Aftonbladet, 133
ALC (Arbetslivcentrum), 121, 125
AFSCME (American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees), 25
AMA (American Management Associations), 46
American Productivity Center, 47
American Society for Training and Development, 46
Arguments, 201
ASQC (American Society of Quality Controls), 46–47
Assises du Socialisme, 211
Association of Cooperatives, 256
AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph), 76, 77, 78, 88; and HOBIS (Hotel Office Business Information System), 78. See also Technology Change Committees
Autogestion, 5, 198–223. See also CFDT; CGT; French Socialists; PCF; PSU
Bendix, Reinhard, 63
Bernstein, Eduard, 177
Betriebsräte (works councils), 3, 163, 169, 184
Bismarck, Otto von, 174, 176, 177
BITU (Bustamente Industrial Trade Union), 332, 340, 341, 359n.28
Böckler, Hans, 182
Brandt, Willy, 168
Brannen, Peter, 6
Braverman, Harry, 7, 11. See also Deskilling; Labor process, debates on
Brus, Włodzimierz, 303, 323nn.15, 16
Bujak, Zbigniew, 279
Burawoy, Michael, 30–31n.14, 63nn.1, 4, 172nn.17, 19
Business leadership, 36, 41, 45; in Japan, 48–49; in Sweden, 49–51; in the United States, 38–39, 45–48
Bustamente, Alexander, 359n.28
Cassa Integrazione Guadagni, 148, 154, 169
Castoriadis, Cornelius, 206
Catholic left, 200, 202, 204, 205, 215
CDU/CSU (Christlich-Demokratische Union/Christlich-Soziale Union), 183, 185
Central planning, 225; and investment cycles, 226; in Hungary, 225, 228; in Yugoslavia, 228
CERES (Centres d’Etudes et de Recherches Socialistes), 212, 213, 214
CFDT (Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail), 204; decentralization strategies of, 205, 209; evolution away from autogestion, 215–16; resyndicalisation, 215, 218, 220; support for autogestion, 208, 209, 295; and union de la gauche, 211–12
CFTC (Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens), 202, 204
CGT (Confédération Générale du Travail), 6, 204, 205; adopts autogestion, 213, 220; and gestion démocratique, 209; statist orientation of, 204, 208
CGT-FO (Force Ouvrière), 204
Chinese Communist Party: Eleventh Party Congress, Third Plenum (November 1978), 298, 304; and enterprise Party committees, 304–305, 311, 312; and Marxism-Leninism, 299; reassertion of, controls in enterprise, 306; and recruitment problems, 322n.7; Twelfth Party Congress, Fifth Plenum (September 1985), 321; Twelfth Party Congress, Third Plenum (October 1984), 298
Chinese trade unions, 308–10; limited independence of, 313–14, 327n.63; membership of, 325n.40; Ninth Trade Union Congress, 308; Tenth Trade Union Congress, 308, 316, 317; and worker congresses, 325n.42
Christian Democracy, 333, 334, 343; left wing of, in Chile, 330–31
CI (Industrial Community), 339–40, 344–46, 352, 355
Citrus Company of Jamaica, 342
Comités d’entreprise, 200, 218
Common Program (1972), 207
Communist Party of Chile, 337, 343
Communist Party of Peru, 334, 335, 349
Consigli di fabbrica, 3, 19, 144
Corporatism, 187
Craft, model of, 8, 11; traditions of, 174, 176; in unions, 158, 159, 168; by workers, 3–4
CUT (Central Unica de Trabajadores), 333, 339
CWA (Communication Workers of America), and QWL, 16, 51, 78–80, 90
DAIMI (Computer Science Department of Aarhus University, Denmark), 126
Data shop stewards, 12, 82, 86, 161
DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), 73
De Gaulle, Charles, 203
Democratization of enterprise in China, 300; and depoliticization of enterprise, 300, 304, 307–308, 309, 312, 320; and East European reforms, 303–304; effect of Polish crisis on, 306, 308, 309–10, 317, 318; enterprise elections in, 309; and Hungary, 303, 307, 311, 318; and legitimacy, 300, 301; and modernization, 300, 302–304; non-institutional forms of, 314–18; and redistribution of authority relations, 300, 304–308; and shopfloor participation, 311. See also Economic reform in China
