Abbott, Grace, 181
Allgemeine Arbeiter-Union (General Workers Union), 58, 62
Allgemeine Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB, German Labor Union Federation), 81, 260, 285–286
All-Russian Clothing Syndicate, 180. See also Russian-American Industrial Corporation
All-Russian Trade/Industrial Congress, 227
Alschuler, Judge Samuel, 212
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, 212. See also Metal workers, in U.S.
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 16, 98, 108–110, 173–196. See also Hillman, Sidney; Russian-American Industrial Corporation
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, 100, 212
Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), 261, 272. See also Metal workers, in Great Britain
Amalgamated unions, 56, 61, 71, 86n, 272
American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, 92
American Federation of Labor (AF of L), 89–105, 110, 181, 198, 200–203, 206, 214–215
American Labor Union, 49, 53, 68
American Railway Executives’ Association, 95
American Railway Union (ARU), 58, 61
Anarcho-syndicalism, 12–13; in France, 143–147, 149, 151–152, 154, 164. See also Syndicalism.
Appeal to Reason, 205
Arbeiter-Unionen (General Unions), 54–55, 59–62, 64, 76
Armed forces, discontent within, 20–21
Artisans, 188. See also Skilled workers
Austro-Marxism, 5. See also Bauer, Otto; Social Democracy, in Austria-Hungary
Auxiliary Service Law, 260
Baker, Ray Stannard, 198
Baltimore and Ohio Plan, 109
Bank of Italy, 191
Baruch, Bernard, 207
Bauer, Otto, 25
Beard, Charles, 97
Beard, Mary, 97
Benjamin, Walter, 5
Bercuson, David, 76
Bernstein, Eduard, 7
Bevin, Ernest, 26
Beyer, Otto, 187
“Black Friday” (April 15, 1921), 26. See also Triple Alliance
Bolshevism. See Russian Revolution, influence of; Soviet Union
Bondfield, Margaret, 99
Bordiga, Amadeo, 275
Brandeis, Louis, 202
Brandwen, Maxwell, 181
Braverman, Harry, 13
Bruere, Robert, 207
Budapest, 24
Buozzi, Bruno, 277
Canadian Congress of Labor (CCL), 81
Carriage, Wagon, and Automobile Workers’ Union, 103
Catholicism, political, 126–131
Catholic Popular Party (Partito Popolare Italiano), 24, 273
Censorship, in U.S., 96
CGTU. See United General Confederation of Trade Unions (France)
Chartes d’Amiens, 75
Chase Manhattan Bank, 191
Chkheidze, Nicholas, 227
Christian Socialist, 205
City-wide labor federations, 40, 58, 60, 100–101. See also Urbanization; Working class, communities
Clark, Champ, 202
Clark, Martin Nile, 275
Coal miners, 24, 26, 110–111. See also United Mine Workers of America
Co-determination, 282
Cohen, Abraham, 187
Colombino, Emilio, 277
Commission on Industrial Relations (U.S.), 200, 204–206, 216
Commission on Industrial Unrest (Great Britain), 29, 39–40
Commissioni interne (internal commissions), 262–264, 274–275
Communist International, 163. See also Russian Revolution, influence of
Communist Party: Austria, 25–26; France, 162–163; Germany, KAPD, 53, 62; Germany, KPD, 53, 55, 62, 67, 69, 86n, 120, 280, 282; Hungary, 24; U.S., 111, 190
Communities. See Working-class, communities
Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT, General Confederation of Trade Unions, France), 23, 49, 52–62, 64–66, 75, 143–147, 149–160, 260, 266, 300–301; structure of, 58, 60
Confederazione Generale del Lavoro (CGL, General Confederation of Labor, Italy), 88–89, 110, 260, 275–278
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 69, 81
Council of National Defense, 93, 207–208
Courts, comradely disciplinary, 185
