 52–59, 66, 67, 147
War Relocation Authority (WRA), 112–114
Wasco State Prison, 44, 74n2, 76
waste pits, 34–35, 40, 117
waste processing facilities, 9, 23, 26–27, 100
water pollution, 23, 34–36, 38, 41
Weedpatch CA, 38–39
Western Agriculture Contracting Company, 124
Williams, Kim D. Hester, 70
workers’ compensation insurance, 30, 60–63
Workingman’s Party, 121
Works Progress Administration, 38
World War II prison camps, 78n5, 86, 111–114, 129, 149

xenophobia, anti-Chinese, 117, 118, 120, 122

Yoakam, Dwight, 11
Youngblood, Donny, 30

zoning ordinances, 7

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