ABC News–Washington Post poll, 184–85, 263–64
Absolute comparisons. See Social comparisons
Advertising executives, 58, 60, 79
Affiliative ties, 195–96
Affluent worker study, 80, 101–4, 108, 118
AFL (and AFL-CIO): attitudes toward, 159; conservatism, 30–32, 204, 301; government support of, 31, 32, 301; and labor law reform, 303; modification of Marxism, 30, 32; and nativism, 211; opposition, to rivals, 31, 36, 211; success, 30–31; and women, attitudes toward, 182–83. See also Gompers; Unions.
Age: and class placements, 131–33, 135; controls for, in statistical analysis, 190, 192; and sample restrictions, 120, 128, 168, 190
Agrarian societies, 293
Air traffic controllers. See PATCO
Althusser, Louis, 56
American Dream: and American exceptionalism, 2, 86–87, 147, 257–60; and class consciousness, 2, 14, 20, 23, 86–87, 257–58, 266–67, 278; rejection of, 26; and social science, 258–59; sources of, 257
American exceptionalism: and American Dream, 2, 86–87, 147, 257–60; belief in, 25; and class consciousness, 12–16, 87, 119, 147, 286; capitalist power in, 15–17, 30, 167, 286, 294, 310; causes of, 2, 17, 284; and ethnic divisions, 2, 5, 17, 203–5, 209, 285; evidence for, 4, 15, 285; and feudalism, 2, 285, 308–9; and frontier, 2, 17, 260, 284; and individualism, 2, 12, 26, 257; and middle class, 30, 54, 84, 148; and politics, 160, 166; and prosperity, 2, 257, 260, 273, 275, 285; and social mobility, 2, 17, 147, 257, 260, 266, 285; and suffrage, 2; theoretical importance of, 1–3; and two-party system, 2; union and party failure in, 4–11; and violence, 7, 310; and voting, 10, 160, 166, 310. See also Political parties; Unions
American National Election Surveys. See Election Surveys
Anaconda Copper, 63–64
Anarchists, 298
Antos, Joseph R., 183
Aristocracy, 292
Articulation of class perceptions, 14, 81, 103–4, 107
Ashenfelter, Orley, 295
Assembly-line workers, 43, 54; in triads task, 107–23
Attitudes: and behavior, 158–59, 184; and class placements, 47; and class structure, 227–29; and unions, 159
Authority. See Supervision
Autonomy, 11, 35, 59–60, 62, 65, 72–75, 77, 87
Aveling, Edward, and Eleanor Marx, 258
Awareness of class, 157
Baby-boom generation, 130–40
Baca Zinn, Maxine, 291
Bachrach, Peter, 302
Bailey, Kenneth D., 121
Baratz, Morton S., 302
Behavior: and attitudes, 14–16, 37, 158–59, 184; and class structure, 227–30
Benson, Susan Porter, 288
Berle, Adolf A., 64
Billingsley, Andrew, 225–29, 235, 249
Bing, Alexander M., 262
Bitter feelings, 25–26, 128, 285
Blacklisting, 22
Blacks: class consciousness among, 236–40; class placements of, 216–20, 230–51, 284; and class structure, 225–30, 242, 245–46. See also Race
Blaming the victim, 286; and class consciousness, 15, 19–20, 33–35, 184, 207, 285, 292, 297; and social mobility, 33, 103, 258, 286, 288
Blue-collar work. See White-collar work
Bohrnstedt, George, 41
Bonacich, Edna, 236
Bookkeepers: composite in U.S.-British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180
Bookman, Ann, 289
Bott, Elizabeth, 102–3, 105–6, 108–9, 118
Bottomore, T. B., 2, 54, 84, 147, 257, 266, 273, 308
Bourgeoisie. See Capital
Braverman, Harry, 52, 60, 72, 77–80, 227–28, 232, 289
Breiger, Ronald L., 78
Broder, David, 27
Brody, David, 207, 208, 274, 295
Buchanan, William, 147–48, 149
Bulmer, Martin, 101
Burawoy, Michael, 12, 85–86, 104, 150, 158, 267, 289
Burnham, Walter Dean, 11, 12, 130, 166, 167, 308, 309
Burstein, Paul, 243
Burton, Michael, 107
Business. See Capital
Business confidence, 305–6
Business Roundtable, 307
Butler, David, 149
Cannon, Lynn Weber, 94
Cantril, Hadley, 47, 147–48, 149, 158
Capital: allies of, 23, 207, 211–12, 296; and American exceptionalism, 15–17, 30, 167, 286, 294, 310; and class conflict, 14, 17, 28, 30, 32, 33–34, 291–310; class consciousness, 12, 157; and cohesiveness, 16, 22–23, 32–33, 307; co-optation by, 15, 23, 46; concentration of, 53, 125, 297; and Depression, 22, 295; and dismissals, 22, 28, 63–64, 297; divisions in, 23; economic power of, 7–8, 33, 56, 63–64, 85, 211, 294–98, 305–6, 308–9; and elections, 304–5; and ethnic divisions among workers, 209–10; and expectations of workers, 14; and federalism, 306; and feudal absence of, 308–9; and geographic mobility, 22, 297, 306; and Gompers, 30–32, 294; growth of power of, 74, 296; and ideology, 32, 297, 307–9; and immigration, 210; and labor law, 303; and legitimacy, 307–8; and managerial control, 72–73, 296–98; and media, 23, 212, 296, 307; and middle class 57–59, 63–64; in Middletown, 22–24, 59, 302–3; and mobility, 22, 297, 306; nationalization of, 7–9, 29, 306; and policy-planning groups, 307; and political power, 9, 167, 212, 295, 298–306; and reforms, 293, 301–2; and repression, 28, 33, 212, 298–302; and research on women of color, 290; and revolutions, 3, 292–93; and robber barons, 4; and self-confidence, 1, 16, 295; and social science, 291; and strikes, 62, 205, 209, 211–12, 294–95; and unions, tolerance of, 28, 30, 32; variations in power of, 292, 310. See also Exploitation; Ownership
Carchedi, Guglielmo, 63
Carroll, J. Douglas, 109–11, 121
Catholics: and class closeness, 215; and class consciousness, 204; and class placements, 221–22. See also Religion
Cayton, Horace R., 225, 229, 249
Centers, Richard, 37, 47–50, 101, 103, 133, 187
Chamberlain, Chris, 158
Chicago: Haymarket riot, 7, 298, 300; sample for images task, 120; steel workers in, 206
Chorley, Katherine, 294
Civil rights movement, 34, 225, 242
Class, 11–12, 40–41, 52, 54–60, 63, 72, 83
Class closeness, 156–57, 214–15
