Notes

Archives and Manuscript Collections and Abbreviations

Interviews

Chapter One: Amherst

1. “Deed of Sale,” Hiram Heaton, Book 350 (1879), NMPR; Dr. Roger Denio Baker to author, June 30, 1980; the Heaton house was sold after Mary Vorse’s father’s death to the author Ray Stannard Baker. MHV, “Footnote to History,” Boxes 1, 2, WSU-MHV; unless otherwise cited, quotes in this chapter are from this source.

2. Edward W. Carpenter and Charles F. Morehouse, The History of the Town of Amherst (Amherst: Press of Carpenter and Morehouse, 1896); Alice M. Walker, Sketches of Amherst History (Amherst: Press of Carpenter and Morehouse, 1901); Essays on Amherst’s History (Amherst: Vista Trust, 1978); for Amherst Woman’s Club yearbooks, city directories, Amherst Valuations of Taxes and Insurance, see AJL.

3. Field cited in Robert Conrow, Field Days (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1974), 60. Dickinson and Todd cited in John E. Walsh, The Hidden Life of Emily Dickinson (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971), 146, 24. Dickinson’s poem, Number 401, in Thomas A. Johnson, ed., The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960), 191. Also see MHV’s view of Amherst in “The Hidden Spring,” Box 21, WSU-MHV.

4. MHV, “Conflict,” Box 18, WSU-MHV.

5. Mary Adele Allen, Around a Village Green: Sketches of Life in Amherst (Northampton, Mass.: Kraushar Press, 1939), 69.

6. Genealogy of Ellen’s family in Henry Blackman Plumb, The Blackmans, Darrows, Bouses, Joneses, Collingses, Stearnesses, Strains, Plumbs, Hydes, 1894, NPL; MHV, “Family Tree,” Box 153, and “Family Legends,” Box 20, and Ellen to MHV, Box 73, WSU-MHV; MHV’s Application for Membership, Daughters of the American Revolution, November 26, 1899, in possession of author, traces the family tree to a revolutionary soldier who served as representative to the Connecticut Assembly. Ellen’s marriage is discussed in the Burlington Free Press, October 13, June 2, 1852. “Grassmounte,” Modern Health Crusader of Vermont, October, November, 1936, 1; and Pauline Burridge, “Glimpses of Grassmounte,” Vermont Alumni Weekly, December 3, 10, 1930, January 14, 1931; all in UV. For Marvin genealogy, see George Grankling Marvin and William T. R. Marvin, Descendants of Reinhold and Matthew Marvin (Boston: T. R. Marvin and Son, 1906). The San Francisco City Directory, 1860–1862, UC, describes Charles Marvin as a liquor merchant.

7. Orlando Pond to Hiram Heaton, August 25, 1904, Box 49, WSU-MHV; Heaton Treadway to author, July 11, 1980. MHV, “New York Childhood,” Box 27, WSU-MHV. Throughout her adult years, MHV habitually misstated her correct age. For example, her passport of 1915 gives 1879 as her birthdate, while her passport of 1921 cites the year 1881. Her tombstone in Provincetown, Mass., lists 1882 as the date of birth. The evidence for the correct date of her birth is in, U.S. Census Bureau, Manuscript Census, 1880, Population Schedules, Amherst, Massachusetts; Hiram Heaton to MHV, October 10, 1900, Box 48, WSU-MHV; Amherst High School Records, 1894–1897, AMSS; Daily Notes, Box 86, Hiram to Ellen, Box 46, WSU-MHV, and in Plumb, The Blackmans.

8. MHV, Daily Notes, January 1930, Box 81; Daily Notes, 1945, Box 86, WSU-MHV.

9. Ellen Marvin Heaton, “Four Feet on a Fender,” Box 40, WSU-MHV.

10. MHV, “Serene Plateau,” Box 10, WSU-MHV.

11. MHV, “Older Woman’s Leisure,” Box 10; Daily Notes, 1926, Box 79, WSU-MHV.

12. MHV, “Three Ages of a Young Lady,” Box 32; Ellen to MHV, undated, Box 48; Ellen Marvin Heaton, “Miscellaneous,” Box 40; MHV, “Conflict,” Box 18; MHV, “Old Age,” Box 115, WSU-MHV.

13. MHV, Daily Notes, 1944, Box 86, WSU-MHV.

14. Ellen to MHV, Box 49; Hiram to MHV, Box 49; “Notes on Time and Town,” Box 14, WSU-MHV.

15. MHV, Daily Notes, Box 93, WSU-MHV.

16. Malcolm Cowley, The Dream of the Golden Mountains: Remembering the 1930s (New York: Viking Press, 1980), 213; Art Young, On My Way (New York: Horace Liveright, 1938), 286; Louis Untermeyer, From Another World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), 43.

17. MHV, Daily Notes, Box 93; Time and Town Notes, Box 14; “Serene Plateau,” Box 10, WSU-MHV.

18. The writer Josephine Herbst once expressed Vorse’s ability to push back disturbing images in her thoughts. Herbst’s 1949 short story was a thinly disguised representation of her experience as a summer boarder in Vorse’s beachtown home. “Something was lacking” in Vorse, Herbst wrote, something that made Vorse shrink, not just from coming out in active criticism of others which might clear the air, but also from examining the sources of her anger and despair. Herbst recognized the source of Vorse’s unexamined fear when she envisioned Vorse imposing upon another the crushing revenge of the formerly abandoned—“who in every disaster first hear their far-off terrified cries for help.” See Josephine Herbst, “A Summer with Yorick,” Tomorrow, June 1949, 31–36. I am indebted to Elinor Langer for this reference. Also see Ann Craton Blankenhorn to Herbst, June 2 and 19, and MHV to Herbst, undated, in YUB-JH, for reaction to Herbst’s portrayal of Vorse. MHV thought the short story “witty and amusing.”

19. “Vryling Buffum, Long Active As Educator, Dies,” Keene Evening Sentinel, January 28, 1944; Mildred Dickenson, “The Story of a Tree That Spruced Up,” Amherst Record, May 13, 1973, in AJL.

20. MHV, Daily Notes, 1926, Box 79; “Serene Plateau,” Box 10, WSU-MHV.

21. Ellen Marvin Heaton, “The Odor of Sanctity,” New England Magazine, 1891, 4:743–760; 5:38–48, 303–309, 470–476.

22. Ruth Bordin, Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981); Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1981); Karen Blair, The Clubwoman as Feminist: True Womanhood Redefined, 1868–1914 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980). Anne Firor Scott, “On Seeing and Not Seeing: A Case of Historical Invisibility,” Journal of American History, June 1984, 7–21, gives a broad perspective on the impact of American women’s organizations.

23. Cited in Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), 66; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth-Century America,” Signs, Autumn 1975, 1–29.

24. Peter Filene, Him/Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 13; Gail Cunningham, The New Woman and the Victorian Novel (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1978); Caroline Ticknor, “The Steel-Engraving Girl and the Gibson Girl,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1901, 105–108; Linda Dowling, “The Decadent and the New Woman in the 1890s,” Nineteenth Century Fiction, March 1979, 434–453; Sarah Grund, “The New Aspect of the Woman Question,” North American Review, March 1894, 270–276; Estelle Freedman, “Separation as Strategy: Female Institution Building and American Feminism, 1870–1930,” Feminist Studies, Fall 1979, 512–530; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 245–296.

25. MHV, “Grandmother Is a Fraud,” Box 21; “Old Age Notes”; “Life Is Real, Life Is Ernest,” Box 24, WSU-MHV.

Chapter Two: La Bohémienne

1. Albert Parry, Garrets and Pretenders: A History of Bohemianism in America (New York: Dover Publications, 1960); Joanna Richardson, The Bohemians: “La Vie de Boheme” in Paris, 1830–1914 (Toronto: Macmillan, 1969); Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant Garde in France, 1885 to World War I (New York: Vintage, 1968); Richard Miller, Bohemia: The Protoculture, Then and Now (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977); Lucy H. Hooper, “Art Schools of Paris,” Cosmopolitan, 1893, 59–62.

2. Germaine Greer, The Obstacle Race: The Fortunes of Women Painters and Their Work (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1979); Gordon S. Plummer, “Past and Present Inequalities in Art Education,” in Judy Loeb, ed., Feminist Collage (New York: Teacher’s College Press, 1979), 14–21; Linda Nochlin, “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists,” in Thomas B. Hess and Elizabeth C. Baker, eds., Art and Sexual Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1973), 1–39; Jo Ann Wein, “The Parisian Training of American Women Artists,” Woman’s Art Journal, Spring-Summer 1981, 42; Christine Havice, “In a Class by Herself: 19th Century Images of the Woman Artist as Student,” ibid., 35–40.

3. MHV, “Grandmother Is a Fraud,” Box 21; “Hybrids,” Box 36; “Art School Story,” Box 157; “Newspaper Articles,” 1896–1899, Box 36; “Miscellaneous untitled Stories,” Box 35, WSU-MHV.

4. Robert MacCameron and MHV correspondence in Box 46, WSU-MHV. His letters to Vorse continue through 1897. On MacCameron, see Charles F. Caffin, “Some New American Painters in Paris,” Harpers Magazine, January 1909, 284–293.

5. MHV, “Conflict,” Box 18; “Footnote to History,” Box 1; “Confessions of a College Woman,” Box 17; “Lorna Keene,” Box 24, WSU-MHV.

6. Cited in Gilman M. Ostrander, American Civilization in the First Machine Age, 1890–1940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 173. Also see Arnold T. Schwab, James Gibbons Huneker: Critic of the Seven Arts (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963); Thomas Beer, The Mauve Decade (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1926), 154.

7. Charles DeKay, “The Art Students’ League of New York,” Quarterly Illustrator, 1893, 156; W. S. Harwood, “The Art Schools of America,” Cosmopolitan, May 1894, 27–34; Moses King, King’s Handbook of New York City (Boston, 1892), 288; MHV, “The Art Student and Successful Work,” Delineator, November 1905, 940–943, and “The Truth concerning Art Schools,” ibid., October 1905, 706–710.

8. William Dean Howells, The Coast of Bohemia (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899).

9. Mary Augusta Jordan, “The College Graduate and the Bachelor Maid,” Independent, July 20, 1899, 1937–1940; Winifred Sothern, “The Truth about the Bachelor Girl,” Munsey’s Magazine, May 1901, 282–283; MHV, “Miscellaneous Fragments,” Box 157, WSU-MHV; Emilie Ruck De Schell, “Is Feminine Bohemianism a Failure?” Arena, 1898, 75. A. R. Cunningham, “The ‘New Woman Fiction’ of the 1890s,” Victorian Studies, 1973, 177–186, also discusses the Bachelor Girl.

10. MHV, “Miscellaneous Fragments,” Box 157, WSU-MHV.

11. MHV, “Grandmother Is a Fraud,” Box 21, WSU-MHV.

12. MHV, Sketchbook, Box 154; Daily Notes, 1896, Box 92, WSU-MHV.

13. Albert Vorse, Diary, Box 153, WSU-MHV. Notes and articles on the Peary Relief Expedition in Boxes 45 and 140, WSU-MHV; Robert Keely and G. G. Davis, In Arctic Seas or the Voyage of the Kite (Philadelphia: Rufus C. Hartranft, 1893). Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), 372.

14. Albert to MHV, Correspondence, Box 52, WSU-MHV.

15. MHV, Daily Notes, 1932, Box 83, WSU-MHV.

16. Albert to MHV, and MHV to Albert, Correspondence, Box 52, WSU-MHV.

17. See, for example, Albert W. Vorse, “The Play’s the Thing,” Scribner’s Magazine, August 26, 1899, 167–178; “An Arctic Problem,” Box 43, WSU-MHV.

18. MHV to Albert, Correspondence, Box 52; Theodore Roosevelt to Albert, April 20, 1898, Box 46, WSU-MHV.

19. Amherst Record, October 19, 1898.

Chapter Three: Completed Circle

1. MHV, “Seventy-eight Dollar Dress,” Box 31, WSU-MHV; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), 152.

2. MHV, “Village Story,” Box 33, WSU-MHV; L. H. Bickford and Richard Stillman Powell, Phyllis in Bohemia (Chicago: Herbert S. Stone and Company, 1897), 89–107; James Ford, Forty Odd Years in the Literary Shop (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1921), 206–207.

3. MHV, “Forerunners,” Box 20, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Bohemia as It Is Not,” Critic, August 1903, 177–178; MHV, “Grandmother Is a Fraud,” Box 21, WSU-MHV.

4. Joseph I. C. Clarke, My Life and Memories (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1925), 257–264. In 1901 Bert left the Criterion for a position as managing editor of the New International Encyclopedia. Bert to Mr. and Mrs. Heaton, December 19, 22, 1901, Box 48, WSU-MHV.

5. MHV, “Miscellaneous untitled Stories,” Box 35; “Completed Circle,” Box 17, WSU-MHV.

6. See Albert Vorse, “An Arctic Problem,” Box 43, WSU-MHV, and Laughter of the Sphinx (New York: Drexel Biddle, 1900). The Critic of September 1900 has a photograph of Albert in full arctic gear, 197.

7. MHV, “Working Mother,” and “Writing for Popular Magazines,” Box 34, WSU-MHV; MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 30; MHV, “Footnote to History,” Box 1; MHV to Hiram Heaton, May 20, 1904, Box 49, and Daily Notes, 1925, Box 79; MHV to parents, May 1904, Box 49, WSU-MHV.

8. MHV, The Breaking in of a Yachtsman’s Wife (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1908), 77–78.

9. MHV, “Molasses Seven,” Box 26, WSU-MHV.

10. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 31; Albert Vorse, “Venice General Strike,” Box 44, and “A Gentle Strike,” Box 43, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Unusual Venice,” Harpers Monthly Magazine, November 1913, 890, 893.

11. Bert to Hiram Heaton, January 4, February 4, 1905, Box 49, WSU-MHV. Albert Vorse, “The Husband of a Celebrity, An Autobiography,” Box 43; MHV, “Working Mother,” Box 34; MHV, “Failure,” Box 19, WSU-MHV.

