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The American Perception of Class: Index

The American Perception of Class
Index
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Series Page
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright
  5. Dedication
  6. Foreword
  7. Contents
  8. Tables
  9. Figures
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. 1. American Exceptionalism
  12. 2. Blaming the Victim: Psychological Reductionism in Class Theory
  13. 3. Class Divisions and Status Rankings: The Social Psychology of American Stratification
  14. 4. Who Is Working Class?
  15. 5. Class Images
  16. 6. The Decline of Social Class?
  17. 7. U.S. and British Workers: Same Consciousness, Different Opportunities
  18. 8. Docile Women? Pin Money, Homemaking, and Class Conflict
  19. 9. Fear and Loathing? Ethnic Hostility and Working-Class Consciousness
  20. 10. Militant Blacks? The Persistent Significance of Class
  21. 11. The American Dream
  22. 12. Reversing the Focus: Capitalist Strength and Working-Class Consciousness
  23. References
  24. Index

INDEX

ABC News–Washington Post poll, 184–85, 263–64

Absenteeism, 46, 85

Absolute comparisons. See Social comparisons

Accountants, 43, 72, 76

Acker, Joan, 187, 188

Adventurism, 24, 34

Advertising executives, 58, 60, 79

Affect, 49, 156

Affiliative ties, 195–96

Affluent worker study, 80, 101–4, 108, 118

AFL (and AFL-CIO): attitudes toward, 159; conservatism, 30–32, 204, 301; government support of, 31, 32, 301; and labor law reform, 303; modification of Marxism, 30, 32; and nativism, 211; opposition, to rivals, 31, 36, 211; success, 30–31; and women, attitudes toward, 182–83. See also Gompers; Unions.

Age: and class placements, 131–33, 135; controls for, in statistical analysis, 190, 192; and sample restrictions, 120, 128, 168, 190

Agrarian societies, 293

Air traffic controllers. See PATCO

Alford, Robert R., 10, 160

Alger, Horatio, 41, 267

Althusser, Louis, 56

American Dream: and American exceptionalism, 2, 86–87, 147, 257–60; and class consciousness, 2, 14, 20, 23, 86–87, 257–58, 266–67, 278; rejection of, 26; and social science, 258–59; sources of, 257

American exceptionalism: and American Dream, 2, 86–87, 147, 257–60; belief in, 25; and class consciousness, 12–16, 87, 119, 147, 286; capitalist power in, 15–17, 30, 167, 286, 294, 310; causes of, 2, 17, 284; and ethnic divisions, 2, 5, 17, 203–5, 209, 285; evidence for, 4, 15, 285; and feudalism, 2, 285, 308–9; and frontier, 2, 17, 260, 284; and individualism, 2, 12, 26, 257; and middle class, 30, 54, 84, 148; and politics, 160, 166; and prosperity, 2, 257, 260, 273, 275, 285; and social mobility, 2, 17, 147, 257, 260, 266, 285; and suffrage, 2; theoretical importance of, 1–3; and two-party system, 2; union and party failure in, 4–11; and violence, 7, 310; and voting, 10, 160, 166, 310. See also Political parties; Unions

American National Election Surveys. See Election Surveys

Anaconda Copper, 63–64

Anarchists, 298

Antos, Joseph R., 183

Aristocracy, 292

Aronowitz, Stanley, 2, 206

Articulation of class perceptions, 14, 81, 103–4, 107

Artisans, 83, 87–88

Ashenfelter, Orley, 295

Assembly-line workers, 43, 54; in triads task, 107–23

Attitudes: and behavior, 158–59, 184; and class placements, 47; and class structure, 227–29; and unions, 159

Australia, 1, 5–6, 165

Austria, 1, 5–6, 8, 165

Authority. See Supervision

Automation. See Technology

Autonomy, 11, 35, 59–60, 62, 65, 72–75, 77, 87

Aveling, Edward, and Eleanor Marx, 258

Awareness of class, 157

Baby-boom generation, 130–40

Baca Zinn, Maxine, 291

Bachrach, Peter, 302

Bailey, Kenneth D., 121

Bain, George Sayers, 5, 6

Bakke, E. Wight, 79–80, 285

Baratz, Morton S., 302

Behavior: and attitudes, 14–16, 37, 158–59, 184; and class structure, 227–30

Belgium, 5–6, 9–10

Bell, Daniel, 54, 58, 61

Bell, Wendell, 158–59, 236

Bendix, Reinhard, 4, 147

Benson, Susan Porter, 288

Berle, Adolf A., 64

Bernstein, Eduard, 3, 54

Bernstein, Irving, 207, 299

Billingsley, Andrew, 225–29, 235, 249

Bing, Alexander M., 262

Bitter feelings, 25–26, 128, 285

Blacklisting, 22

Blacks: class consciousness among, 236–40; class placements of, 216–20, 230–51, 284; and class structure, 225–30, 242, 245–46. See also Race

Blaming the victim, 286; and class consciousness, 15, 19–20, 33–35, 184, 207, 285, 292, 297; and social mobility, 33, 103, 258, 286, 288

Blau, Peter, 44, 108

Blue-collar work. See White-collar work

Blumberg, Paul, 11, 109, 126

Bohrnstedt, George, 41

Bonacich, Edna, 236

Bookkeepers: composite in U.S.-British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180

Bookman, Ann, 289

Bott, Elizabeth, 102–3, 105–6, 108–9, 118

Bottomore, T. B., 2, 54, 84, 147, 257, 266, 273, 308

Bourgeois socialism, 3, 292

Bourgeoisie. See Capital

Braverman, Harry, 52, 60, 72, 77–80, 227–28, 232, 289

Brecher, Jeremy, 16, 262, 299

Breiger, Ronald L., 78

Broder, David, 27

Brody, David, 207, 208, 274, 295

Buchanan, William, 147–48, 149

Bulmer, Martin, 101

Burawoy, Michael, 12, 85–86, 104, 150, 158, 267, 289

Burnham, Walter Dean, 11, 12, 130, 166, 167, 308, 309

Burstein, Paul, 243

Burton, Michael, 107

Business. See Capital

Business confidence, 305–6

Business Roundtable, 307

Butler, David, 149

Calhoun, Craig, 88, 206

Campbell, Angus, 130, 131

Canada, 5–6, 8, 10, 268, 303

Cannon, Lynn Weber, 94

Cantril, Hadley, 47, 147–48, 149, 158

Capital: allies of, 23, 207, 211–12, 296; and American exceptionalism, 15–17, 30, 167, 286, 294, 310; and class conflict, 14, 17, 28, 30, 32, 33–34, 291–310; class consciousness, 12, 157; and cohesiveness, 16, 22–23, 32–33, 307; co-optation by, 15, 23, 46; concentration of, 53, 125, 297; and Depression, 22, 295; and dismissals, 22, 28, 63–64, 297; divisions in, 23; economic power of, 7–8, 33, 56, 63–64, 85, 211, 294–98, 305–6, 308–9; and elections, 304–5; and ethnic divisions among workers, 209–10; and expectations of workers, 14; and federalism, 306; and feudal absence of, 308–9; and geographic mobility, 22, 297, 306; and Gompers, 30–32, 294; growth of power of, 74, 296; and ideology, 32, 297, 307–9; and immigration, 210; and labor law, 303; and legitimacy, 307–8; and managerial control, 72–73, 296–98; and media, 23, 212, 296, 307; and middle class 57–59, 63–64; in Middletown, 22–24, 59, 302–3; and mobility, 22, 297, 306; nationalization of, 7–9, 29, 306; and policy-planning groups, 307; and political power, 9, 167, 212, 295, 298–306; and reforms, 293, 301–2; and repression, 28, 33, 212, 298–302; and research on women of color, 290; and revolutions, 3, 292–93; and robber barons, 4; and self-confidence, 1, 16, 295; and social science, 291; and strikes, 62, 205, 209, 211–12, 294–95; and unions, tolerance of, 28, 30, 32; variations in power of, 292, 310. See also Exploitation; Ownership