Class conflict: in agrarian societies, 293; and the American Dream, 247–58; and capitalist strength, 291; and class consciousness, 12–16, 19–20, 24, 60, 103, 182, 293; and class definition, 41, 55, 58, 63; decline of, 4, 125–27; and images of class, 39–40, 46; and industrialization, early, 1, 4, 126, 208, 259–60, 297; and organizational structure, 14, 33–35, 88; and racism, 287–91; and resources, 19, 33–34; and sexism, 287–91; and social conditions, 21, 24, 33, 62; and social mobility, 2, 12, 26–27; types of, 289; in U.S., absence of, 1–5, 21, 54. See also Revolutions; Strikes; Violence
Class consciousness: and AFL, 30–32, 301; and American Dream, 14, 17, 23, 33, 50, 55–56, 60, 86–87, 128–29, 257–58, 283, 309; and American exceptionalism, 12–17, 26, 30, 119, 147, 160; articulation and perception of distinguished, 81, 103–4, 107; and behavior, distinguished by, 14–16, 37, 39, 184; and belief in absence of in U.S., 1, 20, 27, 36, 283; of Blacks, 230–42, 249–50; of capital, 12; and class conflict, 14–17, 19–20, 24, 26, 29, 34, 39, 60, 103, 181, 283, 293; and class division, perception of, 14, 17, 50, 55–56, 60, 128–29, 283, 309; and class placement question, 50–52, 67–71, 90–91, 145, 158; definition of, 49, 103, 156–59; and Depression, 125, 140; and ethnicity, 17, 210, 213–14; evidence of, lack of, 15, 19, 21, 25, 32, 34, 36–37, 126–28, 147, 258–60, 283; failure of, 44; and feudalism, 2; and geographic mobility, 261, 264; and hostility to capital, 24, 25–26; and images of class, 117–19; and individualism, 2, 12, 23, 105; leftist analyses of, 12, 20–21, 45, 283; in Middletown, 21–25; origins of, in class conflict, 30, 181, 283; and politics, 160–64; in postwar prosperity, 125–28, 143; and race, 236–42; and reactionary radicalism, 88; and self-employment, 51, 84, 88; and social mobility, 25–26, 257–58; and social science research, 16, 19, 28, 36–37, 213; and socialist society, 88, 293; and socialization, 49; and status consciousness, 12, 14, 44, 60–61, 67–71, 79, 103; and strikes, 29; and survey questions, 158–59; and women, 181, 184. See also Images of class; Inferences about class consciousness; Interviews with workers
Class identification, 37, 49, 92
Class images. See Images of class
Class placements: and Blacks, 216–20, 230–55; British and U. S., 147, 148–56, 172–74, 283; changes in, over time, 128–45, 245–49; determinants of, 50; and ethnicity, 217–23; and gender, 187–202; and geographic mobility, 265; and income, 276–77; and mental labor, 81–83; and politics, 47, 161–62, 178; and region, 262–64; and self-employment, 88–90; and social mobility, 268–72; and suburban residence, 277–78; and supervision, 64–71; and wording of questions about, 47–49, 92
Class polarization, 53–54, 126, 161–63
Class salience, 157
Classlessness, 40, 147, 153, 159
Clerical workers, 43; class position of, 11–13, 63, 77, 78; in triads task, 107–23
Cloward, Richard A., 33–35, 60, 75
Cluster analysis, 78, 109, 117, 121
Coal strikes, 208, 209, 262, 274
Cobb, Jonathan, 102, 103, 258, 288
Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, 27–29, 32, 261, 299, 300
Cognitive models, 49, 92, 104, 107, 156
Cohort effects. See Generational change in class placements
Collective bargaining, 125–26, 301
Collins, Patricia Hill, 240, 287, 290–91
Collins, Sharon, 226, 240, 244
Commons, John, 12, 30, 32, 267
Communist parties, 1
Comparative research. See Cross-national studies
Conservative Party, 160–67, 175, 179
Contradictory class locations, 55
Control. See Autonomy; Capital; Supervision
Conventional wisdom, 1, 16, 35, 36–37, 147–48, 157, 158, 283, 284, 286, 310
Convergence theory, 148
Converse, Philip, 130
Courts: beliefs about equal treatment in, 158; as used against labor, 304
Coxon, Anthony P. M., 107, 121
Craftworkers: Black, 226–28; and class placements, 233–35, 253, 270, 279; class position of, 11, 13, 226–28; class solidarity of, 211; and machinery, 72, 74, 296; and mental labor, 72–77, 80
Cross-national studies: of class consciousness, 36, 147, 159; of class placements, 17, 147–48; of happiness, 143–44; of nationalization, 8; of occupational prestige, 42–44, 148; of perceptions of inequality, 158; of social mobility, 267–68; of unionization, 5–6; of voting, 9–11
Crozier, Michel, 7
Culture: and image of class structure, 41, 107; and social mobility, 41, 44; of working class, 21, 23, 32, 58, 203
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 41, 46, 52, 56, 60, 63–64, 71
Davis, Angela, 289
Dawley, Alan, 16, 25, 87–88, 211, 213, 266
Debs, Eugene, 35, 36, 213; patriotic appeals of, 212–13; and prison, 298, 300; and Pullman strike, 15, 29; and U.S. workers, 35, 36
Democratic Party: attitudes toward, 159; class support for, 9, 64, 78, 148, 160–67, 175, 179, 304; and class culture, 107; and conservatism, 160; and Depression cohort, 130; and finances, 9, 304; in Newburyport, Mass., 25; and reformism, 1, 8, 9
Denver street railway (1920), 262, 299
Depression: and capitalist power, 22, 295; and class consciousness, 125, 284; class placements of cohort, 131–40; definition of cohort, 130; democratic allegiance of cohort, 130; and a mechanic on, 79–80, 285; in Middletown, 21–22, 29; and protests during, 34; and stereotype of worker, 125; and unionization, 29, 125, 295
Derber, Charles, 77
Dick, William M., 30, 294, 304
Dill, Bonnie T., 240, 287, 289
Discriminant function analyses, 161, 170–71
Dismissal: of managers, 63–64; of workers, 22, 28, 297
Dollard, John, 225
Domestic workers, 287–88
Domhoff, G. William, 9, 169, 304
Dominance. See Capital; Social relations of production; Supervision
Drake, St. Clair, 225, 229, 249
Dual careers, 192
Dubofsky, Melvyn, 7, 15, 16, 29, 32, 128, 181, 209, 210, 259, 261, 296, 299, 300, 301