12. MHV, “Miscellaneous untitled Stories,” Box 35; “His Irritable Vanity,” Box 21, WSU-MHV.

13. MHV, “Working Mother,” Box 34, WSU-MHV. Steffens quoted in CU-MHV.

14. MHV, “The Quiet Woman,” Atlantic Monthly, January 1907, 86, 87. Also reprinted with foreword in E. M. Broner, “Discovering Mary Heaton Vorse,” Ms., July 1981, 68, and in Dee Garrison, ed., Rebel Pen: The Writings of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1985).

15. Bert to Mary, April 16, 1904; John Hay to Bert, August 25, 1904, Box 49; MHV, Daily Notes, 1925, Box 78; Bert to Mary, 1905, Box 49, WSU-MHV.

16. MHV, Daily Notes, November 28, 1926, Box 80, WSU-MHV. Also MHV, “How I Kept My Husband,” Good Housekeeping, November 1913, 610–619, featured as “true confession”; and MHV, “Battle in the Dark,” Box 15, WSU-MHV.

17. MHV, “The Whimsical Ways of Provincetown Houses,” Country Life, August 1921, 35–37; Time and the Town: A Provincetown Chronicle (New York: Dial Press, 1942), 10, 12; “Affairs of the House,” Box 15, WSU-MHV; Time and the Town, 31, 32, 33.

18. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 32.

19. MHV, Daily Notes, 1945, Box 86, WSU-MHV; Ernest Poole, The Bridge: My Own Story (New York: Macmillan, 1940), 171; MHV, “Footnote to History,” Box 1, WSU-MHV; MHV, Footnote to Folly, 35; Filia Holtzman, “A Mission That Failed: Gorkij in America,” Slavic and East European Journal, Fall 1962, 227–235; Ernest Poole, “Maxim Gorki in New York,” Slavonic and East European Review, May 1944, 77–83; Poole, The Bridge, 175–176.

20. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 34.

21. Interview, Warren Silva, Provincetown, 1980. The teenage driver, Mr. Silva, was able to pinpoint the date of this occurrence because he soon after moved from Provincetown. His memory of the event was still fresh because he was greatly impressed by the intensity of Mary’s jealous anger and Bert’s chagrin. Also see MHV, “Affairs of the House,” Box 15, and “Footnote to History,” Box 1, WSU-MHV. Bert to MHV, June 18, 1907(?), Box 50, and April 4, 1907(?), Box 52, WSU-MHV.

22. Martin Bucco, Wilbur Daniel Steele (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972).

23. MHV, Daily Notes, 1923, Box 78; “Carmela Corea,” Box 16; Daily Notes, 1925, Box 78; WSU-MHV.

24. MHV, Time and the Town, 39, 41; “Affairs of the House,” Box 15; “What Age Would You Like To Be?” Box 34, WSU-MHV.

25. Harpers Bazaar published the composite novel The Whole Family: A Novel by Twelve Authors in 1908. See the recent edition with introduction by Albert Bendixen, published by Ungar Publishing Company, 1986. Also see Albert Bendixen, “It Was a Mess: How Henry James and Others Actually Wrote a Novel,” New York Times Book Review, April 27, 1986, 28.

26. Dee Garrison, “Immoral Fiction in the Late Victorian Library,” in Daniel Howe, ed., Victorian America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976), 141–159.

27. MHV, “The March of the Seasons,” Booklover’s Magazine, 1906, 692; “What Makes Men Want to Leave Home,” Box 34, WSU-MHV. A nearly complete bibliography of Vorse’s writing, compiled by Rusty Byrne, can be obtained from the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.

28. MHV, “The Confessions of a Young Wife,” Harpers Bazaar, August 1907, 729; “Confessions of a Young Mother,” ibid., March 1907, 212, 218; “The Extra Thousand,” Harper’s Magazine, June 1911, 101–109; “The Staying Out of Jimsie Bate,” American Magazine, September 1908, 472–477; “The Undoing of Man,” Everybody’s Magazine, March 1907, 403–410; “Your Husband or Your Baby,” Box 34, WSU-MHV. “The Casting Vote,” Everybody’s Magazine, January 1906, 22–30; “Chastening of Sally,” ibid., September 1909, 390–395; “The Awkward Question,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine, June 1906, 68–75; “Grantham’s Limitations,” Scribners Magazine, November 1908, 521–532; “Babble of Old Beaux,” ibid., March 1909, 369–376; “The Bear at Home,” Harpers Bazaar, November 1909, 1071–1073; “Breakfast Tables of the World,” ibid., May 1910, 298–300.

29. Good examples are MHV, “The Madelon Viera,” Atlantic Monthly, April 1910, 453–462; “The Perfect Hour,” Harper’s Magazine, September 1910, 505–511; “Confessions of a Young Wife,” 731; “The Turn of the Flood,” Craftsman, 14, September 1908, 607–618.

30. MHV, The Very Little Person (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 124; “The Confessions of a Young Mother,” Harpers Bazaar, March 1907, 210–219; “The Shifted Burden,” Everybody’s Magazine, February 1908, 193, 194.

31. MHV, “Audience with a Sultan,” Box 112; “Moroccan Story” and “Road to Arzila,” Box 113, WSU-MHV.

32. Interview, Heaton Vorse, 1982; Bert to MHV, Box 52, WSU-MHV.

33. Amherst Record, June 22, 1910; Advocate (Provincetown), June 16, 30, 1910; “Death Takes Two of Family,” New York Times, June 24, 1910, 7:1. Heaton Vorse believes his father died of a syphilitic infection.

34. MHV, Correspondence, undated, Box 73, WSU-MHV.

35. MHV, “Completed Circle,” Box 17, WSU-MHV.

Chapter Four: Crossroads

1. MHV, Time and the Town: A Provincetown Chronicle (New York: Dial Press, 1942), 44, 43.

2. Probate Records, Hiram Heaton, Box 383 #34, Docket 10889, 11350; Book 135, 106; Book 139, 22. Ellen’s will in Probate Records, Book 126, 4, 16, 1910; Book 170, 215; “Inventory,” Box 365 #45, Docket 9605; NMPR.

3. John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866–1966 (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1974); Manfred J. Waserman, “Henry L. Coit and the Certified Milk Movement in the Development of Modern Pediatrics,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1972, 359–390; Harvey Levenstein, “‘Best for Babies’ or ‘Preventable Infanticide’? The Controversy over Artificial Feeding of Infants in America, 1880–1920,” Journal of American History, June 1983, 75–94.

4. MHV, “Infant Mortality,” Box 98, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Protection of Nursing Mothers,” Success, October 1911, 13–14, 24–25; MHV, “Industrial Mother,” Box 22; “Real Race Suicide,” Box 29, WSU-MHV; New York Times, January 24, 1910, 6:2; April 16, 1910, 6:5; September 18, 1910, 6:2; June 12, 1910, 6:2; MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 39.

5. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 39–40; Leon Stein, The Triangle Fire (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1962); Meredith Tax, The Rising of the Women: Feminist Solidarity and Class Conflict, 1880–1917 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980), 235–236; WSU-HB, 7(3).

6. Philip S. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I (New York: Free Press, 1979), 428; Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 4: The Industrial Workers of the World, 1905–1917 (New York: International Publishers, 1965), 313.

7. Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (New York: Quadrangle, 1969), 227–263; Donald B. Cole, Immigrant City: Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1845–1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963).

8. David Brody, “The American Worker in the Progressive Age: A Comprehensive Analysis,” in Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 37. Also see MHV, “Notes and Ideas,” Box 37, WSU-MHV; and CU-MHV.

9. Interview, Joel O’Brien, 1980.

10. Joe to MHV, February 15, 1912, letter placed in old ledger, Box 36, and MHV to Joe, Box 53, WSU-MHV.

11. MHV, “The Trouble at Lawrence,” Harpers Weekly, March 16, 1912, 10. Also Joe O’Brien, “Lawrence, 1912,” Box 122, WSU-MHV.

12. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 8; MHV, “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” Nation, February 17, 1926, 175–176. I am grateful to Rosalyn Baxandall, Flynn’s biographer, who has generously shared research information and leads with me. See Baxandall, Words on Fire: The Life and Writing of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987).

13. David Montgomery, “The ‘New Unionism’ and the Transformation of Workers’ Consciousness in America, 1909–22,” in Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology and Labor Struggles (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 105.

14. Tax, Rising of the Women, 262.

15. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “The I.W.W. Call to Women,” Solidarity, July 31, 1915; Ardis Cameron, “Bread and Roses Revisited: Women’s Culture and Working-Class Activism in the Lawrence Strike of 1912,” in Ruth Milkman, ed., Women, Work and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women’s Labor History, 42–61 (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985).

16. MHV, Daily Notes, 1926, Box 79, WSU-MHV; MHV, Footnote to Folly, 21.

17. Ray Stannard Baker, “The Revolutionary Strike,” American Magazine, September 1912, 3019.

18. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 18.

19. Ibid., 21.

20. Ibid., 14.

21. Ibid., 40; Marriage License, April 16, 1912, married in Hoboken, Box 145, WSU-MHV.

Chapter Five: Banner of Revolt

1. Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1942), 168, 165; Henry May, The End of American Innocence: A Study of the First Years of Our Own Time, 1912–1917 (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1959), 221; Van Wyck Brooks, The Confident Years, 1885–1917 (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1952), 475; Cook cited in Kazin, On Native Grounds, 171; Allen Churchill, The Improper Bohemians: A Re-Creation of Greenwich Village in Its Heyday (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1959); Albert Parry, Garrets and Pretenders: A History of Bohemianism in America (New York: Dover Publications, 1960); John P. Diggins, The American Left in the Twentieth Century (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979); James B. Gilbert, Writers and Partisans: A History of Literary Radicalism in America (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1968); Arthur Frank Werthheim, The New York Little Renaissance: Iconoclasm, Modernism and Nationalism in American Culture, 1908–1917 (New York: New York University Press, 1976); Robert E. Humphrey, Children of Fantasy: The First Rebels of Greenwich Village (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978).

2. Cited in Daniel Aaron, Writers on the Left (New York: Avon Books, 1969), 29.

3. Dell cited in Leslie Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of the Masses, 1911–1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 60.

4. MHV, Daily Notes, October 1936, Box 84; “Notes, Time and the Town,” Box 14, WSU-MHV.

5. Reed cited in Kazin, On Native Grounds, 170; Floyd Dell, Looking at Life (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1924), 66; Susan Glaspell, The Road to the Temple (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1927), 247; Louis Schaeffer, O’Neill: Son and Playwright (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 345; MHV, I’ve Come to Stay: A Love Comedy of Bohemia (New York: Century Company, 1919), 75–76; MHV, “Greenwich Village,” Box 21, WSU-MHV; Anthony Channell Hilfer, The Revolt from the Village, 1915–1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969).

6. Joseph Freeman, An American Testament: A Narrative of Rebels and Romantics (London: Gollancz, 1938), 233; Bourne in Keith N. Richwine, “The Liberal Club: Bohemia and the Resurgence in Greenwich Village, 1912–1918,” Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1968, 77; June Sochen, The New Woman: Feminism in Greenwich Village, 1910–1920 (New York: Quadrangle, 1972); Sochen, Movers and Shakers: American Women Thinkers and Activists, 1900–1970 (New York: Quadrangle, 1973); Ellen K. Trimberger, “Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900–1925,” in Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson, eds., Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131–152, discusses the inability of Village men to realize the new ideals. Also see Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), 320, and Gerald L. Marriner, “A Victorian in the Modern World: The ‘Liberated’ Male’s Adjustment to the New Woman and the New Morality,” South Atlantic Quarterly, Spring 1977, 190–218.

7. May, End of American Innocence, 310.

8. Freeman, American Testament, 249, 228; Hapgood in Churchill, The Improper Bohemians, 75.

9. Marie Jenney Howe, “Feminism,” New Review, August 1914, 441.

10. Mabel Dodge Luhan, Intimate Memories, vol. 3: Movers and Shakers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), 143; Howe cited in Judith Schwarz, Radical Feminists of Heterodoxy: Greenwich Village, 1912–1940 (Lebanon, N.H.: New Victoria Publishers, 1982), 25; Appendix B in Schwarz reprints “Marriage Customs and Taboo among the Early Heterodites,” a spoof written in 1919 for the club members. The spoof notes that members of the tribe suspected of taboo were disciplined by the club’s refusal to send notice of anarchial, Bolshevik, or pacifist meetings. Two-time offenders were forbidden to serve on the Committee of Arrangements in the coming Revolution.

11. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Rebel Girl: An Autobiography: My First Life (1906–1926) (New York: International Publishers, 1955), 280. MHV, Daily Notes and Yearly Summaries, and MHV’s handwritten list of Heterodoxy members in Box 10, MHV-WSU.

12. Kathy Peiss, “A Great Personal Joyous Adventure: Feminist Ideology of the 1910s and Its Social Context,” paper in possession of author. Peiss analyzed the biographies of 60 Heterodoxy women in her list of 100. Also see Schwarz, Radical Feminists, 60.

13. Schwarz, Radical Feminists, 81.

14. Sara Josephine Baker, Fighting for Life (New York: Macmillan, 1939), 182–183.

15. MHV, Oral History, 1957, CU-MHV.

16. Luhan, Movers and Shakers, 144.

17. Baker, Fighting for Life, 280.

18. Marie Jenney Howe, “Feminism,” New Review, August 14, 1914, 442; Edna Kenton, “The Militant Women—and Women,” Century Magazine, November 1913, 13–15. See Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), for analysis of the ideas and influence of the feminists on Heterodoxy and Greenwich Village during this period.

19. Hapgood, Victorian, 377; Edward Abrahams, “Randolph Bourne on Feminism and Feminists,” Historian, May 1981, 365–377; Schwarz, Radical Feminists, 81; Ella Winter, And Not to Yield: An Autobiography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1963).

20. Floyd Dell, Homecoming: An Autobiography (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1933), 247. Figures from lists in Richwine, “The Liberal Club”; Schwarz, Radical Feminists; and Peiss, “Joyous Adventure.”