Craft unionism, 51–52, 56–58, 258, 260–262, 272, 283. See also Skilled workers
Cuff, Robert, 206
Davidson, E. C., 93
Department of Labor (U.S.), 200, 203–204, 207–209
Dequalification. See Deskilling; Skilled workers; Technological change
Deskilling, 51–52, 71–73, 118, 258
Deutsche Metallarbeiter Verband (DMV, German Metal Workers’ Union), 261, 286
Directorate of Intelligence (Great Britain), 22
Dissmann, Robert, 28
Douglas, Paul, 97
Dual power, 226, 236, 279, 287
Dubreuil, Hyacinthe, 160–161, 165
Dugoni, Eugenio, 277
Düsseldorf, 120–121; cultural institutions, 125–129; forms of control, 125–126; housing, 125; industrialization of, 121, 131; labor force, 122–123, 130–131, 136; phases of revolution in, 135–137; Social Democracy in, 127–131, 133, 137; Spartacists in, 135–137; USPD in, 133–137; Workers’ and Soldiers’ Council of, 135; working conditions, 124
Dvumiantsev, S. V., 241
Easley, Ralph, 197
Eight-hour day, 26; in France, 151–152, 154–155, 158–159, 162, 164
Employers’ associations (U.S.), 96
Ervin, Charles, 176
Essen socialization commission, 138. See also Socialization of industry
Ex-servicemen. See Armed forces
Factory committees (fabzavkomy), 265, 268, 288–297; Central Council of (Petrograd), 288, 290, 292; and trade unions, 267–269, 289–290
Federazione Italiana Operai Metallurgici (FIOM, Federation of Italian Metal workers), 112, 262–264, 275, 300, 307n. See also Metal workers
Ferro, Marc, 267
Fischer, Fritz, 11
Fitzpatrick, John, 215
Foa, Vittoria, 111
Food riots, 24–25, 28–29, 91. See also Working class, communities
Ford, Henry, 160–161. See also Taylorism
Foster, William Z., 64, 83n, 94, 100, 194n, 210–212. See also Stockyards Labor Council
Frankfurter, Felix, 181, 208–210
Freie Arbeiter-Union (Gelsenkirchen), 64
Freikorps, 281
Gannt, Henry, 187
Gastev, Alexei, 184
Geary, Dick, 111
General unions, 53–54, 56, 61–62, 69
Gifford, Walter S., 207
Gold, Mike, 176
Gompers, Samuel, 92, 96, 98–99, 103, 181, 200–203, 207–209
Gramsci, Antonio, 5, 12, 20, 33, 41, 273, 275–276, 298–299, 302
Griffuelhes, Victor, 145–146, 150
Groh, Dieter, 9
Grubbs, Frank L., 206
Halevy, Elie, 11
Hamborn, 123–138; cultural institutions, 125–129; forms of control, 125–126; housing, 125; labor force, 123; phases of revolution in, 137–138; social democracy in, 129, 131–132, 134; Sparticists, 138; USPD, 138; Workers’ and Soldiers’ Council of, 137; working conditions, 124
Hardman, J. B. S., 194n
Harrison, Mrs. J. Borden, 205
Harrison, Royden, 94
Hart Schaffner and Marx, 181, 187
Hatry, Gilbert, 107
Haywood, William, 62
Hicks, John, 96
Hillman, Sidney, 97–98, 109, 176–196, 213. See also Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
Hillquit, Morris, 204
Historiography of Labor, 4–5, 10–13
Horthy, Admiral Nocilaus, 24
Howard, Earl Dean, 181
Hurvitz, Haggai, 216
Hutcheson, 94
Hyman, Richard, 111
Ickes, Harold, 213
Ideology, 256, 271–272, 282–283, 291–293, 302
Immigration Bureau (U.S.), 96
Independent Socialists (USPD), 22, 28, 53, 120, 133–138, 280–282, 286
Industrial Conference 1919, 95, 216
Industrial democracy, 174–176, 188, 255. See also Workers’ control
Industrial engineers, France, 148, 152–153
Industrial unions. See Anarcho-syndicalism; Revolutionary industrial unionism; Syndicalism
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 49, 53–54, 58, 61–64, 68–69, 75–77, 89, 92–94, 99, 104, 106
Infant mortality, 31
Inflation, 28–30, 75–76, 80, 133, 256, 259, 263, 268, 286
International Association of Machinists (IAM), 98, 103. See also Metal workers, in U. S.