Du Bois, W. E. B., 225
Duncan, Otis Dudley, 42, 44, 45, 108, 115, 144, 145
Durkheim, Émile, 259
Easterlin, Richard, 143–44
Edelman, Murray, 33
Education: British-U.S. comparison of, 149–51, 169; changes in, over time, 137, 141–42, 246–47; and class placements, 50, 98–99, 154–56, 170, 172–74, 201–2, 232–33, 241, 252–55; college level, 65, 80, 149–51, 169, 176–80; measures of, 95, 97, 169; and politics, 161–63, 176–80; and prestige perceptions, 42; and race, 241–42; and spouse’s, 201–2; in technical school, 150–51, 155, 172–80
Egalitarianism: and beliefs, 158; and class consciousness, 26, 65, 147
Egocentric strategy of class placements, 188–92
Ehrenreich, Barbara and John, 55, 58, 76–80, 228
Eight-hour day, 31
Elder, Glen H., Jr., 130
Election surveys, 92–95; and authority measure, 70–71, 95–96; and Black class placements, 231–42, 247–48; and British surveys, 149–80; changes in class placements in, 128–45; and ethnicity, 214–15, 219; gender composition of, 195; and mental labor, 83; and religion, 221–22; and self-employment, 89; and spouse’s position, 191–92, 198–202
Elections, 304–5
Elites, precapitalist, 292
Elitist model of class images, 117–18, 284
Embourgeoisement, 109, 136, 143
Emigration, 208
End of ideology thesis, 125–29, 140
Engels, Friedrich, 3, 4, 40, 53, 126, 203–4, 209, 210, 261
Engineers, 43, 57, 58, 60, 71–76, 77; in triads task, 107–23
Escoffier, Jeffrey, 20
Ethnicity: and American exceptionalism, 2, 5, 17, 203–5, 209, 285; and class consciousness, 17, 210, 213–23; and class fragmentation, 203–4, 209–10; and class placements, 216–23, 284; and class solidarity, 205, 206, 208–14; and labor conflict, 205–13; measure of, 217, 224; and politics, 5, 9, 211
Europe: cabinets of, 305; capital in, 33; class conflicts in, 1–2, 5; class consciousness in, 2, 14, 42, 147, 160; ethnic homogeneity of, 2; and feudalism, 157, 308; Marxists, 3, 7; and mobility in, 257, 268; and nationalization, 8; politics of, 2, 5, 9–11; strikes in, 295; unions in, 1, 5–6, 31; U.S. impressions of, 1. See also specific countries
Evers, Mark, 143, 233, 239, 250
Executives, 43; in government positions, 305; in triads task, 107–23
Expectations of success: of capital, 1, 16, 295; Gompers’s, 30–31; in Middletown, 22–25; and union choice, 31; of women, 184; of workers, 14, 22–23, 87
Exploitation: and capitalism, 3, 20, 52, 56, 58, 85; as perceived, 25, 40, 85–88, 237, 288; and self-employed, 84
Faces of power, 302–4
False consciousness, 35–36, 206, 247
Family origin and class placements, 241, 269–73, 279
Farley, Reynolds, 243
Farmers, 11–13, 23, 83, 261; sample restrictions on, 93–94
Fascism, 309
Father’s occupation, and class placements, 241, 269–73, 279
Felson, Marcus, 187–88
Feminist thought, 195, 240, 287
Feudalism: and American exceptionalism, 2, 285, 308–9; in Britain, 157; and capitalist rivalry, 308–9; and class consciousness, 2, 157; and exploitation, 85
Fine, Glenn, 303
Fine, Sidney, 181–82
Flacks, Richard, 35
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 181
Foner, PhilipS., 183
Forced-choice questions, 101, 106–8. See also Structured questions
Foreign observers, 36, 147, 258
Foreman. See Supervision, first-line
Fortune magazine, 47–48
Foster, William Z., 35
France: class placements in, 148; nationalization in, 8; politics in, 1, 9–10, 165; revolutions of, 1, 260, 293–94, 297; unions in, 5–6; wages in, 274
Fraternal deprivation, 159
Frazier, E. Franklin, 225–29, 233–36, 249
Freeman, Richard B., 182–86, 263, 303
Friedheim, Robert L., 262
Frontier, 2, 17, 257, 260, 261–62, 284
Gagliani, Giorgio, 77
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 11, 54, 58, 64, 125
Gallup, George, 47
Garment workers, 181, 208, 209, 210, 273
Garson, G. David, 102, 103, 105
Gender: and class consciousness, 181, 184; and class placements, 64, 71, 81–83, 89–91, 94, 154–56, 170, 172–74, 185–202, 231–35, 252–55, 265, 270, 272, 279–81; in composition of occupation, 71, 188, 193–96; and oppression and racial and class oppression, 287–91; and politics, 175–80; and pooled data, 170, 245; and prestige perceptions, 42; and spouse’s effect on class placements, 71, 188–92, 199–202; and supervision, 66, 71, 97; and unions, 181–86; and voting, 9
General Motors: at Lordstown, 61, 74–75, 206; at Middletown, 21–24; sitdown strike against, 1937, 181, 300
General Social Surveys, 66, 92–95; and Black class placements, 231–42; and ethnicity, 216–24; and gender differences, 189–202; and geographic mobility, 264–66; and income, 276–77; and mental labor, 81–83; and region, 262–63; self-employment, 88–90; and social mobility, 269–72, 279–81; and supervision, 66–71; and union attitudes, 184
General strikes, 262
Generational change in class placements, 130–40, 284
Geographic mobility. See Mobility, geographic
Germany: class conflicts in, 4, 7; class placements in, 148; economic rivals of, 294; politics in, 1, 4, 8, 9–10, 84, 165, 300; and unions, 5–6; wages in, 274
Geschwender, James A., 236, 242, 249
Gilbert, Dennis, 147
Goldstein, Robert Justin, 29, 299, 301
Goldthorpe, John H., 42, 80, 101–4, 108, 118
Gompers, Samuel, 30, 36; and American exceptionalism, 294; and capitalist strength, 30–32, 294; and government, 31, 301, 303; and immigrants, 207, 209; and middle-class reformers, 36; success, 30–31; and women, 183
Goodman, Ellen, 196
Gorz, André, 77
Government. See Nationalization; State
Graham, Katherine, 181
Gramsci, Antonio, 307, 308, 309