21. Lawrence Langer, The Magic Curtain (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1951), 70, 68.

22. William O’Neill, ed., Echoes of Revolt: “The Masses,” 1911–1917 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966); MHV, “The Day of a Man,” Masses, May 1912; Inez Haynes Irwin to MHV, Box 53, WSU-MHV; Eastman in Enjoyment of Living (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948), 399. Richard Fitzgerald, Art and Politics: Cartoonists of the Masses and Liberator (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973).

23. Eastman cited in Aaron, Writers on the Left, 32.

24. MHV, “The Two-Faced Goddess,” Masses, December 1912, 12.

25. MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 42; MHV to mother, Box 78, WSU-MHV.

26. MHV to Joe, Box 53, WSU-MHV; MHV, Time and the Town: A Provincetown Chronicle (New York: Dial Press, 1942), 95, 94, 96, 97; MHV, “Footnote to History,” Box 1, WSU-MHV.

27. Cited in Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis: An American Life (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), 638; MHV cited in Grace Hegger Lewis, With Love from Gracie: Sinclair Lewis: An American Life, 1912–45 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951), 34.

28. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 47; MHV, “Freedom for Little Children,” Woman’s Home Companion, October, November, 1913, and February, April, 1914, Box 112, WSU-MHV; Floyd Dell, Love in Greenwich Village (Freeport, N.Y.: George H. Doran Co., 1926), 29.

29. Joe O’Brien, “Confessions of a Ready-Made Parent,” Box 41; MHV, “Busy Women and Idle Friends,” Box 16, WSU-MHV.

30. MHV to Arthur Bullard, February 7, 1913, Box 54; also her series in National Post, 1911, Box 36, WSU-MHV.

31. MHV, “Women at Armageddon,” Metropolitan, September 1913, Box 34, WSU-MHV. Also Joe O’Brien, “Women’s Congress,” Colliers, August 2, 1913, Box 42, WSU-MHV.

32. MHV, “Women at Armageddon,” Box 34, WSU-MHV. Gloria Steinem’s grandmother from Toledo was also present at Budapest in 1913.

Chapter Six: Women’s Peace, Men’s War

1. Interview, John and Miriam (Hapgood) Dewitt, 1982; Michael D. Marcaccio, The Hapgoods: Three Ernest Brothers (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977). 157; Hutchins Hapgood, Story of a Lover (published anonymously by Boni and Liveright, New York, 1919), 29, 48; MHV to Hapgood, Box 54, WSU-MHV; Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), 395; MHV to Hapgood, Box 54, WSU-MHV; Boyce to Hapgood, July 23, circa 1912, circa 1911, circa 1916, Correspondence, YUB-NBHH. Boyce wrote Hapgood in July 1913, that Mary was sometimes cross because Joe “didn’t work enough.” Mary, said Boyce, made Joe’s “elopement to go fishing” into “an elegant discussion on the way the world exploited her, etc.”

2. Floyd Dell, Homecoming: An Autobiography (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1933), 254, 170; Susan Glaspell, The Road to the Temple (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1927) 235–236; Arthur E. Waterman, Susan Glaspell (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1966); Hapgood, Victorian, 373.

3. Ellen Kay Trimberger, “Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900–1925,” in Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson, eds., Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 147.

4. Hapgood, Victorian, 379–380;

5. Ibid., 373.

6. Interview with anonymous neighbor in Provincetown, 1982.

7. Tresca cited in MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 55.

8. Boxes 141, 35, 138, WSU-MHV. Also see MHV, “The Case of Adolph,” Outlook, May 1, 1914, 27–31; Paul Avrich, The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), 188, 186.

9. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 56, 57; also see MHV, “The Police and the Unemployed,” New Republic, September 1914, 530–538; Joe O’Brien, “Anarchy While You Wait,” Masses, May 1915.

10. Justin Kaplan, Lincoln Steffens (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), 205.

11. Telegram in Box 55, WSU-MHV; Hapgood, Victorian, 390.

12. Hapgood, Victorian, 385–391.

13. See Blanche Wiesen Cook, Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 1–40; C. Roland Marchand, The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898–1918 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972); Charles DeBenedetti, The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980); Barbara J. Steinson, American Women’s Activism in World War I (New York: Garland Publishing Company, 1982); International Congress of Women Report, and “Women’s Suffrage Notes,” and “Hague Congress of Women,” Box 132, WSU-MHV.

14. Florence Woolston to MHV, April 6, 1915, Box 132, WSU-MHV. TR cited in Mercedes M. Randall, Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1964), 144.

15. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 80; MHV to Joe, April 1915, Box 55; copy of Wales’s plan in Box 162, WSU-MHV.

16. MHV, ms. in possession of Grace Cullinson, Provincetown, Mass.

17. International Congress of Women, Report, The Hague, April 28-May 1, 1915; International Women’s Committee of Permanent Peace, Amsterdam, 1915, 40; Journal of Emily Greene Balch, SC-EB; Series B, Box 1, SC-WILPF.

18. The meeting is described by MHV in Footnote to Folly, 79–88, and in Hague Congress of Women, Box 132, WSU-MHV. Also see Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton, Women at The Hague (New York: Macmillan, 1915).

19. Allen F. Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 226, 232–281; Mari Jo and Paul Buhle, eds., The Concise History of Woman Suffrage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978).

20. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 87.

21. MHV’s trip through Europe is described in “Getting Arrested,” and “Europe, France, WWI,” in Box 104, WSU-MHV. Also see MHV, “Picture of the Swiss Women,” Box 29, WSU-MHV; and “The Sinistrees of France,” Century Magazine, January 1917, 445–450; “Les Evacuées,” Outlook, November 10, 1915, 622–626; Footnote to Folly, 90–127.

22. MHV, Box 1; MHV, “Not in Vain,” an unfinished novel on worldwide campaign of women to end war, WSU-MHV. Also see Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975).

23. Hapgood, Victorian, 392.

24. MHV, Time and the Town: A Provincetown Chronicle (New York: Dial Press, 1942), 101; MHV, “The Mirror of Silence,” Harpers Monthly Magazine, November 1916, 872, 878; MHV, “Destroyers,” Box 18, describes the unheeding gaiety of the artistic literary crowd—dancing while the world burns, WSU-MHV. Also Arnold Goldman, “The Culture of the Provincetown Players,” Journal of American Studies, December 1978, 291–310.

25. Louis Scheaffer, O’Neill: Son and Playwright (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968); MHV, “Playhouse History,” Box 29, WSU-MHV; Helen Deutsch and Stella Hanau, The Provincetown: A Story of the Theater (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1931).

26. MHV, Time and the Town, 119–120.

27. Boyce to Hapgood, 1915 Correspondence, YUB-NBHH.

28. Masses, January 16, 1920; MHV to Joe in 1914; on Joe’s illness, Boxes 53, 54, 58, WSU-MHV.

29. Hapgood to Boyce, Correspondence, November 2, 1915, YUB-NBHH.

Chapter Seven: Down the Road Again

1. MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 130; Box 154, MHV-WSU.

2. MHV to Whitehouse, February 8, 1916, Box 132; MHV, “Editorial, 1915,” Box 132, WSU-MHV. Elizabeth Jordan, ed., The Sturdy Oak (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1917).

3. Sanger cited in David M. Kennedy, Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), 78. Also see James Reed, From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement in American Society since 1830 (New York: Basic Books, 1978); Linda Gordon, Woman’s Body: Woman’s Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York: Penguin, 1977). MHV, “Serene Plateau,” Box 10; list of 100 in Box 132, MHV-WSU; “An Endorsement of Birth Control,” in NYSL-LC.

4. Glaspell cited in Louis Scheaffer, O’Neill: Son and Playwright (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 355–356.

5. MHV, Daily Notes, 1925, Box 78; Correspondence, Boxes 55, 56, WSU-MHV. One of Vorse’s new admirers was Don Corley, a young architect working with the playhouse group. Much given to solitary leave-takings after early arisings, Corley dropped pillow-notes behind. At August’s end, Corley’s affection was abruptly transferred to another. “I have been selfish in my own joy, Mary dear,” he wrote, “or I would have written last week. Sunday Harriet and I were married. . . . I knew that I loved her when first I saw her, the Wednesday before. . . . I know you will understand, as you always do.” Harriet was not so friendly. “I tore your picture to bits and spit vigorously in your face,” she wrote Mary, “and I shall do it to you if I see you.”

6. MHV, Time and the Town: A Provincetown Chronicle (New York: Dial Press, 1942), 121.

7. Allen Churchill, The Improper Bohemians: A Re-Creation of Greenwich Village in Its Heyday (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1959), 199–200; MHV, “Playhouse History,” Box 29, WSU-MHV; Arnold Goldman, “The Culture of the Provincetown Players,” Journal of American Studies, December 1978, 291–310. Robert K. Sarlos, Jig Cook and the Provincetown Players: Theater in Ferment (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1982), places the first production of Bound East for Cardiff in the last week of July.

8. EGF to MHV, July 24, 1916, Box 55; Tresca to MHV, from jail, Box 56, WSU-MHV.

9. MHV, Daily Notes, Box 78, WSU-MHV.

10. For the Mesabi strike, see John Sirjamaki, “The People of the Mesabi Range,” Minnesota History, September 1946, 203–215; Philip Foner, The Industrial Workers of the World, 1905–1917 (New York: International Publishers, 1965); Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (New York: Quadrangle, 1969); Donald Sofchalk, “Organized Labor and the Iron Ore Miners of Northern Minnesota, 1907–1936,” Labor History, Spring 1971, 214–242; Neil Betten, “Riot, Revolution, Repression in the Iron Range Strike of 1916,” Minnesota History, Summer 1968, 82–93. Unless otherwise noted, Vorse’s experience on the Mesabi is drawn from Footnote to Folly, 132–153.

11. Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, 326.

12. Duluth Labor World cited in Foner, Industrial Workers of the World, 506; also see MHV, “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” Nation, February 7, 1926, 176; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography: My First Life, 1906–1926 (New York: International Publishers, 1955), 208.

13. Newsclipping, St. Paul, Box 36, to Women’s Welfare League, WSU-MHV. MHV, “The Mining Strike in Minnesota,” Outlook, August 30, 1916, 1036–1046; Tyler Dennett, “The Other Side,” ibid., 1046–1048.

14. MHV, I’ve Come to Stay: A Love Comedy of Bohemia (New York: Century, 1919).

15. Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); Stephen Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism and the Committee on Public Information (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); PU-AB; MHV, “Czechoslovakia,” Box 104, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Debatable Lands in Central Europe,” New York Times Magazine, July 6, 1919, 7.

16. Vorse was involved briefly with Edward E. Free, a chemist she met in Washington. In 1917, Free asked her to marry him. The affair dissolved when Vorse and Free quarreled over the justice of the IWW arrests. Correspondence with Free, Box 56, WSU-MHV.

17. J. A. Thompson, “American Progressive Publicists and the First War, 1914–1917,” Journal of American History, September 1971, 383; Allen Davis, “Welfare, Reform and World War I,” American Quarterly, Fall 1967, 516–533.

18. MHV, “Bridgeport and Democracy,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine, January 1919, 145–154. Vorse’s article incensed many prominent citizens of Bridgeport, leading one to claim at a symposium that she “took a taxicab from the [Bridgeport] station and rode out to the nearest sewer and there got her inspiration and facts for her article.” William Hincks to MHV, Box 56, WSU-MHV. See David Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology and Labor Struggles (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 127–135, for a realistic judgment of labor’s status in Bridgeport.

19. Weyl cited in Stanley Shapiro, “The Great War and Reform: Liberals and Labor, 1917–1919,” Labor History, Summer 1971, 338.

20. Robert J. Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America, 1870 to Present (Cambridge: Schenkman, 1978), has full bibliography. Also see H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War, 1917–1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1957); MHV, “Notes on a History of the IWW,” Box 37, WSU-MHV; William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933 (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); William Preston, “Shall This Be All? U.S. Historians versus William D. Haywood et al.,” Labor History, Summer 1971, 435–453; Harry N. Scheiber, The Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties, 1917–21 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1960); Joan M. Jensen, The Price of Vigilance (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968); MHV, Footnote to Folly, 160.

21. Reel 271B, OG 357985, 357986, FBI-IR; FBI file MHV, in possession of author, obtained through Freedom of Information Act. Also see David Williams, “The Bureau of Investigation and Its Critics, 1919–1921: The Origins of Federal Surveillance,” Journal of American History, December 1981, 560–579.

22. Interview, Heaton Vorse, 1986.

Chapter Eight: Footnote to Folly

1. MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 169.

2. Cited in Arno Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1967), 29.

3. MHV, “Through Sheffield Smoke,” Harpers, May 1919, 773.

4. Description of trip, speech, and dinner in Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1938), 189–190; MHV, Footnote to Folly, 187.

5. MHV, “Failure,” Box 19, WSU-MHV.

6. MHV, “Footnote to History,” Box 2, WSU-MHV.

7. MHV, “Abandoned Lands and Patchwork Quilts,” Box 15, WSU-MHV.

8. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 198, 201.

9. Merle Fainsod, International Socialism and the World War (New York: Octagon Books, 1973); Albert S. Lindemann, The “Red Years”: European Socialism Versus Bolshevism, 1919–1921 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking; Dan S. White, “Reconsidering European Socialism in the 1920s,” Journal of Contemporary History, April 1981, 251–272.

10. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 209, 212.

11. MHV to Selway, March 14, 1918, Box 56, WSU-MHV.

12. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 218.

13. Ibid., 223, 224.

14. Cited in Oliver Pilat, Drew Pearson: An Unauthorized Biography (New York: Harper’s Magazine Press, 1973), 61. Holly Beach reportedly spoke of Vorse as an “international communist organizer.”

15. MHV, “Milorad,” Harpers, January 1920, 256–262.

Chapter Nine: The Left Fork

1. John Dos Passos, The Best Times: An Informal Memoir (New York: New American Library, 1966), 77; Dora Russell, The Tamarisk Tree: My Quest for Liberty and Love (New York: G.P. Putnam’s, 1975).