International Labor Office, 160
Italian Socialist Party (PSI). See Social Democracy, in Italy
Iurenev, P. P., 243
Jaures, Jean, 24
Jouhaux, Léon, 146, 150, 152, 154–155
Kaplan, Temma, 39
Kapp Putsch, 22
Keating-Owen Act, 206
Kehr, Eckart, 11
Kelley, Florence, 181
Kerensky, Alexander, 221, 224, 243, 246
Kiel Naval Mutiny, 35
Kikulski, John, 91
Kocka, Jürgen, 257
Kolb, Eberhard, 286
Krupp factory, 34
Labor’s Bill of Grievances, 201
Labour Party (Great Britain), 201, 213
Ladies Garment Workers, 109
Larkin, James, 83n
Lavit, Samuel, 94
Leiserson, William, 108
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 6–9, 20, 156, 162, 177–178, 180, 183–184, 191, 224, 230, 288, 292
Ligue Syndicaliste, 164
Lloyd George, David, 20, 23, 26, 96
Lowenthal, Max, 181
Lozovsky, Alexander, 177
Lucas, Erhard, 86n
Lukács, Georg, 5
Lvov, Prince, 224, 227
McAdoo, William, 211
MacDonald, Ramsay, 7
McNamara, Andrew, 93
Maione, Guiseppe, 275
Maklakov, Vasilii, 221
Mann, Tom, 83n
Mannheim, Karl, 247
Masses, The, 205
Mayer, Arno, 11
Merrheim, Alphonse, 149–151, 155–157. See also Metal workers, in France
Metal workers, 30–31, 33; in America, 98, 103, 215; in Budapest, 24; in France, 149–152, 155, 158, 161; in Great Britain, 26, 261, 272; in Italy, 112, 262–264, 275, 300, 307n. See also Skilled workers; Technological change
Minimum Programme of 1918 (France), 143, 154, 158
Monatte, Pierre, 24
Montgomery, David, 14, 64, 76–77, 254
Morgan, J. P., 197
Munitions workers. See Metal workers
Murray, Philip, 93
National Civic Federation, 197
National Committee to Organize Iron and Steel Workers, 100
National Industrial Conference Board, 92, 95–96, 108, 197
Nationalism, 257
National War Labor Board, 95–96, 104–106, 108, 206–207, 209–212
Neighborhoods. See Working class, communities
Nekrasov, Nicholas, 224, 227–230, 233–243, 249n
Neumann, Sigmund, 9
New Economic Policy, 173, 178–179, 184–186, 189
“New unionism,” 176, 182, 186, 188
Nikolaev railroad line, 228, 247–248
Nolan, Mary, 15
Noske, Gustav, 35
Obleute, 262, 264. See also Shop stewards
O’Connell, James, 94
One Big Union (OBU), 49, 54–55, 59–64, 68, 76
Ordine Nuovo, Le (Turin), 273–276. See also Gramsci, Antonio
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 214
Pannekoek, Anton, 298–299, 310n
Peasants, 25
People’s Council of America for Democracy and Peace, 92
Perkins, George W., 177
Perlman, Selig, 8
Piece-work in France, 149, 153, 157. See also Semi-skilled workers
Pinder, Wilhelm, 297
Plekhanov, Georgi, 224, 227, 235–239, 243
Polish Falcons, 91
Popolari. See Catholic Popular Party
President’s Mediation Commission, 207–208
Radosh, Ronald, 206
Railroad workers: Budapest, 24; France, 156–157; Russia, 221–253; United States, 97, 200, 211. See also Russia, railroad workers in
Red International of Labor Unions (RILU), 55, 62, 87n, 178
Renault, Louis, 148–151, 153–154, 164
Rent strikes, 29
Republican Party, 214
Resource mobilization, 10–12, 255–256, 305n, 310n