Great Britain: class closeness in, 156–57; class conflict in, 4, 88; class placements in, 147, 148–56, 172–74, 283; class salience in, 157; community basis of working-class solidarity in, 206; economic power in, 4, 294; incomes in, 149–51, 168–69, 274; labor policy of, 304; mobility rates in, 268; nationalization in, 8; and politics, 1, 8, 9–10, 148, 160–67; unions in, 5–6, 31
Great Upheaval of 1877, 211, 213, 298–99
Gross, Neal, 106
Griping, 288–90
Guest, Avery, 157
Guilt. See Blaming the victim
Gulick, Charles, 273
Gurin, Patricia, 236
Gutman, Herbert G., 73, 106, 208, 213
Hairdresser, 43; composite in U.S.-British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180
Hamilton, Richard, 36–37, 48, 78, 92, 159
Hanushek, Eric A., 94
Hargens, Lowell L., 187
Harrington, Michael, 9, 204, 274
Harrison, Bennett, 306
Hartman, Paul T., 126
Haywood, William, 35
Hazelrigg, Lawrence, 45, 49, 55, 101, 106, 267
Heads of household, statistical controls for, 152, 174
Hegemony: economic, 294; ideological, 32, 297, 307; and working-class consciousness, 32, 307
Herberg, Will, 221
Hibbs, Douglas A., Jr., 295
Hidden injuries of class, 33, 103, 258, 286, 288
Higginbotham, Elizabeth, 226, 229–30, 232, 240
Higham, John, 208, 210, 211, 260
Hill, Robert B., 244
Hillbillies, 206
Hiller, DanaV., 187
Hirschman, Albert O., 258
Hochschild, Jennifer L., 12, 102
Hodge, Robert W., 37, 42, 45, 48, 50, 69, 88, 92, 148, 168, 187, 239, 250, 268
Hofstadter, Richard, 261
Homestead strike of 1892, 74, 213
Hope, Keith, 42
Hopkins, Sheila V., 274
Horan, Patrick, 44
Hout, Michael, 130
Humphrey, Hubert, voters for, 164–65, 179
ICPSR, 92, 94, 168, 169, 184, 214
Ideological dimension of class. See Mental labor
Ideology: and American Dream, 25, 257, 259; and capital power, 32, 297, 307–9; and classlessness, 147, 153, 159; as demystified by intimate knowledge, 288; hegemony of, 32, 297, 307; and protest, 2, 182; and socialization, 107, 158; and survey research on, 158–59; and working-class consciousness, 32, 307. See also American Dream; Culture; Individualism; Media
ILO, 7
Images of class: and Black middle class, 226–30, 233–35; as continuous, 39–42, 102, 113, 250; as dichotomous, 39–41, 101, 105, 250; and elitist tendency, 117–18, 284; and individual differences, 109, 116–18, 283–84; and middle-mass tendency, 108–9, 111–14, 116–18, 284; money models in, 80, 101–5, 118; and possibility of multiple images, 44–47, 103, 104–9, 214; and power models, 101–5, 118; and prestige models, 39, 41–47, 101–3; as synthetic, 109; and working-mass tendency, 108–9, 111–14, 116–18, 283–84
Images survey, 120
Immigrant workers: and American exceptionalism, 203, 257; class consciousness of, 207, 210; class placements of, 221; and conservatism, 30, 207; as sojourners, 207; and strikes, 207–13
Immigration policy, 210
Income: British-U.S. comparison of, 149–51, 168–69; and class division, 41, 229; and class placements, 50, 98–99, 154–56, 172–74, 201–2, 232–33, 252–55, 275–77; and happiness, 143–44; increases in, overtime, 137, 141–42, 144, 246–47; measure of, 95, 97, 168–69; perceived need of, for typical family, 144; and politics, 161–63, 176–80; and race, 241–42; of self-employed, 64, 85; of supervisors, 64; time, increases over, 137, 141–42, 144, 246–47; in U.S. compared with Europe, 258, 274; of workers, 22, 25–26, 31
Individualism: and American exceptionalism, 2, 12, 26, 257; and class conflict, 26–27, 257–58; and class consciousness, 2, 12, 23–24, 26, 105; and class solidarity, 2, 26; and frontier, 261; and geographic mobility, 264; in Middletown, 23–24; and opportunity, 2, 12, 26–27
INDSCAL, 109–23
Industrial engineer, in triads task, 107–23
Industrialization: and American Dream origins, 257; conflict in, declining, 4, 126; conflict in, early stages, 1, 4, 126, 208, 259–60, 297; and convergence, 148; and geographic mobility, 266; and immigrants, 208; working class’s growing strength, 3, 297. See also Postindustrial society
Inequality, perceptions of, 158
Inferences about class consciousness: from AFL success, 30–31; from behavior of labor leaders, 31; from Black militance, 236–37; from business culture, 32; from class-conflict outcomes, 15–17, 19–20, 127–28, 285; from class-placement relationships, 50–51; frequency in literature of, 15; by Marxists, 20–21; from mobility, 25; from politics, 127–28, 160, 167; from status concerns, 44–45, 50; from strike decline, 127–28; from union failure, 23, 29; from women’s low unionization, 182; without evidence of psychology for, 19, 39
Inglehart, Ronald, 9–11
Inkeles, Alex, 42
Interaction, effects, 90, 149, 154–56, 193–95, 241
Interchurch World Movement, 207, 209, 210, 211–12
Interpersonal relationships, 195–96
Interviews with workers: on class conflict, 288; on domination, 288; on mental labor, 72, 75; in Middletown, 24; on money, 275; in Newburyport, Mass., 25; on profits, 237; on self-employment, 86, 87; on supervision, 65, 103
Italy, 1, 5–6, 8, 9–10, 148, 165
IWW: and AFL conflict, 211; and capital, 32; and ethnicity, 208–9, 211; failure of, 16; in Lawrence textile strike, 181; origins of, 28, 29, 261; radicalism of, 29, 32; repression of, 29, 301
Jackman, Mary R. and Robert W., 37, 48, 50–52, 69, 71, 88, 92, 94, 102, 152, 168, 187, 188, 233, 239–40, 250
Jackson, John E., 94
James, David R., 63
Janda, Kenneth, 8
Janitor, 11, 43; composite of, in U.S.–British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180; in triads task, 113–14
Jencks, Christopher, 44
Jensen, Vernon H., 28, 261, 299
Jessop, Bob, 56
Jews: class placements of, 216–20; and garment workers, 208, 210
Johnson, George, 295
Johnson, Michael, 158
Johnson, Ruth, 27
Jones, Mother. See Harris, Mary
Jones, Philip, 5
Jordan, Crystal Lee, 181