DEMOS project (Democratic Planning and Control in Working Life), 121–22, 162
Deng Xiaoping, 303, 304, 309, 317, 319, 320; and democratization, 298, 311–12
Dependency, 350–53; compared in Jamaica, Chile, and Peru, 356; and decline of worker participation, 350–53; and functioning of worker participation, 340–46; and political base of worker participation, 332–35; and reform projects, 335–38; and structure of participatory design, 331, 338–40
Deskilling, 7, 10, 11, 34, 191. See also Braverman, Harry; Labor process, debates on
Development Council, 50
Drucker, Peter, 72
Eayrs, Michele, 26
Echange et Projets, 26
Economic reform in China: and factory manager responsibility system, 305, 308; and Reform Decision of 1984, 307, 308, 310, 311; and Soviet model, 307, 319. See also Democratization of enterprise in China
ECWAs (Enterprise Contract Work Associations), 224, 251, 252, 253, 254
Electricité de France, 221n.6
Emery, Fred, 29
Engels, Friedrich, 177
Enterprise councils (Hungary), 224, 254–59, 265–66. See also NEM
Equity gap, 9
Espinosa, Juan, 347
ETHICS (“Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer-based Systems”), 73, 75
Eurocommunism, 212
European Social Fund, 171n.8
European Trade Union Institute, 151
Export reliance, 6
FDP (Freie Demokratische Partei), 186
Flexible specialization, 7
Ford Foundation, 46
Ford Motor Company, 51
Fraser, Steve, 3
Frei, Eduardo, 336
French Socialists, 200, 201, 204, 206; and formation of French Socialist party, 207; and union de la gauche, 207
Gastarbeiter, 185
Gdansk Agreements, 268
Gerschenkron, Alexander, 143, 170
Gierek, Edward, 273
Gomułka, Stanisłew, 303
Gorz, André, 206
Grace Kennedy Corporation, 341
Graham, Gregory, 30–31n.41
Gramsci, Antonio, 3
Green party, 194
Harvard Business School, 79
Hayashi, Masaki, 72
Hinrichs, Karl, 26
Howard, Robert, 12, 13, 14, 24
HSWP (Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party), 224, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 258, 259
Human relations, 34, 35. See also Quality circles; QWL; Small group participation
Hundred Flowers campaign, 319
Huta Warszawa, 291
IAQC (International Association of Quality Circles), 47–48
IBEW (International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers), 90
IG Chemie, 188
IG Druck und Papier, 163, 193, 197
IG Metall, 164, 186, 188; humanization of work program of, 186–87, 190–93. See also Steinkühler, Franz
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 335, 340, 349, 350, 352, 353, 354; impact of, austerity policies on worker participation, 331, 342
Imtec, 125
Industrialization, patterns of, 171, 174, 175, 176
Industrial relations traditions, 140, 167; in Britain, 142, 167; in Germany (West), 142; in Hungary, 228; impact of technological change on, 140–41, 147–51; in Italy, 143–51, 167, 169; in Scandinavia, 142, 168
Informal practices of participation, 81, 82, 83
International competition, 14, 39, 44, 51, 76, 87–88, 99, 138
JALGO, 346
Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation, 346
Jamintel, 342
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 282, 290
JLP (Jamaica Labor Party), 332–33
JUSE (Japan Union of Scientists and Engineers), 37, 48–49
Jusos, 186
Kadar, Janos, 321n.3
Kang Wenhua, 313
Kaoru, Ishikawa, 49
Keen, Peter, 69
Keidanren (Japanese Federation of Economic Organizations), 49
KOR (Committee for the Defense of the Workers/Committee for Social Self–Defense), 270, 271, 272
Korsch, Karl, 3
Kosta, H. G., 324n.27
Kowalewski, Zbigniew, 271, 289
KSR (Conferences of Workers’ Self-Management), 267, 284, 290
Labor market, 36–37, 42–45, 328n.72