Carchedi, Guglielmo, 63

Carpenters, 43, 77, 113–15

Carroll, J. Douglas, 109–11, 121

Catholic church, 204, 207

Catholics: and class closeness, 215; and class consciousness, 204; and class placements, 221–22. See also Religion

Cayton, Horace R., 225, 229, 249

Centers, Richard, 37, 47–50, 101, 103, 133, 187

Chamberlain, Chris, 158

Chang, Jih-Jie, 110–11, 121

Chicago: Haymarket riot, 7, 298, 300; sample for images task, 120; steel workers in, 206

Chicanos, 86, 206

Chinoy, Eli, 86–87, 276, 288

Chorley, Katherine, 294

Civil rights movement, 34, 225, 242

Class, 11–12, 40–41, 52, 54–60, 63, 72, 83

Class closeness, 156–57, 214–15

Class conflict: in agrarian societies, 293; and the American Dream, 247–58; and capitalist strength, 291; and class consciousness, 12–16, 19–20, 24, 60, 103, 182, 293; and class definition, 41, 55, 58, 63; decline of, 4, 125–27; and images of class, 39–40, 46; and industrialization, early, 1, 4, 126, 208, 259–60, 297; and organizational structure, 14, 33–35, 88; and racism, 287–91; and resources, 19, 33–34; and sexism, 287–91; and social conditions, 21, 24, 33, 62; and social mobility, 2, 12, 26–27; types of, 289; in U.S., absence of, 1–5, 21, 54. See also Revolutions; Strikes; Violence

Class consciousness: and AFL, 30–32, 301; and American Dream, 14, 17, 23, 33, 50, 55–56, 60, 86–87, 128–29, 257–58, 283, 309; and American exceptionalism, 12–17, 26, 30, 119, 147, 160; articulation and perception of distinguished, 81, 103–4, 107; and behavior, distinguished by, 14–16, 37, 39, 184; and belief in absence of in U.S., 1, 20, 27, 36, 283; of Blacks, 230–42, 249–50; of capital, 12; and class conflict, 14–17, 19–20, 24, 26, 29, 34, 39, 60, 103, 181, 283, 293; and class division, perception of, 14, 17, 50, 55–56, 60, 128–29, 283, 309; and class placement question, 50–52, 67–71, 90–91, 145, 158; definition of, 49, 103, 156–59; and Depression, 125, 140; and ethnicity, 17, 210, 213–14; evidence of, lack of, 15, 19, 21, 25, 32, 34, 36–37, 126–28, 147, 258–60, 283; failure of, 44; and feudalism, 2; and geographic mobility, 261, 264; and hostility to capital, 24, 25–26; and images of class, 117–19; and individualism, 2, 12, 23, 105; leftist analyses of, 12, 20–21, 45, 283; in Middletown, 21–25; origins of, in class conflict, 30, 181, 283; and politics, 160–64; in postwar prosperity, 125–28, 143; and race, 236–42; and reactionary radicalism, 88; and self-employment, 51, 84, 88; and social mobility, 25–26, 257–58; and social science research, 16, 19, 28, 36–37, 213; and socialist society, 88, 293; and socialization, 49; and status consciousness, 12, 14, 44, 60–61, 67–71, 79, 103; and strikes, 29; and survey questions, 158–59; and women, 181, 184. See also Images of class; Inferences about class consciousness; Interviews with workers

Class identification, 37, 49, 92

Class images. See Images of class

Class placements: and Blacks, 216–20, 230–55; British and U. S., 147, 148–56, 172–74, 283; changes in, over time, 128–45, 245–49; determinants of, 50; and ethnicity, 217–23; and gender, 187–202; and geographic mobility, 265; and income, 276–77; and mental labor, 81–83; and politics, 47, 161–62, 178; and region, 262–64; and self-employment, 88–90; and social mobility, 268–72; and suburban residence, 277–78; and supervision, 64–71; and wording of questions about, 47–49, 92

Class polarization, 53–54, 126, 161–63

Class salience, 157

Classlessness, 40, 147, 153, 159

Clawson, Dan, 72, 296

Clergy, 23, 207, 212, 296

Clerical workers, 43; class position of, 11–13, 63, 77, 78; in triads task, 107–23

Cloward, Richard A., 33–35, 60, 75

Cluster analysis, 78, 109, 117, 121

Coal strikes, 208, 209, 262, 274

Cobb, Jonathan, 102, 103, 258, 288

Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, 27–29, 32, 261, 299, 300

Cognitive models, 49, 92, 104, 107, 156

Cohort effects. See Generational change in class placements

Coldrick, A. P., 5, 6

Collective bargaining, 125–26, 301

Collins, Patricia Hill, 240, 287, 290–91

Collins, Sharon, 226, 240, 244

Colorado, 261–62, 298

Commons, John, 12, 30, 32, 267

Communist parties, 1

Community, 88, 206, 208, 214

Comparative research. See Cross-national studies

Conservative Party, 160–67, 175, 179

Contradictory class locations, 55

Control. See Autonomy; Capital; Supervision

Conventional wisdom, 1, 16, 35, 36–37, 147–48, 157, 158, 283, 284, 286, 310

Convergence theory, 148

Converse, Philip, 130

Co-optation, 15, 23, 46

Coser, Lewis A., 44, 267

Courts: beliefs about equal treatment in, 158; as used against labor, 304

Coxon, Anthony P. M., 107, 121

Craftworkers: Black, 226–28; and class placements, 233–35, 253, 270, 279; class position of, 11, 13, 226–28; class solidarity of, 211; and machinery, 72, 74, 296; and mental labor, 72–77, 80

Cross-national studies: of class consciousness, 36, 147, 159; of class placements, 17, 147–48; of happiness, 143–44; of nationalization, 8; of occupational prestige, 42–44, 148; of perceptions of inequality, 158; of social mobility, 267–68; of unionization, 5–6; of voting, 9–11

Crozier, Michel, 7

Culture: and image of class structure, 41, 107; and social mobility, 41, 44; of working class, 21, 23, 32, 58, 203

Curve-fitting, 69, 133

Dahrendorf, Ralf, 41, 46, 52, 56, 60, 63–64, 71

Davis, Angela, 289

Davis, James A., 92, 94, 106

Davis, Mike, 2, 204

Dawley, Alan, 16, 25, 87–88, 211, 213, 266

Dead men, 25, 128

Debs, Eugene, 35, 36, 213; patriotic appeals of, 212–13; and prison, 298, 300; and Pullman strike, 15, 29; and U.S. workers, 35, 36

Democratic Party: attitudes toward, 159; class support for, 9, 64, 78, 148, 160–67, 175, 179, 304; and class culture, 107; and conservatism, 160; and Depression cohort, 130; and finances, 9, 304; in Newburyport, Mass., 25; and reformism, 1, 8, 9