Karabel, Jerome, 2, 84, 204, 207, 261, 264, 267
Katz, Naomi, 289
Katznelson, Ira, 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 259
Kautsky, Karl, 3, 203–4, 258, 274
Kelley, Jonathan, 64, 66, 85, 89
Kemnitzer, David S., 289
Kennedy, Ruby Jo Reeves, 221
Kerbo, Harold, 8
Kerckhoff, AlanC, 150
Korpi, Walter, 2, 5, 126, 293, 295
Kraus, Richard, 293
Labor aristocracy, 203
Labor law, 303
Labour Party, 1, 148, 160–67, 175, 179
Landecker, Werner, 46, 49, 156
Lane, Robert, 102, 103, 258, 267, 276
Laslett, John H. M., 128, 181, 210, 273, 302
Lawrence (Mass.) textile strike of 1912, 181, 208
Leadership of working class, 15, 23, 31
Left. See New Left; Old Left; Socialists
Leggett, John C., 104–5, 236–37, 242, 249
Lenski, Gerhard, 105
Levine, Louis, 181
Levison, Andrew, 11
Liberal Party, 160–66, 175, 179
Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 258
Lifestyle. See Style of life
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 26–27, 126, 147, 257, 261, 267, 273, 276, 301, 308
Lipsky, Michael, 240
Lockouts, 262
Longshoremen’s union, 261
Lopreato, Joseph, 45, 49, 55, 71, 101, 106, 267
Lordstown, Ohio, 61–62, 74–75, 206
Low-Beer, John, 55
Ludlow strike of 1914, 262
Luxemburg, Rosa, 262
Lynd, Robert and Helen, 12, 21–24, 34–35, 37, 59, 285, 302–3
Machinery and skilled work, 72, 74, 296
Machinist, 11, 43, 60; composite in U.S.–British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180; in triads task, 107–23
Managerial control, 72–73, 296–98
Managers (and professionals): in Britain and U.S., compared, 149–51; and class placements, 81–83, 98–99, 139–40, 152–56, 172–74, 190–202, 221–22, 230–41, 252–55, 269–73, 279, 284; and class position, 11–12, 59, 78; in cluster analyses, 78; and ethnicity, 221–22; and gender composition of occupation, 192–97; and generational cohorts, 137; and geographic mobility, 265–66; growth of, 4, 11, 73, 74, 137, 141–42, 243–47, 268; and images of class, 113, 115, 116–18; and income effects on class placements, 276–77; and occupational prestige, 100; and politics, 78, 161–63, 164, 175–80; and race interaction on class placements, 238–41; and religion and class placements, 221–22; and social mobility, 25–26, 78, 269–73, 279; and suburban residence, 276–77; and spouse’s effect on class placements, 190–92. See also Mental labor
Managerialism theory, 64
Mann, Michael, 49, 107, 156, 158
Manual labor. See Mental labor; White-collar work
Manufacturing sector, 6
Marcuse, Herbert, 21
Marital status: effects of, on class placements, 188–92, 199–202; sample restrictions on, 189
Marx, Karl, 3, 40, 53, 126, 283, 292, 297; class theory of, 4, 11, 23, 40, 54, 63, 83, 214, 258; revolutionary theory of, 1, 3–4, 30, 35, 53–54, 126, 203–4, 292, 297
Marxist theory. See Social science, Marxist
Massive majority middle class, 48, 54, 118, 129, 275
Maximizing strategy of class placements, 188–92
McGovern, George, voters for, 9–10, 164–65, 179
McNamara, Robert, 305
Mead, George Herbert, 93
Means, Gardner C., 64
Mechanic, and description of class structure, 79–80, 285
Media: absence of critical left, 307–8; and American Dream, 2; and capital, 23, 212, 296, 307; and image of class, 107; in Middletown, 23; in Newburyport, 25; in op-ed editorials, 307; and social problems, 307; and working-class stereotypes, 35
Medoff, James L., 182–86, 263, 303
Mellow, Wesley, 183
Mental labor: capitalist domination of, 60, 73, 77; and class placements, 81–83, 98–99, 230–36, 250; and definition of middle class, 11, 57–61, 71–77, 79; and interviews, 72, 75, 79–81; measurement of, 76–77, 97; and occupational prestige, 81–83, 100; vs. skilled crafts, 75–77, 80; and supervision of, 71–75, 81; and working class, 71–77; and working-mass class image, 113, 115
Middle class: and American exceptionalism, 30, 54, 84, 148; and capital, subordination to, 57–60, 63, 85; conservativism in, 30, 32, 54; definition of, 11, 54–61, 71; individualism in, 12; new, growth of a, 12–13, 53–54, 59–60, 73, 77, 128; new, similarity to old, 59; new, status concerns of, 61; old, petty bourgeoisie, 11, 83–84; old, decline of, 12–13, 53, 83–84; origins of, 61; politics of, 59; and radicals, 30, 35; and salience of class, 157; size in U.S. of, 11–13, 47–48, 148; voting of, 9; working class, dominated by, 57–61. See also Managers; Mental labor; Self-employment; Supervision
Middle-mass image, 108–9, 111–14, 116–18, 284
Middletown, 21–27, 29, 59, 285, 302–3
Militancy. See Class conflict; Class consciousness
Miller, Ann R., 95
Mills, C. Wright, 4, 21, 169, 304
Mobility, of capital, 22, 297, 306
Mobility, geographic: and class consciousness, 261, 264; and class placements, 264–66; extent of, 264; and social mobility, 260, 266; and working-class organization, 264
Mobility, social: and American exceptionalism, 2, 17, 147, 257, 260, 266, 285; attitudes toward, 24, 25–26, 229; and class conflict, 2; and class consciousness, 17, 25–26, 258, 259, 266–67; and class placements, 269–73, 279–81, 284; in coopting working-class leaders, 258; in cross-national studies, 268; as cultural preoccupation, 41, 44; in Newburyport, Mass., 25–26; rates of, 25, 147, 267–68; and status ladder image, 39, 46; types of, circulation and structural, 268. See also American Dream
Modernity-tradition dichotomy, 213
Montgomery, David, 73
Moore, Barrington, Jr., 275
Moore, R. Laurence, 3, 203–4, 258, 300
Moorhouse, H. F., 103, 104, 118, 293
Morgen, Sandra, 289
Multidimensional scaling, 109–10, 121
Muncie, Indiana. See Middletown
Murphy, George G. S., 261
Native American Indians, 216–20
Native-born workers, 203, 210–13
Neo-Marxist theory. See Social science, Marxist