Labor market shortages: in East Europe, 318n.72; in France, 5, 208; in Hungary, 249–50, 328n.72; in Japan, 5, 42–43, 53; in Sweden, 5, 42; in West Germany, 185
Labor market surpluses: in China, 318; in the United States, 44
Labor process, debates on, 7–8. See also Braverman, Harry; Deskilling
Lange, Oscar, 270
LCY (League of Communists of Yugoslavia), 227, 228, 235–36
Lefort, Claude, 206
Legien, Carl, 180
Lenin Steel Mill, 245
Libenstein, Harvey, 303
Liu Zhengwei, 314
Li Xiannian, 316, 317, 324n.27
LO (Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions), 82, 122
LO (Swedish Confederation of Labor), 50, 55, 56, 96, 97, 118; and collective bargaining over workplace democracy, 105–108; and industrial policy, 102–105, 106; labor market policy of, 101–102, 103, 104; and research policy, 110–13; and technology bargaining, 108–10, 120, 126, 127
LOFO (Swedish LO research committee), 110–11, 114–18, 119. See also LO (Swedish)
LOT (Polish national airline), 284
Lublin Group, 296n.39
Macropolitics of work reform, 35, 56–63; non-politicized patterns of diffusion (Japan and the United States), 58; and organization theory, 59–63; politicized patterns of diffusion (Sweden), 58
Maire, Edmond, 212
Mallet, Serge, 206
Manley, Michael, 332, 335, 338, 347
Mao Zedong, 298, 301, 316, 318–19, 321, 327n.65
Marxism, 174, 175, 201; and alienation, 303; and participation, 4; and technology, 11
MBA (co-determination agreements), 118–19
MBL (Co-determination Law), 55, 56, 63n.3, 108, 116, 118, 119, 122, 160
Merkel, Jacek, 289
Metalworkers union (Sweden), 119, 120
Michnik, Adam, 270
Micropolitics of work reform, 35, 36
Milewski, Jerzy, 271–75, 294n.15
Military impact on technology, 30n.32, 116
Mill, John Stuart, 4
Mitbestimmung (West Germany), 163, 176, 185, 189; laws on, 188, 189, 191, 197
Mitterand, François, 207, 211–14
Models of technological development: negotiation, 68, 80–87; organization-centered, 68, 70–74, 75; technocentric, 68–70, 73, 76, 88
Modzelewski, Karol, 288
Montanmitbestimmung, 183
Mueller-Jentsch, Walther, 187
Mumford, Enid, 73
NADA (Institute for Numerical Analysis and Computer Science Group), 126
NAF (Norwegian Employers Confederation), 82, 122
Napthali, Fritz, 181
Naschold, Frieder, 190
Nationalization, in France, 217, 222n.36
Naville, Pierre, 206
NBF (Norwegian Bank Employees Union), 85–87
NEM (New Economic Mechanism), 225, 228, 229; bargaining with state organizations under, 264; enterprise autonomy under, 250; enterprise autonomy under, compared with Yugoslavia, 240–44; intrafirm power relations under, 244–50; managerial elites under, compared with Yugoslavia, 237–38; and mergers, 243–44; political elites under, compared with Yugoslavia, 239–40; prices under, 249; profits under, compared with Yugoslavia, 239; and self–management, 251, 254–60, 265–66; and small firms, 242–43; and trade unions, 245–47
Network (Network of Solidarity Workplace Organizations of Leading Workplaces), 270–73, 281, 282, 287, 288, 291; plan of, for self-management, 275–79, 283. See also Milewski, Jerzy
NGU (Nordic Graphic Workers Union), 121, 124, 125
Nikkeiren (Japan Federation of Employers’ Associations), 48
Ni Zhifu, 317
Nomenklatura: in Hungary, 229; in Poland, 283, 287
Nordic Industrial Fund, 124
Normative theory and participation, 4–5
Norwegian Industrial Democracy project, 81
Norwegian post office, 83–85, 90
Norwegian Work Environment Act of 1977, 18, 20, 82, 89, 161
Nouvel Observateur, Le, 210
NWU (National Workers Union), 332, 341
OCAW (Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union), 10
Occupational demarcations: and new technology, 152; and technology bargaining, 14, 15, 131–32, 136, 152, 157 59, 163, 166, 168