2. Johns and Freeman cited in Richard Fitzgerald, Art and Politics: Cartoonists of the Masses and Liberator (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 80, 88; interview, Steve Nelson, 1983; Alan Trachtenberg, ed., Memoirs of Waldo Frank (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973), 188; interview, Sam D’Arcy, 1984. An enthusiastic and often inaccurate biography is Joseph North, Robert Minor, Artist and Crusader (New York: International Publishers, 1956).

3. Minor cited in Curt Gentry, Frameup: The Incredible Case of Tom Mooney and Warren Billings (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967), 437; Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism (New York: Viking, 1957), 123.

4. MHV to Knobby, February 19, 1929, Box 81, WSU-MHV.

5. MHV to RM, Correspondence, Box 59, WSU-MHV.

6. MHV to Selway, Box 56; Credentials, Box 104; Hoover to MHV, May 28, 1919, Box 104, WSU-MHV.

7. MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 241, 243.

8. Lloyd George cited in George W. Hopkins, “The Politics of Food: United States and Soviet Hungary, March–August, 1919,” Mid-America, October 1973, 247; Arno Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1967), 367–368; Alfred D. Low, “Soviet Hungary and the Paris Peace Conference,” in Ivan Volgyes, ed., Hungary in Revolution, 1918–1919 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 137–157.

9. Correspondence, Box 56; “Footnote to History,” Box 2; “Budapest: The Heart of Communism” and “Notes,” Box 106, WSU-MHV; CU-MHV; Travel Orders, Gregory to MHV, Box 104, WSU-MHV, instruct MHV to proceed to Budapest and “carry out verbal instructions.”

10. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 247; MHV, “Footnote to History,” Box 2, WSU-MHV; ARA European Operation Papers, Folder, Hungary #2, April–June 1919, HI-ARA; HI-TTCG; Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking, 828.

11. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 252.

12. MHV report on Károlyi, Box 106, WSU-MHV.

13. Frank Eckelt, “The Internal Policies of the Hungarian Soviet Republic,” in Volgyes, Hungary in Revolution, 61–88; Joseph Rothchild, East Central Europe between the Two World Wars (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974); Andrew C. Janos and William B. Slottman, eds., Revolution in Perspective: Essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971). Also see Rudolph L. Tokes, Bela Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), 177–189.

14. Gregory claimed credit for the defeat of Kun in a series of articles published in World’s Work in April, May, and June 1921. Hoover backed away from any definite comment on Gregory’s claims. Also see Hopkins, “The Politics of Food”; Murray N. Rothbard, “Hoover’s 1919 Food Diplomacy in Retrospect,” in Lawrence E. Gelfand, ed., Herbert Hoover: The Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914–23 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1979), 87–110; and Edward F. Willis, “Herbert Hoover and the Blockade of Germany, 1918–1919,” in Frederick J. Cox et al., Studies in Modern European History (New York: Bookman Associates, 1956), 265–300.

15. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 272.

16. Gregory to Hoover, April 22, June 4, 1919, in HI-TTCG; Hoover to Wilson, June 9, 1919, Wilson to Hoover, June 10, 1919, in HI-ARA European Operations, Paris, Folder “Hungarian Political Situation,” and Simpson to Gregory, June 17, 1919, “Personnel, U-V,” HI-ARA.

17. Daily Summaries, 1919, Box 77; MHV to RM, note dated June 21, 1919, located in ledger, Box 36, WSU-MHV.

18. New York Times, July 15, 1919, 1:2; also see ibid., June 12, 1919, 5:4; June 15, 14:1; June 16, 15:2; June 22, 3:4; July 1, 15:2; Robert Minor, “The Spartacide Insurrection,” Liberator, August, September 1919, 22–25, 31–39; Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958), 841–842; Steffens to Hutch Hapgood, December 21, 1919, YUB-NBHH; R. B. Minor to House, June 27, 1919, and House to R. B. Minor, July 25, 1919, YUS-EH. House tells Minor’s father he did what he could but was criticized for it. Also see Robert Minor, “I Got Arrested a Little,” Liberator, December 1919, 28—an inaccurate account of events, probably because Minor prefered to believe that his own courageous integrity and the protest of angry workers, rather than the efforts of American liberals, saved him from trial. Also see New York Times, July 4, 1919, 5:2; July 7, 15:7; July 9, 17:5; July 11, 11:2; July 12, 2:7; July 13, II, 1:6; July 15, 1:2; July 16, 12:6; September 30, 21:7; October 11, 13:3; October 13, 12:6; October 19, II, 1:7; October 24, 10:1; October 25, 10:5; and Cases 202 600-1754; 202 600-166; OG 208 369; OG 208 369-A, FBI-RM.

19. Robert Minor to Leo Kaplan, Box 57; also see Box 41, WSU-MHV. Minor’s articles are in New York World, February 4, 6, 1919. Max Eastman, “Bob Minor and the Bolsheviks,” Liberator, March 1919, 5–6. The most imaginative judgment is by Albert Weisbord who, after his expulsion from the Communist Party in 1930, decided that Lenin and Minor conspired on the World articles so as to mislead the American bourgeoisie and thus hasten withdrawal of American troops, CHS-AW. The general lack of information about Lenin’s government or intent brought much attention to Minor’s articles. Minor was one of the first American writers to talk to Lenin, who had granted Minor an interview because he knew and admired Minor’s work on behalf of Mooney. According to Don Levine, Eyewitness to History: Memoirs and Reflections of a Foreign Correspondent for Half a Century (New York: Hawthorne Books, 1973), 65, Lenin was “especially hard on American journalists” after Minor’s report in the World.

20. Edmund Wilson, Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the Twenties and Thirties (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1952), 498.

21. NYSL; Julian F. Jaffe, Crusade against Radicalism: New York during the Red Scare, 1914–1924 (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1972); Lawrence H. Chamberlain, Loyalty and Legislative Action: A Survey of Activity by the New York State Legislature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1951).

22. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 273–274.

23. MHV to Walter Pettit, August 25, 1919, and Marot to MHV, August 4, 1919, Box 56, WSU-MHV; interview, Joel O’Brien, 1984, who was at the farmhouse when it burned.

24. MHV to Gregory, August 6, 1919; MHV to Gutterson, August 6, 12, 1919; Gutterson to MHV, August 8, 1919, in Box 56, WSU-MHV. Gutterson to Gregory, August 14, 1919, Correspondence, General, A-Z, HI-TTCG. Also see Carl Parrini, “Hoover and International Economics,” and Robert F. Himmelberg, “Hoover’s Public Image, 1919–1920: The Emergence of a Public Figure and a Sign of the Times,” in Gelfand, Herbert Hoover, 183–206, 207–232.

Chapter Ten: Union Activist

1. MHV, Strike Articles and Notes, Box 120, WSU-MHV; David Brody, Steelworkers in America: The Non Union Era (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960); David Brody, Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919 (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1965).

2. Brody, Labor in Crisis, 94; Harvey O’Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York: John Day Company, 1935), 102; Robert Asher, “Painful Memories: The Historical Consciousness of Steelworkers and the Steel Strike of 1919,” Pennsylvania History, 1978, 61-86; Charles Hill, “Fighting the Twelve Hour Day in the American Steel Industry,” Labor History, 1974, 19–35; Gerald E. Eggert, Steelmasters and Labor Reform, 1886–1923, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1981); Melvin I. Urofsky, Big Steel and the Wilson Administration: A Study in Business–Government Relations (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1969).

3. MHV, Men and Steel (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920), 67; MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 280. Newdick had worked as a social worker, a newspaperman, and a writer for the Committee on Public Information.

4. MHV, Affidavits, Steel Strike, Box 121, WSU-MHV; David Montgomery, “New Tendencies in Union Struggles and Strategies in Europe and the United States, 1916–1922,” and Melvyn Dubofsky, “Abortive Reform: The Wilson Administration and Organized Labor, 1913–1920,” in James E. Cronin and Carmen Sirianni, eds., Work, Community, and Power: The Experience of Labor in Europe and America, 1900–1925 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), 88–116, 197–220.

5. Interchurch World Movement Commission of Inquiry, Report on the Steel Strike of 1919 (New York, 1920) and Public Opinion and the Steel Strike (New York: The Interchurch World Movement, Harcourt, Brace and World, 1921); Philip C. Ensley, “The Interchurch World Movement and the Steel Strike of 1919,” Labor History, Spring 1972, 217–230.

6. MHV, Men and Steel, 36, 37, 64–67, 178; MHV, “Slovak Parish,” and “Steel” in Box 31, WSU-MHV. In Monessen, after the strike was broken, strikers could not return to work unless they offered an apology to the local Catholic priest who was a friend of the superintendent of the steel mill. John Bodnar, Worker’s World: Kinship, Community and Protest in Industrial Society, 1900–1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 93. Interchurch World Movement, Public Opinion and the Steel Strike, 163–220; William S. Haddock to W. R. Rubin, October 17, 1919, Box 120, WSU-MHV; MHV, Fraycar’s Fist (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924), 9–32.

7. Interchurch World Movement, Public Opinion and the Steel Strike, 71–74; “Interchurch World Movement,” in UVAL-JL.

8. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 288–289; MHV, Miscellaneous, Box 154, WSU-MHV.

9. MHV, Men and Steel, 149–151.

10. Newdick to Mary, December 9, 12, 1919, Box 56, WSU-MHV. Also see William Foster, The Great Steel Strike and Its Lessons (New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1920).

11. MHV, “Steel Clippings,” Box 120, WSU-MHV; “Behind the Picket Line,” Outlook, January 21, 1920, 107–109; “Civil Liberty in the Steel Strike,” Nation, November 15, 1919, 633–635; “Men and Steel,” Call Magazine, undated; “Steel,” in Box 31, WSU-MHV; Interchurch World Movement, Public Opinion and the Steel Strike, 132; Robert Murray, “Communism and the Great Steel Strike of 1919,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 1951, 445–466; MHV, Footnote to Folly, 293; MHV, Strike News, 1919, Box 121; Steel Correspondence, 1919, Box 120, WSU-MHV.

12. John Dos Passos, The Big Money (New York: Washington Square Press, 1961; originally published 1936). Series I, Box 4, “The Big Money,” UVAL-JDP. The manuscript notes show that Dos Passos was also thinking of Mary Vorse’s later activity at Passaic in 1926, when he mentions that Mary French recovered there after a long slide downward, caused by her lover leaving her for another woman, just as Robert Minor would leave MHV for Lydia Gibson in 1922.

13. MHV, Steel 1919, Notes, Box 120, WSU-MHV; Dos Passos, The Big Money, 125, 150–51.

14. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 298–299.

15. Harold Josephson, “The Dynamics of Repression: New York during the Red Scare,” Mid America, October 1977, 131–146. Julian F. Jaffe, Crusade against Radicalism: New York during the Red Scare (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat, 1972); Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Free Press, 1987); Athan G. Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).

16. Files OG 357986, 202600-1778, 202-600-1768, 208369, FBI-IR.

17. Weinberger to MHV, November 6, 1919, and R. B. Spence to Frank Burke, Department of Justice, November 11, 1919, FBI-MHV.

18. Ann Craton describes her experience in an unpublished autobiography in WSU-ACB; also see Alice Kessler-Harris, “The Autobiography of Ann Washington Craton,” edited and with introduction, Signs, Summer 1976, 1019–1037.

19. “Authoress Here to Probe Conditions Local Factories,” Pottsville Miners Journal, January 9, 1920, in PHS; Ann Blankenhorn to MHV, circa 1965, in possession of Joel O’Brien.

20. Philip S. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I (New York: Free Press, 1979), 374–392; “Organizing Clothing Workers in Minerville,” January 4, 1920, and “Shirtmakers Hold Mass Meeting at Charlton Tonight,” January 15, Pottsville Miner’s Journal, and “CLU Condemns IWW Organizers Here,” January 28, PHS; MHV, “The Five Who Were Fired,” Advance, January 23, 1920; “Sweatshop of Schuylkill County,” Proceedings, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 1918–1920, 165–167; “IWW Agitator’s Work Condemned by Labor Body,” February 5, 1920, and “Shortage of Orders Hits Factory Hands,” February 14, 1920, in Pottsville Miner’s Journal. The Journal gave first-page play to Red Scare hysteria during this period. Also see “Donaldson Strike Case Brings Town to Court Hearing,” in ibid., February 20, 1920.

21. Box 5, WSU-CH. Haessler served as managing editor of the Federated Press until 1956. Also see Gilbert J. Gall, “Heber Blankenhorn: The Publicist as Reformer,” Historian, 1983, 513–528. I am grateful to Gilbert Gall for an early draft of this article. Also see MHV, “The Amalgamated Clothing Workers in Session,” Nation, May 22, 1920, 684; Proceedings, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 1918–1920, 86.

22. Folder 8-2, 7-9, WSU-HB.

23. MHV, “Amalgamated Women of Baltimore,” Advance, April 21, 1920, 112–113; “Lockout of Women and Children,” Box 24, WSU-MHV; MHV, Footnote to Folly, 353–354.

Chapter Eleven: Smashup

1. MHV, Growing Up (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920); The Ninth Man (New York: Harpers, 1920); Men and Steel (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920).

2. Interview, Heaton Vorse, 1986.

3. MHV, A Footnote to Folly: The Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935), 308; Rodney to Burke, March 19, 1920, OG 386207, FBI-IR. Also see R. M. Whitney, Reds in America (New York: Beckwith Press, 1924), for typical redbaiting of MHV.

4. MHV, “Sacco and Vanzetti,” Box 31, WSU-MHV; New York Call, December 27, 1920; MHV, “Sacco and Vanzetti,” and Minutes, Executive Committee meeting, November 22, 1920, vol. 228-a, PU-ACLU; World Tomorrow, 1921 article, Box 30, and Ann Craton Blankenhorn to MHV, October 26, 1958, Box 72, WSU-MHV; David Felix, Protest: Sacco-Vanzetti and the Intellectuals (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1965).