New Deal, 21–22, 29, 130, 295, 300
Newburyport, Mass., 25–27, 37, 266
Newby, Robert G., 226, 240, 243–44, 249
Nisbet, Robert, 42
Nixon, Richard, and voters, 9–10, 164–65, 179
Nock, Steven L., 121
Nonmanual labor. See Mental labor; White-collar workers
NORC occupational prestige. See Occupational prestige
Norma Rae. See Jordan, Crystal Lee
Occupation: and class divisions, 77, 229–30; and definition of mental labor, 76–77
Occupational prestige: in British-U.S. comparison, 150–51; changes in, over time, 141–42, 246–47; and class placements, 50, 61, 70, 81–83, 91, 98–99, 154–56, 172–74, 232–33, 242, 252–55, 283; cross-national similarities, 42–43; measures of, 42, 94, 97, 168; and mental labor, 81, 100; perception of, and class consciousness, 44–45; and politics, 175–80; and triads, 108, 110–11
OECD, 7
Open-ended questions, 48, 101–6
Oppenheimer, Valerie K., 193
Organization, and class conflict, 14, 33–35, 88
Ossowski, Stanislaw, 39, 40, 41, 109, 147
Output restrictions, 73, 288–90
Ownership: and American exceptionalism, 30, 84; and class placements, 51; and class position, 40, 54–57, 61; and conservativism, 30; differentiated from control, 62–63; and mental labor, 85; and supervision, 85. See also Capital; Self-employment
Paige, Jeffrey, 293
Parenti, Michael, 12, 276, 309
Parents’ position, and class placements, 241, 269–73, 279
Parkin, Frank, 42, 56, 63, 77, 210, 214
Party affiliations. See Political parties, affiliation
Patriotism, 211–13
Perlman, Selig, 12, 28, 30–32, 84, 264
Perrone, Luca, 44, 64, 66, 85, 89, 90, 96
Pettigrew, Thomas F., 159, 207
Phelps-Brown, E. H., 274
Philliber, William W., 187
Physicians, 43, 58, 76; in triads task, 113–14
Piven, Frances Fox, 33–35, 60, 75
Plant manager, 43, 71; composite in U.S.–British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180; in triads task, 107–23
Plotting, 133
Polarization. See Class polarization
Police: beliefs about equal treatment by, 158; and capital, 23; and strikes, 15, 28, 212
Policy-planning groups, 307
Political attitudes, 159
Political change in Britain survey, 149–80
Political parties: and affiliation, 161–64, 169–70, 175–77; attitudes toward, 159; and capital, 23, 304–5; and class support, 5, 9–11, 64, 160–67, 175–77; and nationalization, 8; in two-party system, 2; and voting, 11, 164–66. See also Conservative Party; Democratic Party; Labour Party; Liberal Party; Republican Party; Socialists, American
Pomer, Marshall I., 78
Popitz, H., 101
Postindustrial society, 4, 11, 54, 58. See also End of ideology thesis
Potter, David, 273
Poulantzas, Nicos, 52, 55–60, 63, 77, 79, 84, 87, 113
Poverty: of American workers, 21–22, 25–26, 258; beliefs about, 33; and conflict, 15, 21, 25, 274–75. See also Prosperity
Power, faces of, 302–4
Prestige models. See Images of class
Probit analysis, 94
Productive labor, 57
Professional-managerial class, 55. See also Managerial position; Mental labor
Professionals, 11, 55, 59, 73, 75–77, 83, 226
Proletariat. See Working class
Proletarianization, 109
Prosperity: and American exceptionalism, 2, 257, 260, 273, 275, 285; and changes in Black class structure, 242–43; and changes in class placements, 128–30, 137–45; and class consciousness, 125, 143, 259–60, 274–75; cross-national comparisons of, 2; and managerialism theory, 64; and stereotype of workers, 125–26; and revolution, 2, 274–75; and well-being, 143–45
Protestants, 78, 84, 210; and class closeness among, 215; and class placements, 221–22
Psychological reductionism, 15–17, 19–21, 29, 31, 35, 128, 160, 182, 285
Quality control, 72
Quality of Employment Survey, 184, 186
Question wording. See Open-ended questions; Structured questions
Race: and American exceptionalism, 2; and class placements, 237–42, 254, 284; consciousness of and class consciousness, 236–42; at Lordstown, Ohio, auto plant, 206; and political parties, 9; and prestige perceptions, 42; and sample restrictions on, 93–94, 168
Racism, 204, 206, 229; and class and gender oppression, 240, 287–91
Regan, Donald, 305
Region: and class conflict, 261–62; and class placements, 262–63; and mid-American optimism, 21; and voting, 9. See also South; West
Reich, Michael, 71
Reiss, Albert J., 42
Relative comparisons. See Social comparisons
Religion: and American exceptionalism, 203; and capital, 23, 207, 212, 296; and class placements, 221–22; closeness and class closeness, 214–15; and politics, 78, 211. See also Catholics; Jews; Protestants
Repression, 15; and American exceptionalism, 300; and capitalist strength, 28, 33, 212, 298–302; of Debs, 29, 298, 300; and defenses of the poor, 33; Haymarket riot, 298, 300; of IWW, 29, 301; in Middletown, 22–23; of radical unions, 31; radical working class as a consequence, 301; and Red Scare of 1919–20, 211, 298; and reform, 32, 301; as last resort, 302, 303; of Socialist Party, 29, 298, 301; and strikes, 27–29, 298–300
Republican Party, 27, 160; class support for, 9, 64, 78, 148, 160–67, 175, 179, 304
Resistance. See Class conflict
Resource mobilization. See Class conflict
Revisionism. See Social science, Marxist
Revolutions: agrarian, 293; Chinese, 16, 260, 292; and class consciousness, 46, 293; and foreign invasions, 16, 292; in France, 260, 297; in Germany, 1; and industrialization, early, 4, 260, 297; and opposition to, 292–94; and origins of revolutionaries, 293; in Paris, 1, 293–94; and poverty, 2, 274–75; and reformism, 293; in Russia of 1917, 1, 5, 16, 260, 292, 297; in Vietnam, 292; and working class, 3–4, 292
Robinson, Robert V., 64, 66, 85, 89, 158–59, 236
Rollins, Judith, 287
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 21, 130