Occupational health and safety: in European Economic Community, 19–20; in Germany, 163–64, 187; and industrial democracy, 20; in Italy, 155–56; in Norway, 20–21; and participation, 18–22, 166, 168, 170; rule-based strategies for, 18–20; in Sweden, 21, 99–100, 106, 107–109; in the United States, 21–22. See also Norwegian Work Environment Act of 1977; OSHA
OD (Organizational Development) Network, 46
Offe, Claus, 26
Olivetti, 149
One-man management: in China, 307; in Hungary, 228
Organizational environments, 35
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 21–22
Panitch, Leo, 187
Parker, Mike, 15
Paul, Marcel, 221n.6
PCF (Parti Communiste Francais), 199, 200, 201, 204; and autogestion, 215, 220; and statist model of economic management, 206, 208; and union de la gauche, 206
Personnel Administration Council, 50
Piaget, Charles, 210
Pizzorno, Allessandro, 143, 170
PNP (People’s National Party of Jamaica), 332–34, 336; and egalitarian reform project, 335
Polish Sociological Association, 290–91
Pompidou, Georges, 211
Popular Front, 200
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 198, 216
PSU (Parti Socialiste Unifié), 209; and autogestion, 209–10; entry of, into Parti Socialiste, 210–11; and union de la gauche, 211
PTK (Privattjönstemannakartellen), 98, 118
Quality circles, 4, 13, 219; in Japan, 4, 39, 67, 72; in the United States, 37. See also QWL
Quality Shoe Factory, 243
QWL (Quality of Work Life), 16–17, 24, 25, 77–78. See also Quality circles
RABA Motor Works, 242
Resources: for participation, 13, 15, 80, 113, 116, 125; for technology bargaining, 15–16, 98–99, 113, 134–35
Reynolds Aluminum (Jamaica), 342
Robotnik, 272
Rocard, Michel, 210–14; anticommunism of, 213; and neoliberalism, 214–15; and struggle with Mitterand, 214
Ross, George, 5
Saab, 37
SACO/Sr (Swedish upper-level white-collar union), 97, 101
SAF (Swedish Employers’ Confederation), 50, 105, 118, 119
Schmitter, Philippe, 187
Schneider, Leslie, 12, 13, 14, 24
Scientific management, 3, 6, 9, 26, 52, 53, 62, 69, 95, 145–46; in China, 302–303
SEIU (Service Employees International Union), 25
Self-management in Poland: after the coup, 290; conflicting conceptions of, 285; as democratic managerialism, 276–77; flagging support of, 289; and hiring and firing of directors, 277–78; and intellectuals, 270–72, 273; and Lublin Group, 296; and marketization, 278–79; myth of, 282, 289; National Federation of, 289; and the Network, 270–72, 274; and nomenklatura, 283, 287; and production intelligentsia, 272–75; and Solidarity national leadership, 281, 283–84, 286; and Soviets, 287; and traditional working class, 273
Semi-autonomous work groups, 37, 40–41, 55
SFIO (Section Française de l’Internationale Ouvrière), 207, 210
Shōshūdanshugi (small groupism), 39. See also Small group participation
Sik, Ota, 303
SINAMOS (Peruvian agency for national mobilization), 348
Självstyrande grupper (autonomous self-steering work groups), 40. See also Small group participation
Skill: gap, 8–9; surplus, 8–9; upgrading, 145, 149, 152. See also Braverman, Harry; Deskilling; Labor process, debates on; Multiskilling
Skilling, Gordon, 321n.4
Small group participation, 4, 34, 70; in China, 319–29; in Japan, 4, 39–40; in Sweden, 40; in the United States, 38–39. See also QWL
Socialisme ou Barbarie, 202, 206, 221n.11
Sociotechnical reform, 5, 6, 10, 17, 25, 27; and work time, 23–24
Solidarność (Solidarity), 4, 250, 268, 306; and Draft Program of Current Action, 268; national leadership and self-management of, 281; and self-limiting revolution, 280; we/they consciousness of, 267–68. See also Kuron, Jacek; Self-management in Poland; Wałęsa, Lech
SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), 174, 176; in Grand Coalition (1966–69), 185–86; in Weimar, 180. See also Brandt, Willy