5. MHV to RM, Box 59; MHV, “Daily Summaries, 1920,” Box 77, WSU-MHV.

6. Robert Minor, “I Change My Mind a Little,” Liberator, October 1920, and “Answer to My Critics,” ibid., November 1920. After the postmaster general’s suppression of the Masses, Max Eastman and his sister, Crystal, began publication of the Liberator, which reported the socialist movement here and abroad. Also see Leo Caplan to RM, June 22, 1920, in possession of Joel O’Brien, Provincetown. RM to Caplan, Box 57, and RM to Tom Mooney, Box 56, WSU-MHV.

7. MHV to RM, undated 1920, Box 57, WSU-MHV.

8. CU-MHV.

9. MHV to RM, Box 59, WSU-MHV; Daily Notes, Box 78; RM to MHV, September 13, 1919, Box 57, Time and Town Notes, Box 14, WSU-MHV; interview, Heaton Vorse, 1984.

10. Correspondence, August 1920, between RM and LG in possession of Joel O’Brien; RM to Binnochicia (LG), August 11, 1920, Box 56, WSU-MHV; telephone interview with Peggy Dennis, 1984, and interview with Steve Nelson, for impressions of LG, 1984.

11. MHV to RM, Boxes 57, 59; MHV to Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Box 56; MHV, Daily Notes, Box 78, WSU-MHV.

12. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 360–361; Daily Notes, Box 78; MHV, “Men, Some Reflections On,” Box 25; passport, Box 145; documents concerning passage in and out of Germany in June 1921 and January 1922, Box 57, WSU-MHV; YUS-HW, for MHV’s will and power of attorney to Josephine Harn, June 7, 22, 1921.

13. See Walter Duranty, I Write as I Please (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1935), 107–121. Duranty, correspondent for the New York Times, arrived in Moscow about a month after Vorse. MHV, Daily Notes, 1928, Box 77, WSU-MHV; Richard and Anna Maria Drinnon, eds., Nowhere at Home: Letters from Exile of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), 240–241; Alfred Rosmer, Moscow under Lenin (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972); MHV, Footnote to Folly, 362.

14. Paul Avrich, Kronstadt, 1921 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); Robert Vincent Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960); MHV, Daily Notes, March 1928, Box 80, WSU-MHV; Jane Degras, ed., The Communist International, 1919–1922 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), vol. 1.

15. Benjamin M. Weissman, Herbert Hoover and Famine Relief in Soviet Russia, 1921–1923 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1974), 8; also see Paxton Hibben, Report on the Russian Famine (New York: American Committee for Relief of Russian Children, 1922); H. H. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919–1923: The Operations of the American Relief Administration (New York: Macmillan, 1927); Frank Golder and Lincoln Hutchinson, On the Trail of the Russian Famine (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1927).

16. Izvetsia, August 12, 1921, 2:5, researched and translated by Anthony Pasquariello for author. “Soviet Will Get Food,” Washington Times, August 7, 1921, p. 1, claimed the train would leave Moscow on August 9, with ten American correspondents.

17. MHV, “Russian Pictures,” Liberator, July 1922; Footnote to Folly, 362–392; “Russian Famine,” Box 107, WSU-MHV; Duranty, I Write as I Please, 122–138, reached Samara a few days after Vorse, as did Floyd Gibbons, “Polyglot Hordes Congest Samara,” New York Times, August 30, 1921, 5:3; Carl Eric Bechhofer Roberts, Through Starving Russia (London: Methuen, 1921).

18. The others were Bessie Beatty, Ernestine Evans, and Helen Auger. Robert W. Desmond, Crisis and Conflict: World News Reporting between Two Wars, 1920–1940 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1982), 22–48.

19. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 375, 378, 377, 388; MHV to Neith Hapgood, 1921, YUB-NBHH; interview, Heaton Vorse, 1983; MHV, “Profits and Dreamers: The R.A.I.C.,” Nation, December 2, 1922, 713–714.

20. Emma Goldman, Living My Life (New York: Dover Publications, 1970; originally published 1931), vol. 2, 906; Lucy Robbins Lang, Tomorrow Is Beautiful (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 201; MHV, Footnote to Folly, 382; Goldman, Living My Life, vol. 2, 911, and Drinnon, Nowhere at Home, 56.

21. MHV, Daily Notes, Box 78, WSU-MHV. Vorse mentions the annulment in 1922 of her marriage to Minor, Box 92, WSU-MHV.

22. MHV, Footnote to Folly, 394, 395; MHV, Second Cabin (New York: Horace Liveright, 1928).

23. William Preston, Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933 (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 240.

24. Philip S. Foner and Sally M. Miller, eds., Kate Richards O’Hare: Selected Writings and Speeches (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 333—340; Neil K. Basen, “Kate Richards O’Hare: The ‘First Lady’ of American Socialism, 1901–1917,” Labor History, Spring 1980, 165–199; New York Times for reports of crusade, March 29, 1922, 8:2; April 30, 1922, 20:3; May 6, 1922, 11:3, and New York Evening Telegram for arrival in New York, April 26, 1922.

25. MHV, “The Children’s Crusade for Amnesty,” Nation, May 10, 1922, 559–561; MHV, “Open! The Crusaders Are Here,” National Rip-Saw, April, May 1922; Cather cited in William Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 272–273; New York Times, March 22, 1922, 16:4; also see summation of public opinion in “Amnesty for the Talkers,” Literary Digest, October 21, 1922, July 7, 1923.

26. FBI-MHV.

27. Interview, Heaton Vorse, 1984. PU-ACLU, 1930, vol. 399, undated news clipping states “The marriage [of MHV and Minor] was a secret one, discovered about 3 weeks later [after their return from Russia].” Minor filed for divorce from his first wife in October 1919, Box 53, WSU-MHV; FBI-RM.

28. David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America before 1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America: A Social History, 1800–1980 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1981); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); Nicholas and Lillian Segal Kopeloff, “The Drug Evil,” New Republic, March 7, 1923, 41–43; Pearce Bailey, “The Drug Habit in the United States,” New Republic, March 16, 1921, 67–69; “Drug Addicts in America,” Outlook, June 25, 1919, 315; Peter A. Bryce, “Menace of the Drug Mania,” Current History Magazine, January 1923, 638–641.

29. John Dos Passos, The Big Money (New York: Washington Square Press, 1961), 609, 616. Also Eleanor Widmer, “The Lost Girls of U.S.A.,” in Warren French, ed., The Thirties: Fiction, Poetry, Drama (Deland, Fla.: Everett Edwards, 1967), 11–19.

30. Interview, Emily Hiebert, 1980.

31. Interview with neighbor, Provincetown, 1984. Name withheld on request.

Chapter Twelve: The Long Eclipse

1. MHV, Daily Notes, 1923, Box 78; MHV to Mary Simkhovitch, Daily Notes, 1927, Box 80, WSU-MHV.

2. MHV, Daily Notes, 1925, Box 78, WSU-MHV.

3. Ibid., 1923, 1926, Box 79, WSU-MHV.

4. Tillie Olsen, Silences (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, 1965), 13, 33.

5. Elaine Showalter, “Literary Criticism,” Signs, Winter 1975, 459–460.

6. MHV, Daily Notes, 1923, 1925, Box 78, WSU-MHV, says of Linda Gibson, “She had no charity nor did she keep the rules. Her idea was to separate me from RM and to make me as unpleasant in his eyes as possible. I think she was mighty wise.”

7. Ibid., 1923, Box 78; MHV to RM, and Griffin Barry to MHV, Box 58, WSU-MHV.

8. Hutchins Hapgood to MHV, cited Daily Notes, 1928, Box 80, WSU-MHV.

9. MHV, Daily Notes, 1923, Box 78, WSU-MHV.

10. MHV, “Drink, a Very Human Document,” Cosmopolitan, March 1924, 36; Daily Notes, 1923, Box 78, WSU-MHV.

11. MHV, “Why I Have Failed as a Mother,” Cosmopolitan, September 1924, 46–47. See Nancy Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 175–213, for a discussion of the criticism of working mothers prevalent in the 1920s.

12. MHV, Daily Notes, 1926, Box 79, WSU-MHV.

13. Ibid., 1925, Box 79, WSU-MHV.

14. Ibid.

15. MHV, “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” Nation, February 17, 1926, 175–176.

16. Selig Perlman and Philip Taft, History of Labor in the United States, 1896–1932, vol. 4, Labor Movements (New York: Macmillan, 1935), 557.

17. MHV, Daily Notes, 1926, Box 79, WSU-MHV. The host, Lewis Gannett, was a newspaperman and book critic for the New York Herald Tribune.

18. MHV, “Passaic,” Box 116, WSU-MHV.

19. “United Front Defense for Passaic Strike,” Daily Worker, April 25, 1926; MHV, “Passaic—The Hell Hole,” ibid., February 27, 1926. Also see Boxes 115–118, WSU-MHV, for large collection of material on Passaic strike, including clippings, affidavits, correspondence, Textile Strike Bulletin, notes, and draft of MHV’s book on Passaic strike.

20. Morton Siegel, “The Passaic Strike of 1926,” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1952, 331; MHV, “The War in Passaic,” Nation, March 17, 1926, 280–281. Also see Paul Murphy et al., eds., The Passaic Textile Strike of 1926 (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1974). Steven R. Irwin, “Conflict Resolution and the Development of Law: The Passaic Textile Strike of 1926 and the New Jersey State Riot Act,” senior thesis, 1976, Archives, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J., is sometimes inaccurate but valuable for interviews of strike observers.

21. Interview, Vera Weisbord Buch, 1984; MHV, “The War in Passaic,” 281.

22. “Passaic Reviewed,” CHS-AW; Michael H. Ebner, “Strikes and Society: Civil Behavior in Passaic, 1875–1926,” New Jersey History, 1979, 7–24; MHV, “Passaic,” Box 116, WSU-MHV; interview, John Bebout, 1984, then a college student at Rutgers University, who often traveled to Passaic to aid the strike effort; interview, Martha Stone Asher, 1986, a strike participant at Passaic, and later a Communist leader.

23. “Outsiders Blamed for Trouble at Passaic,” April, 21, 1926, vol. 314, PU-ACLU.

24. Benjamin Gitlow, I Confess: The Truth about American Communism (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1940), 371, 372, 16.

25. MHV, “Passaic Strike Notes,” Box 118; MHV, “Passaic,” Box 116, WSU-MHV.

26. Isabelle Kendig to Forrest Bailey, May 6, 1926, and Bailey to Kendig, May 8, 1926, vol. 310, PU-ACLU; Kendig to Bailey, May 6; Correspondence, Box 58, WSU-MHV, for letters between Kendig, Margaret Larkin, Pauline Clark, MHV, on Washington lobbying effort.

27. Proceedings, Seventh Biennial Convention of The Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, May 13, 1926, 307–309, for speech by MHV to convention, in Alexander Library, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. Also “8 New Yorkers to Form Picket Line in Clifton,” Passaic Daily Herald, May 14, 1926, news clippings on strike in PU-ACLU.

28. Passaic Reference, Box 118, WSU-MHV.

29. MHV, Daily Notes, 1926, Box 79, WSU-MHV.

30. Ibid.; Rosalyn Baxandall, Words on Fire: The Life and Writing of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987), 1–73.

31. MHV, Daily Notes, 1926, Box 80, WSU-MHV.

32. Ibid., Boxes 79, 80, WSU-MHV.

33. Duncan to MHV, Box 58, WSU-MHV.

34. MHV, Daily Notes, 1927, Box 80, WSU-MHV.

35. “Fiance Marries Mary Heaton Vorse’s Daughter—Cables for Her Passage Money,” New York Times, March 31, 1928, 6:4; also see New York Times, April 1, 1928, 4:1, and Correspondence, 1928, Box 59, WSU-MHV.

36. MHV, Time and the Town: A Provincetown Chronicle (New York: Dial Press, 1942), 220–221.

37. MHV, “The Hole in the Wall,” Parents Magazine, January 1929, 14–16, 38, 40–41.

38. MHV, Daily Notes, 1928, Box 80, WSU-MHV.

39. Ibid.

40. MHV, Second Cabin (New York: Liveright, 1928); New York Times Book Review, November 18, 1928, 30; New York Herald-Tribune Books, November 28, 1928, 14.

41. MHV, Daily Notes, 1928, Box 81, WSU-MHV.

42. Ibid.

Chapter Thirteen: War in the South

1. Cited in Liston Pope, Millhands and Preachers: A Study of Gastonia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942), 159n.; John R. Earle, Dean D. Knudsen, and Donald W. Shriver, Jr., Spindles and Spires: A Restudy of Religion and Social Change in Gastonia (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1976).

2. Theodore Draper, “Gastonia Revisited,” Social Research, Spring 1971, 5.

3. MHV, “Gastonia,” Harper’s, November 1929, 700; Dan McCurry and Carolyn Ashbaugh, “Gastonia, 1929: Strike at the Loray Mill,” Southern Exposure, Winter 1973–74, 185–203.

4. The North Carolina Guide (Federal Writer’s Project: North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, 1939), 5.

5. MHV, “Gastonia Strike,” Box 122, WSU-MHV.

6. Sherwood Anderson, “Elizabethton, Tennessee,” Nation, May 1, 1929, 527; New York Times, April 5, 1929, 10:2; James A. Hodges, “Challenge to the New South: The Great Textile Strike in Elizabethton, Tennessee, 1929,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly, December 1964, 343–357; Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, “Disorderly Women: Gender and Labor Militancy in the Appalachian South,” Journal of American History, 1986, 354–382.

7. Cited in Vera Buch Weisbord, A Radical Life (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977), 183; Paul Blanshard, “Communism in Southern Cotton Mills,” Nation, April 24, 1929, 500; interview, Vera Buch [Weisbord], 1984.

8. Paul and Mari Jo Buhle, introduction to Weisbord, A Radical Life, xv-xvi.

9. Draper, “Gastonia Revisited,” 19.

10. “On Mills—Troubles,” Charlotte Observer, April 5, 1929, and “Big Innuendo,” Gastonia Daily Gazette, May 5, 1929, in vol. 367, PU-ACLU.

11. Tom Tippett, When Southern Labor Stirs (New York: Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith, 1931), 86–87.