Denmark, 5–6, 308

Denver street railway (1920), 262, 299

Depression: and capitalist power, 22, 295; and class consciousness, 125, 284; class placements of cohort, 131–40; definition of cohort, 130; democratic allegiance of cohort, 130; and a mechanic on, 79–80, 285; in Middletown, 21–22, 29; and protests during, 34; and stereotype of worker, 125; and unionization, 29, 125, 295

Derber, Charles, 77

Deskilling, 72–74, 296

Dick, William M., 30, 294, 304

Dill, Bonnie T., 240, 287, 289

Discriminant function analyses, 161, 170–71

Dismissal: of managers, 63–64; of workers, 22, 28, 297

Dispatcher, 43, 107–23

Dollard, John, 225

Domestic workers, 287–88

Domhoff, G. William, 9, 169, 304

Dominance. See Capital; Social relations of production; Supervision

Drake, St. Clair, 225, 229, 249

Drew, Elizabeth, 9, 304–5

Dual careers, 192

Dubofsky, Melvyn, 7, 15, 16, 29, 32, 128, 181, 209, 210, 259, 261, 296, 299, 300, 301

Du Bois, W. E. B., 225

Duncan, Otis Dudley, 42, 44, 45, 108, 115, 144, 145

Durkheim, Émile, 259

Easterlin, Richard, 143–44

Edelman, Murray, 33

Education: British-U.S. comparison of, 149–51, 169; changes in, over time, 137, 141–42, 246–47; and class placements, 50, 98–99, 154–56, 170, 172–74, 201–2, 232–33, 241, 252–55; college level, 65, 80, 149–51, 169, 176–80; measures of, 95, 97, 169; and politics, 161–63, 176–80; and prestige perceptions, 42; and race, 241–42; and spouse’s, 201–2; in technical school, 150–51, 155, 172–80

Edwards, Richard, 46, 298

Egalitarianism: and beliefs, 158; and class consciousness, 26, 65, 147

Egocentric strategy of class placements, 188–92

Ehrenreich, Barbara and John, 55, 58, 76–80, 228

Eight-hour day, 31

Elder, Glen H., Jr., 130

Election surveys, 92–95; and authority measure, 70–71, 95–96; and Black class placements, 231–42, 247–48; and British surveys, 149–80; changes in class placements in, 128–45; and ethnicity, 214–15, 219; gender composition of, 195; and mental labor, 83; and religion, 221–22; and self-employment, 89; and spouse’s position, 191–92, 198–202

Elections, 304–5

Elites, precapitalist, 292

Elitist model of class images, 117–18, 284

Embourgeoisement, 109, 136, 143

Emigration, 208

End of ideology thesis, 125–29, 140

Engels, Friedrich, 3, 4, 40, 53, 126, 203–4, 209, 210, 261

Engineers, 43, 57, 58, 60, 71–76, 77; in triads task, 107–23

Escoffier, Jeffrey, 20

Ethnicity: and American exceptionalism, 2, 5, 17, 203–5, 209, 285; and class consciousness, 17, 210, 213–23; and class fragmentation, 203–4, 209–10; and class placements, 216–23, 284; and class solidarity, 205, 206, 208–14; and labor conflict, 205–13; measure of, 217, 224; and politics, 5, 9, 211

Europe: cabinets of, 305; capital in, 33; class conflicts in, 1–2, 5; class consciousness in, 2, 14, 42, 147, 160; ethnic homogeneity of, 2; and feudalism, 157, 308; Marxists, 3, 7; and mobility in, 257, 268; and nationalization, 8; politics of, 2, 5, 9–11; strikes in, 295; unions in, 1, 5–6, 31; U.S. impressions of, 1. See also specific countries

Evers, Mark, 143, 233, 239, 250

Executives, 43; in government positions, 305; in triads task, 107–23

Exit and Voice, 181, 208, 258

Expectations of success: of capital, 1, 16, 295; Gompers’s, 30–31; in Middletown, 22–25; and union choice, 31; of women, 184; of workers, 14, 22–23, 87

Exploitation: and capitalism, 3, 20, 52, 56, 58, 85; as perceived, 25, 40, 85–88, 237, 288; and self-employed, 84

Faces of power, 302–4

False consciousness, 35–36, 206, 247

Family origin and class placements, 241, 269–73, 279

Family stability, 27–28, 227

Farley, Reynolds, 243

Farm labor, 13, 86

Farm origin, 269–70, 279

Farmers, 11–13, 23, 83, 261; sample restrictions on, 93–94

Fascism, 309

Father’s occupation, and class placements, 241, 269–73, 279

Featherman, David L., 42, 44

Feldberg, RosalynL., 77, 193

Felson, Marcus, 187–88

Feminist thought, 195, 240, 287

Feudalism: and American exceptionalism, 2, 285, 308–9; in Britain, 157; and capitalist rivalry, 308–9; and class consciousness, 2, 157; and exploitation, 85

Fierce words, 25–26, 128, 285

Fine, Glenn, 303

Fine, Sidney, 181–82

Flacks, Richard, 35

Fligstein, NeilD., 66, 71

Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 181

Foner, PhilipS., 183

Forced-choice questions, 101, 106–8. See also Structured questions

Foreign observers, 36, 147, 258

Foreman. See Supervision, first-line

Fortune magazine, 47–48

Foster, William Z., 35

Fox, William S., 66, 71

France: class placements in, 148; nationalization in, 8; politics in, 1, 9–10, 165; revolutions of, 1, 260, 293–94, 297; unions in, 5–6; wages in, 274

Fraternal deprivation, 159

Frazier, E. Franklin, 225–29, 233–36, 249

Freeman, Richard B., 182–86, 263, 303

Friedheim, Robert L., 262

Frontier, 2, 17, 257, 260, 261–62, 284

Gagliani, Giorgio, 77

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 11, 54, 58, 64, 125

Gallup, George, 47

Garment workers, 181, 208, 209, 210, 273

Garson, G. David, 102, 103, 105

Gender: and class consciousness, 181, 184; and class placements, 64, 71, 81–83, 89–91, 94, 154–56, 170, 172–74, 185–202, 231–35, 252–55, 265, 270, 272, 279–81; in composition of occupation, 71, 188, 193–96; and oppression and racial and class oppression, 287–91; and politics, 175–80; and pooled data, 170, 245; and prestige perceptions, 42; and spouse’s effect on class placements, 71, 188–92, 199–202; and supervision, 66, 71, 97; and unions, 181–86; and voting, 9

General Motors: at Lordstown, 61, 74–75, 206; at Middletown, 21–24; sitdown strike against, 1937, 181, 300

General Social Surveys, 66, 92–95; and Black class placements, 231–42; and ethnicity, 216–24; and gender differences, 189–202; and geographic mobility, 264–66; and income, 276–77; and mental labor, 81–83; and region, 262–63; self-employment, 88–90; and social mobility, 269–72, 279–81; and supervision, 66–71; and union attitudes, 184

General strikes, 262

Generational change in class placements, 130–40, 284

Geographic mobility. See Mobility, geographic

Germany: class conflicts in, 4, 7; class placements in, 148; economic rivals of, 294; politics in, 1, 4, 8, 9–10, 84, 165, 300; and unions, 5–6; wages in, 274