Rosenblum, Gerald, 207, 208, 274, 308
Ross, Arthur M., 126
Ross, Philip, 7, 261, 298, 299
Rossi, PeterH., 42, 44, 45, 121, 148, 168
Rothschild, Emma, 61–62, 74–75
Rubin, Lillian, 102
Rudolph, Lloyd I., and Susanne Hoeber, 213
Runciman, W. G., 159
Russia, 7; repression in, 300; revolution in, 1917, 1, 5, 16, 260, 292, 297
Sacks, Karen Brodkin, 288, 290
Salesworkers, 11–13, 77, 78, 229
Samples, 93–94, 97; in Election surveys, 128; in General Social Surveys, 66, 188, 189–90, 224; in images survey, 120; U.S.-British comparison of, 149
San Francisco strike, 262
Satisfaction: and collective movements, 159; and prosperity, 143–45
Schecter, Susan, 289
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, 86, 106, 133, 158, 160, 236, 239
Schools, and images of class, 107
Schulman, Michael, 236–37, 239
Scientific management, 72–73, 296
Seattle general strike, 262, 299
Seifer, Nancy, 184
Self-concept, 33–34
Self-confidence. See Expectations of success
Self-employment: aspirations for, 86–87; and autonomy, 87; British-U.S. comparison of, 150–51; and class placements, 51, 88–90, 98–99, 154–56, 170, 172–74, 235–36; and class position, 11–12, 83; and conservativism, 83–84; extent of, 53, 84; and income, 64, 85, 89; measure of, 89, 97; and politics, 164, 175–80. See also Artisans; Ownership
Sennett, Richard, 102, 103, 258, 288
Service sector, 7
Sewell, WilliamH., 44
Sex. See Gender
Shalev, Michael, 2, 5, 126, 295
Shapiro-Perl, Nina, 288–90
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 303
Shorter, Edward, 295
Shostak, Arthur, 267
Shryock, Henry, 95
Siegel, Jacob S., 95
Siegel, Paul M., 42–43, 45, 94, 110–11, 150
Silkwood, Karen, 181
Simler, Norman J., 261
Skilled workers. See Craftworkers
Social comparisons: and class perceptions, 144–45; and collective movements, 12, 159, 207; and satisfaction, 144, 159; and social mobility, 12
Social contacts, 50–51
Social Democratic parties, 1, 7, 9, 11, 165
Social democratic theorists, 54, 63
Social mobility. See Mobility, social
Social relations of production: and class definition, 40, 52, 53, 57, 75, 76, 77; and income, 50, 275; perception of, 14, 17, 90–91, 283
Social science, feminist, 195, 240, 287
Social science, Marxist: and American Dream, 258; and American exceptionalism, 2, 3, 7, 12; and bourgeois and utopian socialism, 3, 292; and class conflict, 289; and class consciousness, 12, 20–21, 44–45, 49, 283, 310; and capital, 292; and ethnic/racial divisions in working class, 2, 7, 203–4; and new middle class, 4, 17, 40, 54–60, 63, 71, 90, 103; and repression, 302; and revisionism, 54; in United States, 308
Social science, non-Marxist: and American exceptionalism, 16, 37, 259; and Blacks, 225; and blaming the victim, 286; and class conflict, 289, 303; and class consciousness, 16, 19, 21, 28, 36–37, 213, 283, 310; and class divisions, 46, 50, 291, 292; and class-placement question, 48–49, 103; and conservatism, 48; and images of class, 41, 44, 118, 214, 284; and industrial convergence theory, 148; and Marx, 3–4; and Middletown studies, 21; and mobility, 147, 259; and postindustrial society, 11; and repression, 302; and status distinctions, 41–44, 46, 61; and stereotype of workers, 28, 126; and voting, 9; and women, 187, 289
Social workers, 43, 57, 58, 60, 75–76, 77
Socialist societies, 42
Socialist transformation, 4, 20
Socialists, American: and AFL, 36; and class consciousness, 12, 15, 19, 26; decline of, 15, 29, 125; and elections, 298; failure of, 1–5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 26, 165–67, 285; growth of, 2, 3, 5, 125; and repression, 29, 298, 301; and U.S. capital, 15–16, 32
Socialists, European, 1, 8–9, 165
Socioeconomic index, 44
Sojourners, 207
Sombart, Werner, 2, 3, 12, 88, 204, 273, 274
Soref, Michael, 63
Soviet Union. See Russia
Spouse’s position, and class placements, 187–92, 199–202
Staff management, 72
State: attitudes toward, 159; officials of, 58, 305; and ownership of industry, 7–9, 29, 306; support of, for unions, 22, 31, 32, 295, 298–301. See also Repression
Statistical methods: age, period, cohort analyses, 130–33; cluster analysis, 109, 117, 121; composite beta for ethnic effects, 219; controls for status rankings, 67–69, 81; discriminant function analyses, 161, 170–71; loglinear analysis, 157; and mobility, 271; multicolinearity problems, 81; multidimensional scaling, 109–10, 121; ordinary least squares regressions, 41, 133; path analysis, 162, 178; probit analysis, 69, 94
Status consciousness: and American Dream, 147; of Blacks, 226–30, 236, 241, 249–50; and class consciousness, 14, 44–45, 103, 275, 278; and class placements, 50–52; and conservativism, 39; and individualism, 45; of middle class, 61; and mobility, 26; and prestige image of society, 39; and U.S. workers, 12
Steel industry, 73–74
Steel strike of 1919, 29, 208, 209, 211–12, 274
Steelworker: composite of, in U.S.-British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180
Stevenson, Adlai, 7
Stone, Katherine, 73–74
Street-level bureaucrats, 240
Strikebreakers, 27
Strikes: and capital, 62, 205, 209, 211–12, 294–7; and class consciousness, 15, 29, 46; in coal industry, 208, 209, 262, 274; in Colorado Labor War of 1904, 262; in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho (1892, 1899), 27, 261, 299, 300; on Denver street railway (1920), 262, 299; and ethnic/racial divisions, 205–13; of garment workers, 181, 208, 209; General Motors sitdown (1937), 181, 300; general strikes, 262; Great Upheaval of 1877, 211, 213, 298–99; at Homestead (1892), 74, 213; and immigrants, 207–13; in Lawrence, Mass., 1912, 181, 208; length of, 294–95; at Lordstown (1972), 61–62; at Ludlow (1914), 262; and nativism, 211; outcomes of, 295, 297; at PATCO, 184–85, 299; and patriotism, 212–13; Pullman (1894), 15, 29, 261; rate of, 126–27; repression of, 27–29, 298–99; in San Francisco, 262; Seattle general strike, 262, 299; in steel (1919), 29, 208, 209, 211–12, 274, 295; in telephone industry, 183; and unemployment, 85, 295; wave-like nature of, 29; and women, 181