12. “Wreck Union Office in Southern Strike,” New York Times, April 19, 1929, 2:7.

13. See newspaper clippings, including Federated Press, in vol. 367, PU-ACLU.

14. MHV, Strike Journal, Gastonia, Box 155, WSU-MHV. Also see Box 156 for clippings, dispatches, notes, and correspondence about strikes in Gastonia and Elizabethton. In my interview with Vera Buch, in 1984, she remarked that she was embarrassed to have the workers read the Daily Worker, so inaccurate were its reports of the prospects for victory at Gastonia.

15. Weisbord, A Radical Life, 206.

16. MHV, Strike Journal, Gastonia, Box 155, WSU-MHV.

17. Ibid.

18. Weisbord, A Radical Life, 218; CHS-VBW in Box 6, CHS-AW.

19. “Action Brought by Leaders of the Loray Strike,” Gastonia Daily Gazette, May 14, 1929, in vol. 367, PU-ACLU.

20. MHV, Miscellaneous Notes, Box 155, WSU-MHV.

21. MHV, Gastonia, Box 156, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Gastonia,” Harper’s, 707.

22. “Mass Evictions in Mill Strike,” Reading Advocate, May 25, 1929, in vol. 367, PU-ACLU; MHV, Strike Journal, Gastonia, Box 155, WSU-MHV.

23. MHV, Miscellaneous Notes, WSU-MHV; “Mill Strikers Clash with Southern Police,” New York Times, April 23, 1929, 48:2.

24. MHV, “Elizabethton Sits on a Powder Keg,” New Masses, July 1929, 6; MHV, Box 156, WSU-MHV; telephone interview, Sophie Melvin (Mrs. Si Gerson), 1984; letter to author from Broadus Mitchell, February 7, 1985. I am indebted to Rita Heller for this last citation.

25. Weisbord, A Radical Life, 219.

26. Daily Notes, 1929, Box 81, WSU-MHV.

27. MHV, “Affairs of the House,” Box 15, WSU-MHV.

28. Daily Notes, Box 81; Miscellaneous Notes, Box 156, Correspondence, Box 156, WSU-MHV; MHV to Forrest Bailey, June 11, 1929, vol. 367, PU-ACLU.

29. Edmund Wilson, The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the Twenties and Thirties (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Young, 1952), 497–498. Wilson said the New Republic sent a young man to Gastonia who reported back that there was nothing of interest there. Wilson later marveled that the young fellow had been there on the day Ella May Wiggins was killed. Also see Dos Passos to MHV, 1929, Box 60, WSU-MHV.

30. Cited in Samuel Yellen, American Labor Struggles, 1877–1934 (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1974), 310; MHV, Strike Journal, Gastonia, Box 155, WSU-MHV.

31. Nell Battle Lewis, “Tar Heel Justice,” Nation, September 11, 1929, 273.

32. See Boxes 155, 156, WSU-MHV, for Vorse’s press dispatches and for newspaper clippings on the trial.

33. MHV, “Gastonia,” Box 155, WSU-MHV.

34. MHV, Daily Notes, 1929, Box 81, WSU-MHV.

35. MHV, Dispatches, Box 155, WSU-MHV.

36. MHV, “State Orders Arrest in Two Terror Raids,” New York Evening Graphic, September 11, 1929, Box 155, WSU-MHV.

37. MHV, Daily Notes, September 14, 1929, Box 81, WSU-MHV.

38. MHV, “Songs Live On: Ella May Dies, Mob’s Victim,” New York Evening Graphic, September 16, 1929, Box 155, WSU-MHV; interview, Vera Buch Weisbord, 1984. According to a letter I received from Randal H. Tolbert and Tish Merrill on November 20, 1983, Wiggins was pregnant when she was murdered. Vera Buch wrote me in November 1983 that she believed the puzzling box of “luxury women’s clothing,” found in Wiggins’s home after her death, had been given to Wiggins by MHV. Buch added: “It was a great mistake on [Vorse’s] part to imagine that poor despised textile workers coveted these luxuries women have. . . . The gift of it was Vorse’s feeling of guilt that she had all these lovely things while the strikers were so dirt poor.” No one was ever tried for Wiggins’s death.

39. Dispatches, Box 155, WSU-MHV.

40. Cited in Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920–1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 31. Also see Benjamin Stolberg, “Madness in Marion,” Nation, October 23, 1929, 462–464.

41. Tom Tippett, “Mill Boss Gloats over Massacre,” dispatch to Federated Press, Box 156, WSU-MHV.

42. MHV, “Waitin’ with the Dead,” New Republic, October 30, 1929, 287–288. The New Republic paid $50 for this piece, more than their usual rate. Also see “Stirring Rites Held for Marion Victims,” New York Times, October 5, 1929; and MHV, “Eye Witness Describes Marion Murders,” Federated Press release, in vol. 367, PU-ACLU.

Chapter Fourteen: Holding the Line

1. Mary Austin, Earth Horizon: Autobiography (New York: Riverside Press, 1932), 279; Dodge to MHV, January 6, 1929, and Austin to MHV, December 31, 1929, Box 59; Austin to MHV, Box 54; MHV, Daily Notes, 1930, Box 81; Daily Notes, 1929, Box 82; WSU-MHV; MHV, “Deer Dance in Taos,” Nation, August 13, 1930, 179; MHV to Boyce, Correspondence, circa 1929, YUB-NBHH; Henry C. Schmidt, “The American Intellectual Discovery of Mexico in the 1920s,” South Atlantic Quarterly, Summer 1978, 335–351; MHV, Daily Notes, 1930, Box 81; Ellen to MHV, December 30, 1929, Box 59, WSU-MHV; MHV to Dodge, YUB-MDL.

2. MHV, Daily Notes, 1930, Box 81, and Daily Summaries, 1930, Box 77, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Mexico the Beautiful,” Good Housekeeping, April 1931, 42–43; MHV, “Mexican Adventure,” Box 26, WSU-MHV.

3. Dorothy Day, The Eleventh Virgin (New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1924); Day, The Long Loneliness (New York: Doubleday, 1959), 94; William D. Miller, Dorothy Day: A Biography (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1982), 211–212; Dorothy Day, “Picture of M-H-V,” Box 40, WSU-MHV.

4. MHV, Daily Summaries, 1930, Box 77, and Daily Notes, Box 81, WSU-MHV; Betty Bruce to author, 1980; MHV to Neith Boyce and Hutch Hapgood, 1929, YUB-NBHH; MHV, Daily Notes, 1939, Box 82, WSU-MHV.

5. Edmund Wilson, The Thirties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period, ed. Leon Edel (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1980); interview, Hazel Hawthorne Werner, 1982; MHV, Daily Notes, 1930, Box 82, WSU-MHV.

6. MHV, Daily Notes, 1930, Box 82, WSU-MHV.

7. MHV, Strike! (New York: Horace Liveright, 1930). MHV spoke on Strike! to Heterodoxy in January 1931; see Inez Irwin to MHV, November 18, 1930, Box 60, WSU-MHV. Carl Reeve, “Gastonia: The Strike, The Frameup, the Heritage,” Political Affairs, April 1984, 23–31, denies that only women were on the picket line.

8. Roger Baldwin called her novel “an enduring memorial to a great strike,” in Baldwin to MHV, November 3, 1930, Box 60, WSU-MHV; Sinclair Lewis, “A Novel for Mr. Hoover,” Nation, December 10, 1930, 474; Haessler to MHV, Box 59, WSU-MHV.

9. Daniel Aaron, Writers on the Left (New York: Avon Books, 1969); Harvey Klehr, The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Walter Rideout, The Radical Novel in the United States, 1900–1954 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956); Berkshire Conference of Women Historians, Plenary, 1984.

10. EGF to MHV, May 16, 1930, and MHV, Daily Notes, 1931, Box 82, WSU-MHV.

11. MHV, Daily Notes, 1931, Box 82, WSU-MHV.

12. Ibid., September 21, 1931, Box 82, WSU-MHV.

13. Ibid., “England and Germany, 1931,” Box 82; MHV, “Ellen Wilkinson Is Dead,” Box 19; MHV, Daily Notes, 1931, Box 82, WSU-MHV.

14. MHV, “Reinhardt and Revolution,” New Yorker, December 26, 1931, 37–39; MHV, “Davis Cup at Zagreb,” Box 18; MHV, “Germany, 1931, Notes,” Box 105; letters from MHV to Ellen and Heaton, Box 60, WSU-MHV.

15. Telegram, Box 61, WSU-MHV; interviews, Adelaide Walker, 1984.

16. National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners, Harlan Miners Speak: Report on Terrorism in the Kentucky Coal Fields, ed. Theodore Dreiser (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932); “Notes Taken at Harlan County, Kentucky,” Box 72, Series I, UVAL-JDP.

17. John W. Hevener, Which Side Are You On? The Harlan County Coal Miners, 1931–39 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 22; Tony Bubka, “The Harlan County Coal Strike of 1931,” Labor History, Winter 1970, 41–57; Theodore Draper, “Communists and Miners, 1928–1933,” Dissent, Spring 1972, 371–392.

18. MHV, Daily Summaries, 1932, Box 77; Daily Notes, 1931, Box 82; Daily Notes, 1932, Box 83, WSU-MHV.

19. Hevener, Which Side Are You On, 59; interview, Jessie and Harvey O’Connor, 1982; O’Connor to Bailey, Bailey to O’Connor, January 7, 1932, vols. 549, 550, 570, PU-ACLU. Also see Jessie Lloyd O’Connor, Harvey O’Connor, and Susan M. Bowler, Harvey and Jessie: A Couple of Radicals (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).

20. MHV, Daily Notes, 1932, Box 83, WSU-MHV; Wilson, The Thirties, 161.

21. Malcolm Cowley, The Dream of the Golden Mountains: Remembering the 1930s (New York: Viking Press, 1964), 68; Alan Trachtenberg, ed., Memoirs of Waldo Frank (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973), 180–182; interview, Adelaide Walker, 1984; interview, John Hammond, 1984.

22. “Writers Distribute Food,” New York Times, February 10, 1932, 6:2; MHV, “Harlan County,” Box 109, WSU-MHV; Wilson, The Thirties, 164; Hevener, Which Side Are You On, 79; MHV, Daily Notes, 1932, Box 83, WSU-MHV. Hammond later became the famous record producer and talent scout at Columbia Records who discovered artists like Billie Holiday, Aretha Franklin, and Bruce Springsteen.

23. Wilson, The Thirties, 166–167. MHV, “Rendezvous,” Box 29, WSU-MHV, is a fictionalized account of her trip to Pineville.

24. Malcolm Cowley, “Kentucky Coal Town,” New Republic, March 2, 1932, 67–70; Edmund Wilson, “Class War Exhibits,” New Masses, April 1932, 7; Cowley, Dream of the Golden Mountains, 71; Wilson, The Thirties, 169, 171, 175.

25. Cowley, Dream of the Golden Mountains, 71; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Manufacturers, Conditions in Coal Fields in Harlan and Bell Counties, Kentucky, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Manufactures, on S.R. 178, 72d Congress, 1st sess., 1932; Wilson, The Thirties, 175–176; “Flogged on Way from Kentucky,” New York Herald-Tribune, February 12, 1932. Herndon Evans, who filed the false report, was also editor of the Pineville Sun and then the Bell County correspondent for the Associated Press. MHV, “Harlan County,” Box 109, WSU-MHV; “Kentucky Ejection Told to Senators,” New York Times, February 13, 1932, 15:7; Draper, “Communists and Miners,” 387. Wilson, The Thirties, 184–185, remembered that after their visit to Pineville, he, Dos Passos, and MHV sat in a New York speakeasy accusing each other of not being far enough left and that Vorse “announced solemnly that she had thought about her Provincetown house being confiscated [by the federal government].”

26. MHV, Daily Notes, 1932, Box 83, WSU-MHV.

27. Yaddo is described in Virginia Spencer Carr, The Lonely Hunter: A Biography of Carson McCullers (New York: Anchor Books, 1976); MHV to Ellen, Box 61, WSU-MHV; interview, Heaton Vorse, 1986.

28. Susan Cheever, Home before Dark (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1984), 35; Memoirs, YUB-JH.

29. MHV, Daily Notes, 1932, Box 83, WSU-MHV; Elinor Langer, Josephine Herbst (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984); MHV, Daily Notes, 1932, Box 83; Daily Summaries, 1932, Box 77, WSU-MHV.

30. John L. Shover, Cornbelt Rebellion: The Farmers’ Holiday Association (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965); Lowell K. Dyson, Red Harvest: The Communist Party and American Farmers (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); Josephine Herbst, “Feet in the Grass Roots,” Scribner’s Magazine, January 1933, 47; MHV, Daily Notes, 1932, Box 83, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Rebellion in the Cornbelt: American Farmers Beat Their Plowshares into Swords,” Harper’s, December 1932, 3; Herbst to Marion Greenwood, September 9, 17, 1932, in YUB-JH; MHV, “The Farmers’ Relief Conference, New Republic, December 28, 1932, 183–185; MHV, “Farmers in Revolt,” Box 20, “Farmers and Farm Workers, 1932” and “Farmers’ Holiday,” Box 108, WSU-MHV.

31. Daniel J. Leab, “United We Eat: The Creation and Organization of the Unemployed Councils in 1930,” Labor History, 1967, 308; Klehr, Heyday, 49–68; interview, Sam D’Arcy, 1984.

32. Miller, Dorothy Day, 224–225; also see William Miller, A Harsh and Dreadful Love: Dorothy Day and the Catholic Workers Movement (New York: Liveright, 1973).

33. “Capitol and Extra Police for Marchers,” Washington Post, December 1, 1932, 1:6; “Legion to Aid Police on March,” ibid., December 2, 1932, 1:1; “DC Ban on Marchers,” ibid., December 3, 1932, 1; “Massed DC Police to Meet 3000,” ibid., December 4, 1932, 1:4; “DC Warned,” ibid., December 2, 1:5; “Marchers Are Hemmed in by Master Police Stroke,” ibid., December 4, 1932, 1:1; Cowley, Dream of the Golden Mountains, 131.