Geschwender, James A., 236, 242, 249

Giddens, Anthony, 77, 156

Gilbert, Dennis, 147

Glenn, Evelyn Nakano, 77, 193

Glenn, Norval, 45, 115

Goldstein, Robert Justin, 29, 299, 301

Goldthorpe, John H., 42, 80, 101–4, 108, 118

Gompers, Samuel, 30, 36; and American exceptionalism, 294; and capitalist strength, 30–32, 294; and government, 31, 301, 303; and immigrants, 207, 209; and middle-class reformers, 36; success, 30–31; and women, 183

Goodman, Ellen, 196

Gordon, Milton, M., 48, 106

Gorz, André, 77

Gouldner, Alvin, 4, 297

Government. See Nationalization; State

Goyder, John C., 94, 168

Graham, Katherine, 181

Grammar, 104, 107

Gramsci, Antonio, 307, 308, 309

Great Britain: class closeness in, 156–57; class conflict in, 4, 88; class placements in, 147, 148–56, 172–74, 283; class salience in, 157; community basis of working-class solidarity in, 206; economic power in, 4, 294; incomes in, 149–51, 168–69, 274; labor policy of, 304; mobility rates in, 268; nationalization in, 8; and politics, 1, 8, 9–10, 148, 160–67; unions in, 5–6, 31

Great Upheaval of 1877, 211, 213, 298–99

Greene, Victor, 208, 209

Griffin, Larry J., 64, 85

Gross, Neal, 106

Griping, 288–90

Guest, Avery, 157

Guilt. See Blaming the victim

Gulick, Charles, 273

Gurin, Patricia, 236

Gutman, Herbert G., 73, 106, 208, 213

Hairdresser, 43; composite in U.S.-British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180

Hamilton, Richard, 36–37, 48, 78, 92, 159

Handlin, Oscar, 207, 208

Hanushek, Eric A., 94

Hare, Nathan, 226, 235

Hargens, Lowell L., 187

Harrington, Michael, 9, 204, 274

Harris, Mary, 181, 212

Harrison, Bennett, 306

Hartman, Paul T., 126

Hartz, Louis, 2, 12, 157, 308

Hauser, Robert M., 44, 268

Haymarket riot, 7, 298, 300

Haywood, William, 35

Hazelrigg, Lawrence, 45, 49, 55, 101, 106, 267

Heads of household, statistical controls for, 152, 174

Hegemony: economic, 294; ideological, 32, 297, 307; and working-class consciousness, 32, 307

Herberg, Will, 221

Hibbs, Douglas A., Jr., 295

Hidden injuries of class, 33, 103, 258, 286, 288

Higginbotham, Elizabeth, 226, 229–30, 232, 240

Higham, John, 208, 210, 211, 260

Hill, Robert B., 244

Hillbillies, 206

Hiller, DanaV., 187

Hirschman, Albert O., 258

Hochschild, Jennifer L., 12, 102

Hodge, Robert W., 37, 42, 45, 48, 50, 69, 88, 92, 148, 168, 187, 239, 250, 268

Hofstadter, Richard, 261

Homestead strike of 1892, 74, 213

Hope, Keith, 42

Hopkins, Sheila V., 274

Horan, Patrick, 44

Housewives, 188, 192

Hout, Michael, 130

Humphrey, Hubert, voters for, 164–65, 179

Husbands, C. T., 2, 274

ICPSR, 92, 94, 168, 169, 184, 214

Ideological dimension of class. See Mental labor

Ideology: and American Dream, 25, 257, 259; and capital power, 32, 297, 307–9; and classlessness, 147, 153, 159; as demystified by intimate knowledge, 288; hegemony of, 32, 297, 307; and protest, 2, 182; and socialization, 107, 158; and survey research on, 158–59; and working-class consciousness, 32, 307. See also American Dream; Culture; Individualism; Media

ILO, 7

Images of class: and Black middle class, 226–30, 233–35; as continuous, 39–42, 102, 113, 250; as dichotomous, 39–41, 101, 105, 250; and elitist tendency, 117–18, 284; and individual differences, 109, 116–18, 283–84; and middle-mass tendency, 108–9, 111–14, 116–18, 284; money models in, 80, 101–5, 118; and possibility of multiple images, 44–47, 103, 104–9, 214; and power models, 101–5, 118; and prestige models, 39, 41–47, 101–3; as synthetic, 109; and working-mass tendency, 108–9, 111–14, 116–18, 283–84

Images survey, 120

Immigrant workers: and American exceptionalism, 203, 257; class consciousness of, 207, 210; class placements of, 221; and conservatism, 30, 207; as sojourners, 207; and strikes, 207–13

Immigration policy, 210

Income: British-U.S. comparison of, 149–51, 168–69; and class division, 41, 229; and class placements, 50, 98–99, 154–56, 172–74, 201–2, 232–33, 252–55, 275–77; and happiness, 143–44; increases in, overtime, 137, 141–42, 144, 246–47; measure of, 95, 97, 168–69; perceived need of, for typical family, 144; and politics, 161–63, 176–80; and race, 241–42; of self-employed, 64, 85; of supervisors, 64; time, increases over, 137, 141–42, 144, 246–47; in U.S. compared with Europe, 258, 274; of workers, 22, 25–26, 31

Independents, 160–67, 175

Individualism: and American exceptionalism, 2, 12, 26, 257; and class conflict, 26–27, 257–58; and class consciousness, 2, 12, 23–24, 26, 105; and class solidarity, 2, 26; and frontier, 261; and geographic mobility, 264; in Middletown, 23–24; and opportunity, 2, 12, 26–27

INDSCAL, 109–23

Industrial engineer, in triads task, 107–23

Industrialization: and American Dream origins, 257; conflict in, declining, 4, 126; conflict in, early stages, 1, 4, 126, 208, 259–60, 297; and convergence, 148; and geographic mobility, 266; and immigrants, 208; working class’s growing strength, 3, 297. See also Postindustrial society

Inequality, perceptions of, 158

Inferences about class consciousness: from AFL success, 30–31; from behavior of labor leaders, 31; from Black militance, 236–37; from business culture, 32; from class-conflict outcomes, 15–17, 19–20, 127–28, 285; from class-placement relationships, 50–51; frequency in literature of, 15; by Marxists, 20–21; from mobility, 25; from politics, 127–28, 160, 167; from status concerns, 44–45, 50; from strike decline, 127–28; from union failure, 23, 29; from women’s low unionization, 182; without evidence of psychology for, 19, 39

Inglehart, Ronald, 9–11

Inkeles, Alex, 42

Interaction, effects, 90, 149, 154–56, 193–95, 241

Interchurch World Movement, 207, 209, 210, 211–12

Interpersonal relationships, 195–96

Interviews with workers: on class conflict, 288; on domination, 288; on mental labor, 72, 75; in Middletown, 24; on money, 275; in Newburyport, Mass., 25; on profits, 237; on self-employment, 86, 87; on supervision, 65, 103

Irish Catholics, 204, 216

Italy, 1, 5–6, 8, 9–10, 148, 165

IWW: and AFL conflict, 211; and capital, 32; and ethnicity, 208–9, 211; failure of, 16; in Lawrence textile strike, 181; origins of, 28, 29, 261; radicalism of, 29, 32; repression of, 29, 301

Jackman, Mary R. and Robert W., 37, 48, 50–52, 69, 71, 88, 92, 94, 102, 152, 168, 187, 188, 233, 239–40, 250