Staniszki, Jadwiga, 280
State building: and party in Hungary, 227–28; and self-management in Yugoslavia, 226–27
Statuto dei Lavoratori, 156
Steinkühler, Franz, 188, 191, 192
Strassmann, Paul, 70
STU (Swedish R&D support agency), 107, 112, 120, 126, 127, 133, 136, 139
Student movement, and participation ideologies in France, 205–206
Study circles, in occupational health and safety, 20–21; in technology bargaining, 12
Svenska Dagbladet, 121
Syndicalism, 4
Szlajfer, Henryk, 271
Tavistock Institute, 49, 50. See also Emery, Fred; Trist, Eric
Taylorism. See Scientific management
TCO (Central Organization of Salaried Employees), 50, 55, 97, 101, 120
Team organization, 8–9, 10, 150. See also Quality circles; QWL; Small group participation
Technology bargaining, 11–15, 108–37; at AT&T and Bell operating companies, 77; before and after the fact, 11–12, 83; in Britain, 156–59; multi-level strategies for, 15, 30n.33, 171; in Norway, 82–87; and right of information disclosure, 150–53, 157, 158; in Sweden, 108–37, 160–61; and training, 154–55, 171; in West Germany, 162–64
Technology Change Committees, 77–80, 81
Technology consultants, 82
Terminology of participation, diversity of meanings among, 3–4, 38, 41, 51
TIPS (Text and Image Processing System), 121, 124, 125, 133
TIU (Telecommunications International Union), 90n.2
Topeka system, 8–9. See also Walton, Richard
Touraine, Alain, 281
Trist, Eric, 29n.22
UAW (United Automobile Workers of America), 16, 44, 51
UAWU (University and Allied Workers Union of Jamaica), 341, 346
Union de la gauche, 206, 207, 211–14
Unions and participation, 11–17, 36; in Chile, 329–30, 333, 339, 343, 344–8, 354–55; in Jamaica, 338, 340–41, 346–47, 354; in Japan, 53–54; in Peru, 334, 337, 340, 344–45, 349–50, 354–55; in the United States, 15–17. See also CFDT; CGT; Democratization of enterprise in China; LO (Norway); LO (Sweden); NEM; Solidarność; Yugoslav self-management
UP (Unidad Popular), 333, 336, 339, 343, 351
URAF (Swedish Development Council research group), 50–51, 55
UTASP (Union of Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Personnel of Jamaica), 340–41
UTOPIA project, 12, 14, 99, 120–37, 162; tool perspective of, 127–28, 134
VDTs (video display terminals), 84, 155, 157, 163
VDUs. See VDTs
Veblen, Thorsten, 273
Vittori, Wendy, 74
Walder, Andrew, 315
War, 5
Weber, Max, 315
Weimar Republic: Rätebewegung during, 178, 182; unions and councils during, 179–80; Zentrale Arbeitsgemeinschaft during, 179
Wells, Donald, 30–31n.41
Wiesenthal, Helmut, 26
Willey, Richard, 185
Williams, Robin, 157
Women: and labor market segmentation, 27; and participation, 12, 27, 85; and work time, 25
Work Environment Fund (ASF), 112, 119, 126
Workers’ councils in Yugoslavia, 229; convergence of interests of, with enterprise managements, 231–32, 263; powers of, 229. See also Yugoslav self-management
Workers’ Party of Jamaica, 346
Work in America Institute, 46
Works councils (Sweden), 54, 56
Work time: innovations, 5, 22–26, 77, 78; and participation in Germany, 192–94, 197; reduction of, 157, 161, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 192–94; and women, 25
Wujec, Henryk, 289
Wynn, Eleanor, 74
Yugoslav self-management: and communes, 262; and Hungarian NEM compared, 229; ideology of, 229; institutions of, 229; large firm behavior under, compared with Hungary, 243–44; managerial elites under, 229–35; managerial elites under, compared with Hungary, 238; peasant workers under, 262; political elites under, compared with Hungary, 236–39; profits under, compared with Hungary, 239; role of party under, 229, 235–36; role of trade union under, 229, 235–36; socio-political communities under, 261
Zhao Ziyang, 322n.6
Zimbalist, Andrew, 347
Zuboff, Shoshanna, 10