34. MHV, “Psychology of Demonstrations,” Box 29, “Newspaper Articles, Federated Press, 1932–34,” Box 36, WSU-MHV; MHV, “School for Bums,” New Republic, April 29, 1931; Miller, Dorothy Day, 225–226; Dorothy Day to author, 1978; Neil Betten, “The Great Depression and the Activities of the Catholic Worker Movement,” Labor History, 1971, 243–258.

35. Day offended many right-wing Catholics with her stand against the Vietnam War and nuclear weapons, and her support of César Chavez’s unionization of migrant workers. Her last years were spent at a Catholic Workers’ hospice on the lower East Side.

36. Dan T. Carter, Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969); John Hammond, John Hammond on Record (New York: Penguin Books, 1977); interview, 1984, John Hammond, who drove to the trial with Vorse.

37. MHV, Daily Notes, 1933, Box 83, WSU-MHV; MHV, “The Scottsboro Trial,” New Republic, April 19, 1933, 276–278; MHV, Daily Summaries, 1933, Box 77, WSU-MHV; MHV, “How Scottsboro Happened,” New Republic, May 10, 1933, 356–358.

38. Donald L. Miller, The New American Radicalism: Alfred M. Bingham and Non-Marxian Insurgency in the New Deal Era (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1979); MHV, Daily Summaries, 1933, Box 77, WSU-MHV.

39. MHV to Joel, May 1933, Box 61; MHV, Daily Summaries, 1933, Box 77; Daily Notes, 1933, Box 83; MHV to Ellen, May 1933, Box 61; clippings and notes on Europe-Germany, 1933, and Economic Program, Box 105, WSU-MHV; MHV to Katy and John Dos Passos, Box 19, UVAL-JDP; MHV to “Bunny” Wilson, June 23, 1933, YUB-EW; MHV, “Berlin Letter,” Box 105, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Getting the Jews out of Germany,” New Republic, July 19, 1933, 256.

40. MHV, “Book Burning,” Box 105, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Germany: The Twilight of Reason,” New Republic, June 14, 1933, 118–119; MHV, “Fires Flare to German Borders—and Beyond,” McCall’s, June 1934, 77.

41. MHV, Russia, 1933, Box 107, WSU-MHV. Also see Sylvia R. Margulies, The Pilgrimage to Russia: The Soviet Union and the Treatment of Foreigners, 1924–1937 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968); interview, Myra Page, 1984.

42. MHV, “Do You Know These People?”, McCall’s, 1934, 35, 25; MHV, Moscow Article, Box 107; Daily Summaries, 1933, Box 77; WSU-MHV; James William Crowl, Angels in Stalin’s Paradise: Western Reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917 to 1937; A Case Study of Louis Fischer and Walter Duranty (New York: University Press of America, 1982). Also see William Henry Chamberlin, “Soviet Taboos,” Foreign Affairs, April 1935, 431–440; Peter G. Filene, Americans and the Soviet Experience, 1917–1933 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967); K. A. Jalenski, “The Literature of Disenchantment,” Survey, April 1962, 109–119; Paul Hollander, Political Pilgrims: Travels of Western Intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China and Cuba, 1928–1978 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).

Chapter Fifteen: Washington Whirl

1. MHV, Daily Notes, Boxes 83, 90, WSU-MHV.

2. Howe cited in Judith Schwarz, Radical Feminists of Heterodoxy: Greenwich Village, 1912–1940 (Lebanon, N.H.: New Victoria Publishers, 1982), 79; Edmund Wilson, The Thirties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period, ed. Leon Edel (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1980), 390–391.

3. MHV, Daily Notes, Box 83, WSU-MHV.

4. MHV, “Washington Whirl,” McCall’s, June 1934, 16, 130; also see draft in Box 34, WSU-MHV. The note of high glee expressed here was considerably softened by the McCall’s editors for publication.

5. MHV, Daily Notes, Box 84, WSU-MHV.

6. Susan Ware, Beyond Suffrage: Women in the New Deal (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), 19; MHV, draft “Washington Whirl,” Box 34, WSU-MHV.

7. See “Feminine Free Lance,” Time, December 23, 1935, 51; Robert M. Lovett, “Mary Vorse Remembers,” New Republic, January 1, 1936, 232; Florence F. Kelly, “A Decade in the Life of Mary Heaton Vorse,” New York Times Book Review, January 12, 1936, 6; Harold E. Stearns, “Suffer Little Children,” Nation, January 15, 1936, 80, 82; Edith Walton, Forum, June 1936, iv; Beulah Amidon, “News Drama of the Decade,” Saturday Review of Literature, December 28, 1935, 7; John Chamberlin, New York Times, December 16, 1935, 25:1.

8. MHV, Daily Summaries, 1934, Box 78, WSU-MHV; Earl Latham, The Communist Controversy in Washington: The New Deal to McCarthy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), 101–124, for a thoroughly reasoned discussion of the origins, composition, and function of the Ware group; Allen Weinstein, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1978); Elinor Langer, Josephine Herbst (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984), 156–157.

9. MHV, “On The Detroit Front,” New Republic, April 4, 1934, 204–206; Roger Keeran, The Communist Party and the Auto Workers Unions (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980), 96–121; Irving Bernstein, The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970); Hopkins cited in William D. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York: Harper, 1963), 117; MHV, Labor’s New Millions (New York: Modern Age Books, 1938), 28–29; MHV, Daily Summaries, 1935, Box 78; EGF to MHV, Box 84, WSU-MHV.

10. MHV, “Textile Trouble: New England on Strike,” New Republic, September 19, 1934, 147–148. Waldo Frank describes the trip with Vorse to New England in his In the American Jungle, 1925–1936 (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1937), 239.

11. Donald H. Grubbs, Cry from the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union and the New Deal (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), 3–62; MHV cited in Matthew Josephson, Infidel in the Temple: A Memoir of the Nineteen-Thirties (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1967), 293.

12. Lawrence M. Hauptman, “The American-Indian Federation and the Indian New Deal: A Reinterpretation,” Pacific Historical Review, November 1983, 378–403; Kenneth R. Philp, John Collier’s Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920–1954 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1977); Lawrence C. Kelly, The Assault on Assimilation: John Collier and the Origin of Indian Policy Reform (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983). I am indebted to Professor Kelly for use of his research on Vorse, which he generously shared with me.

13. MHV, “Office on Indian Affairs,” Box 114; Harold Ickes to Senator David I. Walsh, March 13, 1935, Box 62; “Helping the Indians to Help Themselves,” Box 21, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Our Land,” Good Housekeeping, July 1935, 38–39; YUS-JC.

14. FBI-MHV; U.S. Congressional Hearings, Before the Committee on Indian Affairs, House of Representatives, 74th Congress, 2d sess., 1936, May 9, April 26, 121–122, 122–124.

15. Box 1, SC-AT; Elizabeth Dilling, The Red Network (Kenilworth, 111.: published by the author, 1934).

16. Kenneth O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans: The FBI, HUAC, and the Red Menace (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), 35; interview, Len DeCaux, 1986; Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography (New York: Quadrangle, 1977); Len DeCaux, Labor Radical: From the Wobblies to the CIO (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970), 230; MHV, Daily Summaries, Box 78; Daily Notes, Box 84, WSU-MHV.

17. MHV, Labors New Millions, 58; “Organizing the Steel Workers,” New Republic, August 12, 1936, 13–15; “A Year of the CIO,” ibid., November 25, 1936, 106–107.

18. Elinor Langer, Josephine Herbst (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984), 185; James Gilbert, Writers and Partisans (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1968). MHV was invited to the First American Writers’ Congress, held April 26–28 in New York, but did not attend, although she is listed as a member of the National Council of the League of American Writers. I am grateful to Art Cosinato for this information. Matthew Josephson wrote MHV on February 17, 1935, that he too favored “more political action and less literary criticism,” in Box 64, WSU-MHV. Also see Alan M. Wald, James T. Farrell: The Revolutionary Socialist Years (New York: New York University Press, 1978). MHV commented on the contribution of anti-Semitism and other manifestations of fascism to the persecution of labor in We Hold These Truths (New York: League of American Writers, 1939).

19. Telegram, David Dubinsky to MHV, December 5, 1936; MHV to Julius Hochman, December 13, 1936; Julius Hochman to MHV, undated, Box 64; MHV report to Hochman in Box 127; MHV to Ellen, 1936, Box 63, WSU-MHV.

20. Katy Dos Passos to “Casper” (MHV), undated from Key West, Box 62, WSU-MHV; interview, Toby and Betty Bruce, 1984.

Chapter Sixteen: Labors New Millions

1. Cited in Frank Cormier and William J. Eaton, Reuther (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), 86.

2. MHV, “Flint Sitdown Strike,” Box 109, WSU-MHV. Unless otherwise indicated material in this chapter on the Flint sit-down is from this source. Also see MHV, Labors New Millions (New York: Modern Age Books, 1938), 67–69.

3. Cited in Sidney Fine, Sit Down: The General Motors Strike of 1936–37 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 198. Also see Sidney Fine, “The General Motors Sit-Down Strike: A Re-examination,” American Historical Review, 1965, 260–277; Henry Kraus, The Many & The Few: A Chronicle of the Dynamic Auto Workers (Los Angeles: Plantin Press, 1947).

4. Fine, Sit Down, 269–270, 279–281; MHV, Labors New Millions, 74–81. Also see With Babies and Banners, 1978, documentary film directed by Lorraine Gray.

5. Also see MHV, “The Emergency Brigade at Flint,” New Republic, February 17, 1937, 38–39; MHV, “What the Women Did at Flint,” Woman Today, March 1937, 29.

6. Hallie Flanagan planned the didactic plays called Living Newspapers as part of the Federal Theater Project. The first Living Newspaper was censored by Washington authorities in 1935. Before the federal government closed down its program, in June 1939, five Living Newspaper plays reached the stage. See Hallie Flanagan, Arena: The History of the Federal Theater (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pierce, 1940). Morris Watson describes the wild rehearsals and delivery of Strike Marches On in “Sitdown Theater,” New Theater and Film, April 1937. Also see Box 109, WSU-MHV.

7. MHV, “Armistice Day Arrives,” Peoples Press, February 20, 1937; “Newspaper Articles, 1937,” Box 36, WSU-MHV.

8. “Anderson (Ind.) Strike, 1937,” Box 94, WSU-MHV; interview, Heaton Vorse, 1986; “Steel, 1936–37,” Box 121, WSU-MHV. MHV cited in Fine, Sit Down, 316; Claude E. Hoffman, Sit-Down in Anderson: UAW Local 663, Anderson, Indiana (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1968).

9. Milton Siegel to Harry Poth, February 24, 1937, PU-ACLU; MHV, on Anderson strike, Box 94; Federated Press releases, Box 36; Victor Reuther to MHV, April 5, 1937; EGF to MHV, March 22, 1937; KDP to MHV, March 8, 1937, Box 64, WSU-MHV. The UAW paid Heaton’s medical and legal fees.

10. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography (New York: Quadrangle, 1977), 277. Also see MHV, “Steel Signs Up,” New Republic, May 5, 1937, 375–376; and Melvyn Dubofsky, “Not So Turbulent Years’: A New Look at the 1930s,” in Charles Stephenson and Robert Asher, eds., Life and Labor: Dimensions of American Working-Class History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), 205–223; MHV, “Detroit Has the Jitters,” New Republic, April 7, 1937, 256-258; Box 36, WSU-MHV, contains dispatches MHV wrote in the summer of 1937.

11. Philip Cook, “Tom Girdler and the Labor Policies of the Republic Steel Corporation,” Social Science History, 1967, 21–30; James Baughman, “Classes and Company Towns: Legends of the 1937 Little Steel Strike,” Ohio History, 1978, 175–184; Donald S. McPherson, “The ‘Little Steel’ Strike of 1937 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania History, 39, 1972, 45–56; Michael Speer, “The ‘Little Steel’ Strike: Conflict for Control,” Ohio History, 78, 1969, 273–287. For a different view of the labor conflict see John Shiner, “The 1937 Steel Labor Dispute and the Ohio National Guard,” ibid., 84, 1975, 182–195. Also see MHV, “The Steel Strike,” New Republic, June 16, 1937, 154–156; “The Tories Attack through Steel: Girdlerism in Action at Youngstown,” ibid., July 7, 1937, 246–248; Youngstown Vindicator, May 26-June 30, 1937; interviews with Ed Salt, Clingnan Jackson, Jerry Beck, Angela Campana, in Youngstown, 1982. I am indebted to Philip Bracy for sending me the transcription of his interview with Fred A. Fortunato, a Youngstown steel worker in 1937. See Hearings Before Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor, Violations of the Free Speech and Rights of Labor, Hearings on S. Res. 266, 75th Congress, Parts 26–31, July–August 1938, for discussion of the strike and shooting.

12. See, for example, “Johnstown Situation Tense: Mary Heaton Vorse Is Shot in Deadly Youngstown,” Boston Sunday Globe, June 20, 1937, 1; MHV, radio interview, July 24, 1937, Box 113, WSU-MHV; MHV, Labor’s New Millions, 144. According to the La Follette Committee investigation, Vorse was treated at the Youngstown Hospital when “struck by a brick or stone.” Matthew Josephson in Infidel in the Temple: A Memoir of the Nineteen-Thirties (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1967), 415, reports Vorse was grazed by a submachine gun bullet. Murray Kempton describes the incident in Part of Our Time: Some Ruins and Monuments of the Thirties (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955), 216, as: “She was clubbed by a policeman’s billy.” Professor John C. Tamplin credits the reports of a Youngstown Vindicator columnist and the examining physician who said Vorse suffered a head laceration, not a bullet wound; John C. Tamplin to author, August 23, 1984. I am grateful to Professor Tamplin for sharing his research paper, “Mary Heaton Vorse, Journalist: Victim of Strike Violence?” before its publication in Labor History, Winter 1987, 84–87. Tamplin also has produced an edited collection of her fiction in his book manuscript, “Lollypops and Bullets: A Mary Heaton Vorse Reader.”