Jackson, John E., 94

James, David R., 63

Janda, Kenneth, 8

Janitor, 11, 43; composite of, in U.S.–British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180; in triads task, 113–14

Japan, 5–6, 8

Jencks, Christopher, 44

Jensen, Vernon H., 28, 261, 299

Jessop, Bob, 56

Jews: class placements of, 216–20; and garment workers, 208, 210

Johnson, George, 295

Johnson, Michael, 158

Johnson, Ruth, 27

Jones, Charles L., 107, 121

Jones, Mother. See Harris, Mary

Jones, Philip, 5

Jordan, Crystal Lee, 181

Kahl, Joseph A., 106, 147

Kalleberg, Arne, 64, 85

Karabel, Jerome, 2, 84, 204, 207, 261, 264, 267

Katz, Naomi, 289

Katznelson, Ira, 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 259

Kautsky, Karl, 3, 203–4, 258, 274

Kelley, Jonathan, 64, 66, 85, 89

Kemnitzer, David S., 289

Kennedy, Ruby Jo Reeves, 221

Kerbo, Harold, 8

Kerckhoff, AlanC, 150

Kerr, Clark, 126, 148

Kluegel, James R., 48, 159

Knights of Labor, 36, 211

Knoke, David, 130, 187

Kornblum, William, 206, 209

Korpi, Walter, 2, 5, 126, 293, 295

Kraus, Richard, 293

Labor aristocracy, 203

Labor history, 27–32, 128

Labor law, 303

Labour Party, 1, 148, 160–67, 175, 179

Land ownership, 261, 293

Landecker, Werner, 46, 49, 156

Lane, Robert, 102, 103, 258, 267, 276

Laslett, John H. M., 128, 181, 210, 273, 302

Latinos, 86, 206, 216–20

Laumann, Edward, 46, 108, 121

Lawrence (Mass.) textile strike of 1912, 181, 208

Leadership of working class, 15, 23, 31

Left. See New Left; Old Left; Socialists

Leggett, John C., 104–5, 236–37, 242, 249

Legitimacy, 34, 208, 307–8

Lenin, 1, 5, 83, 292

Lenski, Gerhard, 105

Levine, Louis, 181

Levison, Andrew, 11

Liberal Party, 160–66, 175, 179

Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 258

Lifestyle. See Style of life

Lipset, Seymour Martin, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 26–27, 126, 147, 257, 261, 267, 273, 276, 301, 308

Lipsky, Michael, 240

Lockouts, 262

Lockwood, David, 77, 115

Longshoremen’s union, 261

Lopreato, Joseph, 45, 49, 55, 71, 101, 106, 267

Lordstown, Ohio, 61–62, 74–75, 206

Low-Beer, John, 55

Lower class, 48, 92

Ludlow strike of 1914, 262

Lukacs, Georg, 45–46, 293

Luxemburg, Rosa, 262

Lynd, Robert and Helen, 12, 21–24, 34–35, 37, 59, 285, 302–3

Lynn, Mass., 87–88, 266

Machinery and skilled work, 72, 74, 296

Machinist, 11, 43, 60; composite in U.S.–British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180; in triads task, 107–23

Managerial control, 72–73, 296–98

Managers (and professionals): in Britain and U.S., compared, 149–51; and class placements, 81–83, 98–99, 139–40, 152–56, 172–74, 190–202, 221–22, 230–41, 252–55, 269–73, 279, 284; and class position, 11–12, 59, 78; in cluster analyses, 78; and ethnicity, 221–22; and gender composition of occupation, 192–97; and generational cohorts, 137; and geographic mobility, 265–66; growth of, 4, 11, 73, 74, 137, 141–42, 243–47, 268; and images of class, 113, 115, 116–18; and income effects on class placements, 276–77; and occupational prestige, 100; and politics, 78, 161–63, 164, 175–80; and race interaction on class placements, 238–41; and religion and class placements, 221–22; and social mobility, 25–26, 78, 269–73, 279; and suburban residence, 276–77; and spouse’s effect on class placements, 190–92. See also Mental labor

Managerialism theory, 64

Mann, Michael, 49, 107, 156, 158

Manual labor. See Mental labor; White-collar work

Manufacturing sector, 6

Marcuse, Herbert, 21

Marital status: effects of, on class placements, 188–92, 199–202; sample restrictions on, 189

Marx, Karl, 3, 40, 53, 126, 283, 292, 297; class theory of, 4, 11, 23, 40, 54, 63, 83, 214, 258; revolutionary theory of, 1, 3–4, 30, 35, 53–54, 126, 203–4, 292, 297

Marxist theory. See Social science, Marxist

Mason, Karen, 130, 133

Massive majority middle class, 48, 54, 118, 129, 275

Maximizing strategy of class placements, 188–92

McGovern, George, voters for, 9–10, 164–65, 179

McNamara, Robert, 305

Mead, George Herbert, 93

Means, Gardner C., 64

Mechanic, and description of class structure, 79–80, 285

Media: absence of critical left, 307–8; and American Dream, 2; and capital, 23, 212, 296, 307; and image of class, 107; in Middletown, 23; in Newburyport, 25; in op-ed editorials, 307; and social problems, 307; and working-class stereotypes, 35

Medoff, James L., 182–86, 263, 303

Mellow, Wesley, 183

Mental labor: capitalist domination of, 60, 73, 77; and class placements, 81–83, 98–99, 230–36, 250; and definition of middle class, 11, 57–61, 71–77, 79; and interviews, 72, 75, 79–81; measurement of, 76–77, 97; and occupational prestige, 81–83, 100; vs. skilled crafts, 75–77, 80; and supervision of, 71–75, 81; and working class, 71–77; and working-mass class image, 113, 115

Mexican-Americans, 86, 206

Middle class: and American exceptionalism, 30, 54, 84, 148; and capital, subordination to, 57–60, 63, 85; conservativism in, 30, 32, 54; definition of, 11, 54–61, 71; individualism in, 12; new, growth of a, 12–13, 53–54, 59–60, 73, 77, 128; new, similarity to old, 59; new, status concerns of, 61; old, petty bourgeoisie, 11, 83–84; old, decline of, 12–13, 53, 83–84; origins of, 61; politics of, 59; and radicals, 30, 35; and salience of class, 157; size in U.S. of, 11–13, 47–48, 148; voting of, 9; working class, dominated by, 57–61. See also Managers; Mental labor; Self-employment; Supervision

Middle-mass image, 108–9, 111–14, 116–18, 284

Middletown, 21–27, 29, 59, 285, 302–3

Militancy. See Class conflict; Class consciousness

Miller, Ann R., 95

Mills, C. Wright, 4, 21, 169, 304

Mobility, of capital, 22, 297, 306

Mobility, geographic: and class consciousness, 261, 264; and class placements, 264–66; extent of, 264; and social mobility, 260, 266; and working-class organization, 264

Mobility, social: and American exceptionalism, 2, 17, 147, 257, 260, 266, 285; attitudes toward, 24, 25–26, 229; and class conflict, 2; and class consciousness, 17, 25–26, 258, 259, 266–67; and class placements, 269–73, 279–81, 284; in coopting working-class leaders, 258; in cross-national studies, 268; as cultural preoccupation, 41, 44; in Newburyport, Mass., 25–26; rates of, 25, 147, 267–68; and status ladder image, 39, 46; types of, circulation and structural, 268. See also American Dream