Structuralism, 56
Structured questions, 101, 106–8
Style of life, 23, 41, 46, 50, 125, 227–29, 275–77
Supervision: and Blacks, 235–36; and capital, 59, 61–64, 85; and class placements, 64–71, 98–99, 115, 235–36; and definition of middle-class, 11, 40, 52, 57–64; first-line, 43; first-line, class position of, 59, 65; first-line, in triads task, 107–23; and gender, 66, 71, 97; and income, 64, 69; levels of, 71, 96; at Lordstown, 61–62; measurement of, 66, 95–97; and mental labor, 71–75; and occupational prestige, 67–71; and triads task, 108, 112–15; and working class, 61–62, 65, 74
Survey research, 48
Sweden, 5–6, 8, 9–10, 159, 165, 274, 294, 308
Sweezy, Paul M., 3, 4, 21, 45, 53, 267
Synthetic class images, 109
Taft, Philip, 7, 28, 261, 298, 299
Tawney, R. H., 294
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 72–73
Taylorism. See Scientific management
Teachers, 43; and control over student lives, 58, 76; U.S.-British comparison of, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180
Technical school, 150–51, 155, 172–80
Technology, 54, 72, 74, 77, 296
Telephone strike, 183
Terkel, Studs, 14, 65, 75, 79, 86, 275
Textile workers, 43
Themstrom, Stephan, 2, 25–27, 37, 128, 259, 260, 264, 266, 267, 285
Thomas, William I., 208
Time: and class placements, 17, 128–45, 245–49, 284; and class structure, 4, 11–13, 53, 140–41, 245–47, 268; and strikes, 126–27
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 84, 147, 266, 276
Treiman, Donald J., 37, 42, 48, 50, 69, 88, 92, 147, 148, 150, 168, 187, 239, 250
Trilateral Commission, 307
Trust formation, 297
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 2, 261
Unemployed laborer, 113–14
Unions: attitudes toward, 23, 32, 159, 184–86, 263–64; and capital’s tolerance of, 28, 30, 32; and class conflict, 5, 7; and class consciousness, 15, 19; and class culture, 107; and conservativism, 1–2, 5, 28–30, 204, 285, 301; decline of, 1, 21, 125; and Depression, 29, 125, 295; dual, 31; and economy, 295; and ethnic/racial divisions, 205–13; European, 1, 5–6; growth of, 7, 21, 29, 125, 295; and immigrants, 207, 209; membership rates in, 5–7, 182–86, 262–64, 310; in Middletown, 21–23; and occupation, 7, 183; officials, 14, 21–23, 28, 31; and politics, 9; in public sector, 181; radicalism in, 29; and right-to-work laws, 264, 303; in the South, 262–64; and stereotype of U.S. workers, 37, 125–26; and violence, 7, 26; and wages, 22; weakness of, 27–28; and women, 181–86. See also AFL, IWW
United Mine Workers, 208
Universities, 307–8
U.S. armed forces, 27–29, 212, 298–99
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 5, 182
U.S. Census, 13, 53, 144, 193, 228, 231–32
U.S. Department of Labor, 95
U.S. Justice Department, 29, 301
U.S. Post Office, 29
Upper class, 48, 52, 92, 226, 229
Upper-middle class, 48, 52, 92
Vanneman, Reeve, 78, 90, 94, 159
Van Velsor, Ellen, 187
Verba, Sidney, 86, 106, 133, 158, 160, 236, 239
Violence, 7, 26, 27, 261–62, 310
Voting: in Britain and U.S., 164–66, 179–80; class division in, 9–11; and nonvoting, 11, 160, 164–66, 179, 310; realignment in, 130; and suffrage, 2; and two-party system, 2
Wachtel, Howard M., 21, 45, 274
Wage labor, 35, 40, 53–55, 58, 80, 83
Waitress, 43; composite in U.S.-British comparison, 152–53, 161–63, 177, 180
Wallace, George, voters for, 164–65, 179
Walters, Kenneth D., 8
Wattenberg, Ben, J., 4, 47–48, 54, 118, 129, 273, 275–76
Weber, Max, 56, 77, 226, 228, 307
Weighting, in statistical analyses, 93, 120, 168
Welch, John, 35–36
Welfare capitalism, 274, 296, 298
Wells, H. G., 308
West, American, 261–62
Western Federation of Miners, 28–29, 261
White-collar work: and Blacks, 226–28, 253; and class division, 11, 63, 77, 226–28; and class placements, 52, 233–35, 253, 270, 279; growth of, 4, 6, 12; and images of class, 44–45, 102, 108, 109, 113–15; and mobility, 78; and voting, 9–10. See also Clerical workers; Sales-workers; Technicians.
Will, George, 274
Willie, Charles V., 226, 233, 236
Wilson, William J., 226–28, 233, 236, 241, 242–44, 248
Winer, B. J., 93
Wobblies. See IWW
Women: Black, 287–88; and capital strength, 290; class consciousness among, 181, 184; class placements of, 185–202; and education, 187; expectations of success of, 184; and gender segregation, 183, 192–97; and Gompers, 183; and husband’s position, 188–92, 198–202; and managerial position, 188–92, 198–202; and maximizing strategy, 188–92; and social science, 187, 289; and strikes, 181; and unions, 181–86; and work commitment, 181, 182, 187. See also Gender
Women’s emergency brigade, 181–82
Work commitment, 181, 182, 187
Working class. See American Exceptionalism; Artisans; Autonomy; Blaming the victim; Class conflict; Class consciousness; Ethnicity; Exploitation; Images of class; Interviews with workers; Managers; Mental labor; Middle class; Mobility, geographic; Mobility, social; Poverty; Revolutions; Self-employment; Strikes; Supervision; Unions; Voting
Wright, Erik Olin, 44, 52, 55, 56, 58, 63, 64, 66, 76, 77, 85, 89, 90, 96, 159, 287
Wright, James D., 159
Yancey, William, 225
Yanowitch, Murray, 42
Zeitlin, Maurice, 63
Zellner, Arnold, 261
Znaniecki, Florian, 208