13. MHV to Ellen, July 3, 1937, Box 64, WSU-MHV; Marquis W. Childs, “Foreword,” in MHV, Labors New Millions, 2–3; Federated Press to MHV, June 20, 1937, Box 64, WSU-MHV.

14. MHV, Daily Summaries, 1937, Box 77; League of American Writers, Box 166; Ellen Blake to MHV, July 6, 1937; League of American Writers to MHV, September 23, 1937; Myra Page to MHV, undated 1937, Box 63, WSU-MHV.

15. “Raps U.S. Aid to Strike in Which Cousin Is Hurt,” Springfield Union, June 21, 1937; interview, Heaton Vorse, 1986.

16. MHV, Daily Notes, 1938, Box 85; Daily Notes, 1937, Box 84, WSU-MHV.

17. MHV, Daily Notes, 1938, Box 85, WSU-MHV. John Dewey, upon his return from interviewing Leon Trotsky in Mexico, stayed with MHV for a few days in the house within the Navy Yard.

18. Benjamin Stolberg, The Story of the CIO (New York: Viking Press, 1938). Also see Edward Levinson, Labor on the March (New York: Harper, 1938), which seeks to refute Stolberg.

19. MHV, Labors New Millions, 172.

20. Bruce Bliven to MHV, September 29, 1937, Box 64, WSU-MHV.

21. The description of her private concerns in this period are based on evidence in MHV, Daily Notes, 1939–1943, Boxes 85, 86, WSU-MHV.

22. MHV to Neith Boyce, Correspondence, YUB-NBHH; interview, Nea Colton, 1982; interview, Heaton Vorse, 1985.

23. MHV, “January, 1941 folder,” Box 86, WSU-MHV.

24. MHV, Time and the Town: A Provincetown Chronicle (New York: Dial Press, 1942), 337; MHV, Daily Notes, 1939, Box 85, WSU-MHV.

25. Roger Keeran, The Communist Party and the Auto Workers Unions (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980); Harvey A. Levenstein, Communism, Anti-Communism and the CIO (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981).

26. MHV to Ellen and Heaton, Box 66, WSU-MHV.

27. Testimony of John Frey, Walter Steele, and Alice Lee Jemison in U.S. Congressional Hearings, Special Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities and Propaganda in the United States, 75th Congress, 3d sess., 1936, vol. 1, pp. 96, 121, 561; vol. 3, pp. 2449–2450, 2437–2440, 2487, 1938. See August R. Ogden, The Dies Committee (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1945); Benjamin Stolberg, “Muddled Millions,” Saturday Evening Post, February 15, 1941, 90.

28. MHV to Gardner Jackson, Box 67; Daily Notes, 1939, Box 85, WSU-MHV.

29. MHV, Daily Notes, 1940, 1941, Boxes 85, 86, WSU-MHV.

30. Ibid., 1939, Box 85; MHV to Dorothy Day, Correspondence, 1939, Box 66, WSU-MHV; MHV, “Europe: Three Capitals,” New Republic, August 16, 1939, 39–41. Also see her series in the New York Times of July 16, 1939, 21:1; July 1939, 17, 4:3; July 23, 1939, 29:1; MHV to Jo Herbst, July 5, 1939, Box 66, WSU-MHV.

31. MHV, Correspondence, 1939–1940, Box 66; MHV, Daily Notes, August 1940, Box 85, WSU-MHV.

32. MHV, Daily Notes, June 1940, Box 86, WSU-MHV.

33. Ibid., 1941, Box 85, WSU-MHV.

Chapter Seventeen: The Last Lap

1. Nelson Lichtenstein, Labor’s War at Home: The CIO in World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 306, 163; MHV, “Women Don’t Quit If—,” Independent Woman, January 1944, 9: MHV, “Worker’s Welfare Is War Work,” Woman’s Press, September 1943, 343–344; MHV, “And The Workers Say . . . ,” Public Opinion Quarterly, Fall 1943, 443–456. The manuscript of her study of war work is “Here Are the People,” Boxes 128, 129; her series of articles for the New York Post is in Box 127, WSU-MHV.

2. MHV, Daily Notes, July 1943, Box 86, WSU-MHV; unpublished ms. outline, “Wartown,” by MHV, FDR-GJ.

3. MHV, Daily Summaries, 1943, Box 77, WSU-MHV. Herbst was accompanied by Clare Laning when she came to MHV’s house the day she was fired. That evening the group commiserated with Mildred Straight. For a complete description of firing of Herbst, see Elinor Langer, Josephine Herbst (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984), 245–260, 287–289, 268–276. Langer demonstrates that the author Katherine Anne Porter gave the federal authorities a totally fanciful account, which falsely accused Herbst of serving as a Communist courier. Fleeta Springer would also be affected by Porter’s diatribe, when Springer’s husband, Robert Coe, temporarily lost his security clearance as a physicist for the Atomic Energy Commission—solely because the FBI interrogators reported him to be the same man as another “Bob” Coe whom Herbst had known in Washington in 1934.

4. MHV to JH, undated letter, YUB-JH.

5. Cordell Hull to Allen T. Treadway, March 25, 1944, Box 67, WSU-MHV; MHV, Daily Notes, 1945, Box 86, WSU-MHV.

6. UNA-MHV, N.Y.; MHV, “Old Age Came to Me,” Box 115, WSU-MHV.

7. The FBI Field Office files, containing the raw data that expose the sloppy and often illegal methods of gathering information, were allegedly destroyed by the FBI in the late 1940s. A larger destruction of field-office files began in the early 1970s, just before the Freedom of Information Act went into effect. The Boston Field Office sent me approximately two-thirds of the pages, many heavily censored, in MHV’s file, MHV-FBI. The Washington Field Office reported that her file was destroyed in 1972. The New York Field Office, which probably held the bulk of FBI “evidence” against Vorse, reported to me that it possessed no “information identifiable with Mary Heaton O’Brien Minor Vorse,” even though I was able to give the New York office the number of her file there, which I had found referred to in other FBI documents. During the Reagan administration FBI files released under the Freedom of Information Act were often censored, to an extreme, as FBI officials made use of notions of “national security” and “classified material” to justify their failure to honor the spirit of the act. These files are so heavily censored that they become all but useless to the researcher, or to the many victims of FBI investigations of “subversives” during J. Edgar Hoover’s long reign. My several formal appeals to the FBI to release more information were denied.

8. Building on data collected during the Red Scare of the 1920s, the FBI established a “Custodial Detention List” in 1939. In 1943, the attorney general ordered the termination of this list. Hoover secretly directed FBI officials to continue the program under the new name of Security Index. This list eventually became the attorney general’s Portfolio Plan, in operation from 1948 until the mid-1960s. At its peak in 1955, the FBI Security Index included twenty-six thousand individuals.

9. George Woodbridge, UNRRA: The History of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (prepared under direction of Columbia University Press, 1950); MHV to Arthur Fletcher, February 6, 1946, Box 68, WSU-MHV. For her writing and notes on UNRRA work, see Boxes 124–127, WSU-MHV.

10. MHV, “Serene Plateau,” Box 10; MHV, UNRRA Notes, Boxes 125, 126, WSU-MHV.

11. B. Ashford Russell to Mission Executive Officer, January 14, 1947, UNA-MHV, indicates his disappointment with her work; MHV postwar articles in Box 36; “German Series,” Box 20; “Reflections of an American Woman in Germany,” Box 29, WSU-MHV; MHV to JH, April 3, July 29, 1947, YUB-JH; Daily Notes, 1947, Box 87, WSU-MHV.

12. MHV, Daily Notes, 1947, Box 87, WSU-MHV.

13. Ibid., 1948, Box 87, WSU-MHV.

14. MHV to JH, April 18, 1949, YUB-JH; Truman cited in Jack Salzman, Albert Maltz (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978), 103. For a full discussion of Jo Herbst and the Hiss case, see Elinor Langer, Josephine Herbst (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984). Pertinent correspondence between Herbst and MHV is in Boxes 68, 69, 72, WSU-MHV, and in Correspondence, YUB-JH. While in Mexico, MHV talked with John Herrmann, Herbst’s ex-husband, who had moved to Mexico to avoid questioning by the FBI. To judge from MHV’s heavily censored FBI file, and from the surviving correspondence, the FBI did not attempt to question MHV about her connection to the Ware group. In 1954, Herbst, who had been denied a passport on the grounds she was a subversive, successfully cleared herself from the charge. Herbst asked MHV for an affidavit stating that Herbst had been with MHV in Provincetown during the summer of 1934, the time in which Whittaker Chambers claimed he had developed some film of stolen government documents while staying in Herbst’s Washington apartment.

15. MHV, Correspondence, November 1951, Box 69; Daily Notes, 1952, Box 89; Daily Notes, 1949, 1950, Boxes 87, 88, WSU-MHV.

16. MHV to Carmela, Daily Notes, Box 88, WSU-MHV.

17. MHV, Daily Notes, Box 89, WSU-MHV.

18. MHV, Correspondence, Boxes 70, 68, WSU-MHV.

19. See MHV, “An Altogether Different Strike,” Harper’s Magazine, February 1950, 50–57. The State Department admired this article because it emphasized the positive changes the New Deal brought to labor relations. It requested permission to distribute copies to its press officers in Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, the Far East, and Africa for translation and local publication. Department of State to MHV, March 9, 1950, Correspondence, Box 69, and Correspondence, Box 70, WSU-MHV. Also see MHV, “Trouble in Tennessee,” New Republic, July 10, 1950, 9–11; MHV, “Child Reservoir of the South,” Harpers Magazine, January 1951, 55–61; MHV, “America’s Submerged Class: The Migrants,” ibid., February 1953, 86–93; MHV, “The Union That Grew Up: An Informal Portrait of the UAW,” ibid., July 1954, 83–88; “Big Steel and the Little Man,” Nation, June 21, 1952, 603–605; “State of the Unions,” ibid., December 5, 1953, 467–468. Walter Reuther to MHV, October 8, 1954, Box 70, WSU-MHV; MHV, “The Pirate’s Nest of New York,” Harper’s Magazine, April 1952, 27–37; also see condensed version in Reader’s Digest, July 1952, 97–101; Vernon H. Jensen, Strife on the Waterfront: The Port of New York since 1945 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974); Daniel Bell, “The Racket-Ridden Longshoremen: The Web of Economics and Politics,” in The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (New York: Free Press, 1967), 175–211.

20. “Personal and Otherwise,” Harper’s Magazine, April 1952, 10; MHV, Daily Notes, 1952–1954, Box 89, WSU-MHV.

21. Interviews, Heaton Vorse, Joel O’Brien, Jill O’Brien, 1986; MHV, notes for waterfront series in Boxes 129–132, WSU-MHV.

22. Interview, Jeannette Andrews, 1982; MHV’s experience at Yaddo described in Daily Notes, 1954, Box 89, WSU-MHV.

23. Ann Craton Blankenhorn to Jo Herbst, November 13, 1958, and January 10, 1958, in YUB-JH.

24. John Dos Passos, Chosen Country (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951), 226–243. In his early draft of Chosen Country, JDP entitled the chapter about Anne Comfort “The Girl on the White Horse.” The draft also contains a section showing Carl Humphries’ (Robert Minor’s) involvement in the Spartacist movement and mentions that the British and French intelligence were after him in Paris in 1919, in Box 9, Series I, UVAL-JDP Townsend Luddington, John Dos Passos: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1980), agrees that MHV was the model for Anne Comfort. I am the first, however, to show that Vorse was also the model for Mary French in U.S.A.

25. Dos Passos was the illegitimate son of John R. Dos Passos, an egocentric, prominent corporate lawyer. His father maintained his mistress, the mother of Dos Passos, for several decades before eventually marrying her. Dos Passos saw his mother as victim, yet also admired his father. Biographers have often described this central tension in the life of Dos Passos as a most powerful force in shaping his life and politics.

26. Murray Kempton, Part of Our Time: Some Ruins and Monuments of the Thirties (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955), 333. Kempton’s discussion of MHV is on 214–232.

27. Daily Notes, Box 90, WSU-MHV.

28. Richard H. Rovere, “Ruins and Monuments,” New Yorker, May 21, 1955.

29. MHV, Daily Notes, 1955, 1956, Boxes 89, 90, WSU-MHV.

30. Kempton, Part of Our Time, 215.

31. MHV, “Footnote to History,” Box 1, WSU-MHV.

Chapter Eighteen: Serene Plateau

1. MHV, Daily Notes, 1956, Box 90, WSU-MHV.

2. MHV, “The Care and Treatment of the Aged,” Box 16, WSU-MHV. During these years she also revised an old manuscript, “Women’s Lives,” and retitled it “Men: A Gentle Inquiry into Why They Are Not So Hot,” Box 25, WSU-MHV.

3. MHV, “Serene Plateau,” Box 10, WSU-MHV.

4. MHV, Box 71, WSU-MHV. I am grateful to Rosalyn Baxandall for the knowledge of this last meeting between MHV and EGF.

5. Maurice Isserman, Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party During the Second World War (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1982), 255–256.

6. MHV, “Henderson Strike,” Box 122, WSU-MHV.

7. Interview, Miriam and John Dewitt, 1982; Henry Robins to MHV, September 30, 1958, Box 72, WSU-MHV.

8. Correspondence, Box 72, WSU-MHV.

9. ACB to MLM, WSU-ACB.

10. Victor Reuther, UAW Convention, 1962, Box 39, WSU-UAW; Walter Reuther to MHV, March 1, 1962, Box 72, WSU-MHV; interviews, Joel and Jill O’Brien, 1984.

11. Province Lands, Box 119, WSU-MHV. MHV was featured in a television documentary on Provincetown, “The Community,” produced by National Educational TV in 1965; interview, Ernest Vanderburgh, 1984.

12. Provincetown Advocate, June 16, 1966. Also see obituaries, Newsweek, June 27, 1966, 83; New York Times, June 15, 1966, 47: 4, 5; Time, June 24, 1966, 100; Publishers Weekly, June 27, 1966, 77.