Modernity-tradition dichotomy, 213

Money models, 80, 101–5, 118

Montgomery, David, 73

Moore, Barrington, Jr., 275

Moore, R. Laurence, 3, 203–4, 258, 300

Moorhouse, H. F., 103, 104, 118, 293

Morgen, Sandra, 289

Multidimensional scaling, 109–10, 121

Muncie, Indiana. See Middletown

Murphy, George G. S., 261

Mystification, 85–86, 288

Naisbitt, John, 4, 11, 54

Nationalization, 7–9, 29, 306

Native American Indians, 216–20

Native-born workers, 203, 210–13

Nativism, 204, 210–13

Neo-Marxist theory. See Social science, Marxist

Netherlands, 9–10, 147

New Deal, 21–22, 29, 130, 295, 300

New Left, 35–36, 76

New petty bourgeoisie, 55, 59

Newburyport, Mass., 25–27, 37, 266

Newby, Robert G., 226, 240, 243–44, 249

Newman, Dorothy K., 243, 244

Nisbet, Robert, 42

Nixon, Richard, and voters, 9–10, 164–65, 179

Nock, Steven L., 121

Nonmanual labor. See Mental labor; White-collar workers

NORC occupational prestige. See Occupational prestige

Norma Rae. See Jordan, Crystal Lee

Norway, 5–6, 147, 308

Occupation: and class divisions, 77, 229–30; and definition of mental labor, 76–77

Occupational prestige: in British-U.S. comparison, 150–51; changes in, over time, 141–42, 246–47; and class placements, 50, 61, 70, 81–83, 91, 98–99, 154–56, 172–74, 232–33, 242, 252–55, 283; cross-national similarities, 42–43; measures of, 42, 94, 97, 168; and mental labor, 81, 100; perception of, and class consciousness, 44–45; and politics, 175–80; and triads, 108, 110–11

OECD, 7

Old Left, 35, 36

Open-ended questions, 48, 101–6

Oppenheim, Karen, 130, 133

Oppenheimer, Valerie K., 193

Organization, and class conflict, 14, 33–35, 88

Ossowski, Stanislaw, 39, 40, 41, 109, 147

Output restrictions, 73, 288–90

Ownership: and American exceptionalism, 30, 84; and class placements, 51; and class position, 40, 54–57, 61; and conservativism, 30; differentiated from control, 62–63; and mental labor, 85; and supervision, 85. See also Capital; Self-employment

Pacing, 73, 288–89

Paige, Jeffrey, 293

Parenti, Michael, 12, 276, 309

Parents’ position, and class placements, 241, 269–73, 279

Paris, 1, 7, 293–94

Parkin, Frank, 42, 56, 63, 77, 210, 214

Party affiliations. See Political parties, affiliation

PATCO strike, 184–85, 299

Patriotism, 211–13

Perlman, Selig, 12, 28, 30–32, 84, 264

Perrone, Luca, 44, 64, 66, 85, 89, 90, 96

Personnel officer, 71–72, 76

Pettigrew, Thomas F., 159, 207

Phelps-Brown, E. H., 274

Philliber, William W., 187

Physicians, 43, 58, 76; in triads task, 113–14

Pineo, Peter C., 94, 168

Piven, Frances Fox, 33–35, 60, 75

Plant manager, 43, 71; composite in U.S.–British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180; in triads task, 107–23

Plotting, 133

Polarization. See Class polarization

Police: beliefs about equal treatment by, 158; and capital, 23; and strikes, 15, 28, 212

Policy-planning groups, 307

Political attitudes, 159

Political change in Britain survey, 149–80

Political parties: and affiliation, 161–64, 169–70, 175–77; attitudes toward, 159; and capital, 23, 304–5; and class support, 5, 9–11, 64, 160–67, 175–77; and nationalization, 8; in two-party system, 2; and voting, 11, 164–66. See also Conservative Party; Democratic Party; Labour Party; Liberal Party; Republican Party; Socialists, American

Pomer, Marshall I., 78

Popitz, H., 101

Portes, Alejandro, 48, 158

Postindustrial society, 4, 11, 54, 58. See also End of ideology thesis

Potter, David, 273

Poulantzas, Nicos, 52, 55–60, 63, 77, 79, 84, 87, 113

Poverty: of American workers, 21–22, 25–26, 258; beliefs about, 33; and conflict, 15, 21, 25, 274–75. See also Prosperity

Power, faces of, 302–4

Power models, 101–5, 118

Prestige models. See Images of class

Price, Robert, 5, 6

Probit analysis, 94

Productive labor, 57

Professional-managerial class, 55. See also Managerial position; Mental labor

Professionals, 11, 55, 59, 73, 75–77, 83, 226

Proletariat. See Working class

Proletarianization, 109

Prosperity: and American exceptionalism, 2, 257, 260, 273, 275, 285; and changes in Black class structure, 242–43; and changes in class placements, 128–30, 137–45; and class consciousness, 125, 143, 259–60, 274–75; cross-national comparisons of, 2; and managerialism theory, 64; and stereotype of workers, 125–26; and revolution, 2, 274–75; and well-being, 143–45

Protestants, 78, 84, 210; and class closeness among, 215; and class placements, 221–22

Psychological reductionism, 15–17, 19–21, 29, 31, 35, 128, 160, 182, 285

Public sector, 181, 240, 244

Pullman strike, 15, 29, 261

Quality control, 72

Quality of Employment Survey, 184, 186

Question wording. See Open-ended questions; Structured questions

Quitting, 85, 288–90

Race: and American exceptionalism, 2; and class placements, 237–42, 254, 284; consciousness of and class consciousness, 236–42; at Lordstown, Ohio, auto plant, 206; and political parties, 9; and prestige perceptions, 42; and sample restrictions on, 93–94, 168

Racism, 204, 206, 229; and class and gender oppression, 240, 287–91

Rainwater, Lee, 101, 144, 225

Reagan, Ronald, 27, 126

Red Scare, 211, 298

Reforms, 32, 293, 301–2

Regan, Donald, 305

Region: and class conflict, 261–62; and class placements, 262–63; and mid-American optimism, 21; and voting, 9. See also South; West

Reich, Michael, 71

Reiss, Albert J., 42

Relative comparisons. See Social comparisons

Religion: and American exceptionalism, 203; and capital, 23, 207, 212, 296; and class placements, 221–22; closeness and class closeness, 214–15; and politics, 78, 211. See also Catholics; Jews; Protestants

Repression, 15; and American exceptionalism, 300; and capitalist strength, 28, 33, 212, 298–302; of Debs, 29, 298, 300; and defenses of the poor, 33; Haymarket riot, 298, 300; of IWW, 29, 301; in Middletown, 22–23; of radical unions, 31; radical working class as a consequence, 301; and Red Scare of 1919–20, 211, 298; and reform, 32, 301; as last resort, 302, 303; of Socialist Party, 29, 298, 301; and strikes, 27–29, 298–300

Republican Party, 27, 160; class support for, 9, 64, 78, 148, 160–67, 175, 179, 304

Resistance. See Class conflict

Resource mobilization. See Class conflict

Restraining myths, 36–37, 48

Revisionism. See Social science, Marxist

Revolutions: agrarian, 293; Chinese, 16, 260, 292; and class consciousness, 46, 293; and foreign invasions, 16, 292; in France, 260, 297; in Germany, 1; and industrialization, early, 4, 260, 297; and opposition to, 292–94; and origins of revolutionaries, 293; in Paris, 1, 293–94; and poverty, 2, 274–75; and reformism, 293; in Russia of 1917, 1, 5, 16, 260, 292, 297; in Vietnam, 292; and working class, 3–4, 292

Right-to-work laws, 264, 303

Robinson, Robert V., 64, 66, 85, 89, 158–59, 236

Rollins, Judith, 287

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 21, 130

Rosenblum, Gerald, 207, 208, 274, 308

Ross, Arthur M., 126

Ross, Philip, 7, 261, 298, 299

Rossi, PeterH., 42, 44, 45, 121, 148, 168

Rothschild, Emma, 61–62, 74–75

Rubin, Lillian, 102

Rudolph, Lloyd I., and Susanne Hoeber, 213

Runciman, W. G., 159

Russia, 7; repression in, 300; revolution in, 1917, 1, 5, 16, 260, 292, 297

Sacks, Karen Brodkin, 288, 290

Salesworkers, 11–13, 77, 78, 229

Samples, 93–94, 97; in Election surveys, 128; in General Social Surveys, 66, 188, 189–90, 224; in images survey, 120; U.S.-British comparison of, 149

San Francisco strike, 262

Satisfaction: and collective movements, 159; and prosperity, 143–45

Scandinavia, 1, 308

Schecter, Susan, 289

Schlozman, Kay Lehman, 86, 106, 133, 158, 160, 236, 239

Schools, and images of class, 107

Schulman, Michael, 236–37, 239

Schuman, Howard, 102, 158

Scientific management, 72–73, 296

Seattle general strike, 262, 299

Seifer, Nancy, 184

Self-concept, 33–34

Self-confidence. See Expectations of success

Self-employment: aspirations for, 86–87; and autonomy, 87; British-U.S. comparison of, 150–51; and class placements, 51, 88–90, 98–99, 154–56, 170, 172–74, 235–36; and class position, 11–12, 83; and conservativism, 83–84; extent of, 53, 84; and income, 64, 85, 89; measure of, 89, 97; and politics, 164, 175–80. See also Artisans; Ownership

Sennett, Richard, 102, 103, 258, 288

Service sector, 7

Sewell, WilliamH., 44

Sex. See Gender

Shalev, Michael, 2, 5, 126, 295

Shapiro-Perl, Nina, 288–90

Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 303

Shorter, Edward, 295

Shostak, Arthur, 267

Shryock, Henry, 95

Siegel, Jacob S., 95

Siegel, Paul M., 42–43, 45, 94, 110–11, 150

Silkwood, Karen, 181

Simler, Norman J., 261

Skilled workers. See Craftworkers

Skocpol, Theda, 16, 292

Slavery, 85, 203

Slavic workers, 208, 209

Smith, Tom W., 92, 94

Social comparisons: and class perceptions, 144–45; and collective movements, 12, 159, 207; and satisfaction, 144, 159; and social mobility, 12

Social contacts, 50–51

Social Democratic parties, 1, 7, 9, 11, 165

Social democratic theorists, 54, 63

Social mobility. See Mobility, social

Social relations of production: and class definition, 40, 52, 53, 57, 75, 76, 77; and income, 50, 275; perception of, 14, 17, 90–91, 283

Social science, feminist, 195, 240, 287

Social science, Marxist: and American Dream, 258; and American exceptionalism, 2, 3, 7, 12; and bourgeois and utopian socialism, 3, 292; and class conflict, 289; and class consciousness, 12, 20–21, 44–45, 49, 283, 310; and capital, 292; and ethnic/racial divisions in working class, 2, 7, 203–4; and new middle class, 4, 17, 40, 54–60, 63, 71, 90, 103; and repression, 302; and revisionism, 54; in United States, 308

Social science, non-Marxist: and American exceptionalism, 16, 37, 259; and Blacks, 225; and blaming the victim, 286; and class conflict, 289, 303; and class consciousness, 16, 19, 21, 28, 36–37, 213, 283, 310; and class divisions, 46, 50, 291, 292; and class-placement question, 48–49, 103; and conservatism, 48; and images of class, 41, 44, 118, 214, 284; and industrial convergence theory, 148; and Marx, 3–4; and Middletown studies, 21; and mobility, 147, 259; and postindustrial society, 11; and repression, 302; and status distinctions, 41–44, 46, 61; and stereotype of workers, 28, 126; and voting, 9; and women, 187, 289

Social workers, 43, 57, 58, 60, 75–76, 77

Socialist societies, 42

Socialist transformation, 4, 20

Socialists, American: and AFL, 36; and class consciousness, 12, 15, 19, 26; decline of, 15, 29, 125; and elections, 298; failure of, 1–5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 26, 165–67, 285; growth of, 2, 3, 5, 125; and repression, 29, 298, 301; and U.S. capital, 15–16, 32

Socialists, European, 1, 8–9, 165

Socialization, 49, 158, 195

Socioeconomic index, 44

Sojourners, 207

Sombart, Werner, 2, 3, 12, 88, 204, 273, 274

Soref, Michael, 63

South, 206, 207, 262–64, 284

Soviet Union. See Russia

Spouse’s position, and class placements, 187–92, 199–202

Staff management, 72

State: attitudes toward, 159; officials of, 58, 305; and ownership of industry, 7–9, 29, 306; support of, for unions, 22, 31, 32, 295, 298–301. See also Repression

Statistical methods: age, period, cohort analyses, 130–33; cluster analysis, 109, 117, 121; composite beta for ethnic effects, 219; controls for status rankings, 67–69, 81; discriminant function analyses, 161, 170–71; loglinear analysis, 157; and mobility, 271; multicolinearity problems, 81; multidimensional scaling, 109–10, 121; ordinary least squares regressions, 41, 133; path analysis, 162, 178; probit analysis, 69, 94

Status consciousness: and American Dream, 147; of Blacks, 226–30, 236, 241, 249–50; and class consciousness, 14, 44–45, 103, 275, 278; and class placements, 50–52; and conservativism, 39; and individualism, 45; of middle class, 61; and mobility, 26; and prestige image of society, 39; and U.S. workers, 12

Steel industry, 73–74

Steel strike of 1919, 29, 208, 209, 211–12, 274

Steelworker: composite of, in U.S.-British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180

Stephens, John, D., 5, 9–10

Stevenson, Adlai, 7

Stone, Katherine, 73–74

Storekeepers, 11–12, 14, 83

Street-level bureaucrats, 240

Strikebreakers, 27

Strikes: and capital, 62, 205, 209, 211–12, 294–7; and class consciousness, 15, 29, 46; in coal industry, 208, 209, 262, 274; in Colorado Labor War of 1904, 262; in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho (1892, 1899), 27, 261, 299, 300; on Denver street railway (1920), 262, 299; and ethnic/racial divisions, 205–13; of garment workers, 181, 208, 209; General Motors sitdown (1937), 181, 300; general strikes, 262; Great Upheaval of 1877, 211, 213, 298–99; at Homestead (1892), 74, 213; and immigrants, 207–13; in Lawrence, Mass., 1912, 181, 208; length of, 294–95; at Lordstown (1972), 61–62; at Ludlow (1914), 262; and nativism, 211; outcomes of, 295, 297; at PATCO, 184–85, 299; and patriotism, 212–13; Pullman (1894), 15, 29, 261; rate of, 126–27; repression of, 27–29, 298–99; in San Francisco, 262; Seattle general strike, 262, 299; in steel (1919), 29, 208, 209, 211–12, 274, 295; in telephone industry, 183; and unemployment, 85, 295; wave-like nature of, 29; and women, 181

Structuralism, 56

Structured questions, 101, 106–8

Style of life, 23, 41, 46, 50, 125, 227–29, 275–77

Suburbs, 126, 275–77

Suffrage, 2, 301

Supervision: and Blacks, 235–36; and capital, 59, 61–64, 85; and class placements, 64–71, 98–99, 115, 235–36; and definition of middle-class, 11, 40, 52, 57–64; first-line, 43; first-line, class position of, 59, 65; first-line, in triads task, 107–23; and gender, 66, 71, 97; and income, 64, 69; levels of, 71, 96; at Lordstown, 61–62; measurement of, 66, 95–97; and mental labor, 71–75; and occupational prestige, 67–71; and triads task, 108, 112–15; and working class, 61–62, 65, 74

Survey research, 48

Sweden, 5–6, 8, 9–10, 159, 165, 274, 294, 308

Sweezy, Paul M., 3, 4, 21, 45, 53, 267

Switzerland, 5, 9–10

Synthetic class images, 109

Taft, Philip, 7, 28, 261, 298, 299

Tawney, R. H., 294

Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 72–73

Taylorism. See Scientific management

Teachers, 43; and control over student lives, 58, 76; U.S.-British comparison of, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180

Technicians, 11, 55, 77

Technical school, 150–51, 155, 172–80

Technology, 54, 72, 74, 77, 296

Telephone strike, 183

Terkel, Studs, 14, 65, 75, 79, 86, 275

Terrell, Kermit, 147, 150

Textile workers, 43

Therborn, Goran, 59, 292

Themstrom, Stephan, 2, 25–27, 37, 128, 259, 260, 264, 266, 267, 285

Thomas, William I., 208

Thompson, E. P., 40, 88

Tilly, Charles, 103, 293, 295

Tilly, Louise A., 103, 293

Time: and class placements, 17, 128–45, 245–49, 284; and class structure, 4, 11–13, 53, 140–41, 245–47, 268; and strikes, 126–27

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 84, 147, 266, 276

Training courses, 74, 290

Treiman, Donald J., 37, 42, 48, 50, 69, 88, 92, 147, 148, 150, 168, 187, 239, 250

Triads task, 107–8, 120

Trilateral Commission, 307

Trust formation, 297

Tucker, Charles W., 48, 92

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 2, 261

Turnover, 85, 288–90

Unemployed laborer, 113–14

Unemployment, 22, 85, 295

Unions: attitudes toward, 23, 32, 159, 184–86, 263–64; and capital’s tolerance of, 28, 30, 32; and class conflict, 5, 7; and class consciousness, 15, 19; and class culture, 107; and conservativism, 1–2, 5, 28–30, 204, 285, 301; decline of, 1, 21, 125; and Depression, 29, 125, 295; dual, 31; and economy, 295; and ethnic/racial divisions, 205–13; European, 1, 5–6; growth of, 7, 21, 29, 125, 295; and immigrants, 207, 209; membership rates in, 5–7, 182–86, 262–64, 310; in Middletown, 21–23; and occupation, 7, 183; officials, 14, 21–23, 28, 31; and politics, 9; in public sector, 181; radicalism in, 29; and right-to-work laws, 264, 303; in the South, 262–64; and stereotype of U.S. workers, 37, 125–26; and violence, 7, 26; and wages, 22; weakness of, 27–28; and women, 181–86. See also AFL, IWW

United Mine Workers, 208

Universities, 307–8

Unskilled workers, 12–13, 74

U.S. armed forces, 27–29, 212, 298–99

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 5, 182

U.S. Census, 13, 53, 144, 193, 228, 231–32

U.S. Department of Labor, 95

U.S. Justice Department, 29, 301

U.S. Post Office, 29

Upper class, 48, 52, 92, 226, 229

Upper-middle class, 48, 52, 92

Urbanism, 2, 27, 84

Utopian socialism, 3, 292

Vanneman, Reeve, 78, 90, 94, 159

Van Velsor, Ellen, 187

Verba, Sidney, 86, 106, 133, 158, 160, 236, 239

Voice and Exit, 181, 208, 258

Violence, 7, 26, 27, 261–62, 310

Voting: in Britain and U.S., 164–66, 179–80; class division in, 9–11; and nonvoting, 11, 160, 164–66, 179, 310; realignment in, 130; and suffrage, 2; and two-party system, 2

Wachtel, Howard M., 21, 45, 274

Wage labor, 35, 40, 53–55, 58, 80, 83

Waitress, 43; composite in U.S.-British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180

Wallace, George, voters for, 164–65, 179

Walters, Kenneth D., 8

Wattenberg, Ben, J., 4, 47–48, 54, 118, 129, 273, 275–76

Weber, Max, 56, 77, 226, 228, 307

Weighting, in statistical analyses, 93, 120, 168

Welch, John, 35–36

Welfare, 34, 60, 75

Welfare capitalism, 274, 296, 298

Wells, H. G., 308

West, American, 261–62

Western Federation of Miners, 28–29, 261

White-collar work: and Blacks, 226–28, 253; and class division, 11, 63, 77, 226–28; and class placements, 52, 233–35, 253, 270, 279; growth of, 4, 6, 12; and images of class, 44–45, 102, 108, 109, 113–15; and mobility, 78; and voting, 9–10. See also Clerical workers; Sales-workers; Technicians.

Wilensky, Harold L., 44, 273

Will, George, 274

Willener, Alfred, 101, 103

Willie, Charles V., 226, 233, 236

Wilson, William J., 226–28, 233, 236, 241, 242–44, 248

Wilson, Woodrow, 31, 301

Winer, B. J., 93

Wobblies. See IWW

Wolf, Wendy C., 66, 71

Women: Black, 287–88; and capital strength, 290; class consciousness among, 181, 184; class placements of, 185–202; and education, 187; expectations of success of, 184; and gender segregation, 183, 192–97; and Gompers, 183; and husband’s position, 188–92, 198–202; and managerial position, 188–92, 198–202; and maximizing strategy, 188–92; and social science, 187, 289; and strikes, 181; and unions, 181–86; and work commitment, 181, 182, 187. See also Gender

Women’s emergency brigade, 181–82

Work commitment, 181, 182, 187

Work quality, 31, 60, 64, 76

Work setting, 108, 115

Working class. See American Exceptionalism; Artisans; Autonomy; Blaming the victim; Class conflict; Class consciousness; Ethnicity; Exploitation; Images of class; Interviews with workers; Managers; Mental labor; Middle class; Mobility, geographic; Mobility, social; Poverty; Revolutions; Self-employment; Strikes; Supervision; Unions; Voting

World wars, 16, 31, 292, 301

Wright, Erik Olin, 44, 52, 55, 56, 58, 63, 64, 66, 76, 77, 85, 89, 90, 96, 159, 287

Wright, James D., 159

Yancey, William, 225

Yanowitch, Murray, 42

Zeitlin, Maurice, 63

Zellner, Arnold, 261

Znaniecki, Florian, 208

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