Revolutionary industrial unions, 49–87; and communism, 87n; monopolization and, 51–52, 57, 60; organizational forms of, 57–61, 78ff; phases of development, 75–80; politics and, 61–64; social and industrial composition, 68–75; and syndicalism, 64–68
Revolutionary Syndicalist Committees (France), 157
Rockefeller, John D., 204
Ronzhin, General S. A., 227
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 216
Roosevelt, Theodore, 199
Rosenberg, William, 16, 290, 309n
Roth, Gunther, 9
Ruhr Red Army Revolt, 22
Rürup, Reinhard, 307n
Russia, railroad workers in: All-Russian Executive Committee of Railroad Workers, 224, 241, 245–248; Bolshevism among, 244–247; central line committees, 233, 240; political attitudes, 224; “ribbon unions,” 238–240, 242, 244; and the state, 234–237, 240–242; stratification among, 231–232, 238, 240, 244, 247; wages, 235–238, 252n, 253n; and workers’ control, 223–224, 229–231, 234
Russian-American Industrial Corporation (RAIC), 98, 178–180, 186–188. See also Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
Russian Revolution of 1917, influence of, 5, 16, 22, 213. See also Communist International; Communist Parties; Red International of Labor Unions
St. John, Vincent, 204
Sankey Commission, 26
Schiavello, Ernesto, 276
Schlossberg, Joseph, 109
Schorske, Carl, 18n
Scientific management, 182, 188, 257–259, 296. See also Ford, Henry; Taylorism; Technological change
Seabrook, Jeremy, 4
Second International, 6. See also Social Democracy
Secretary of Labor (U.S.), 203. See also Department of Labor
Semi-skilled workers, 33–35, 72, 258–260, 285, 301–302
Sender, Toni, 28
Serrati, Giacinto Menotti, 277
Sexual harassment, 293
Shaw Inquiry, 26
Sherman Act, 199
Shop committees (U.S.), 104, 106–109
Shop stewards, 12, 26, 56, 59, 61, 65, 71, 77, 261, 266, 271–273. See also Obleute; Workers’ councils
Skilled workers, 30–31, 33–36, 51–52, 56–57, 60–61, 68–75, 77, 177, 254–259, 272, 283, 293–296, 301–302. See also Craft unionism
Skobolev, Michael, 227, 230, 233, 242
Skocpol, Theda, 291
Smith, Steve, 309n
Snellenburg and Co., 187
Social Democracy, 6–10, 270; in Austria-Hungary (SPÖ), 25, 38; in Germany (SPD), 53, 120, 138, 280–281, 283–286; in Italy (PSI), 24, 273, 275–278; in the U.S., 91, 190. See also Labour Party (Great Britain)
Socialism and socialist parties. See Social Democracy
Socialization of industry, 119, 120, 137–138, 281–282
Sonnenborn and Co., 187
Soule, George, 181
Soviets, 22, 24–25, 287. See also Workers’ councils
Soviet Union, 156–158, 162. See also Russian Revolution, influence of
Special Conference Committee (U.S.), 96
Spriano, Paolo, 110
State intervention, 32. See also World War I
Stearns, Peter, 10
Stinchcombe, Arthur, 299
Stockyards Labor Council, 160, 204, 211, 212. See also Foster, William Z.
Strikes, 22–23; in France, 33, 146–147, 149–151, 156–157, 164; in Germany, 33; in Italy, 24; Ludlow massacre, 204; mass or general strikes, 20, 21, 24, 25, 55, 76, 101–102, 199; in the U.S., 90, 111, 191, 204, 215
Supreme Council of National Economy (Vesenkha), 173, 180, 186
Supreme Court (U.S.), 203, 207
Sverdlov, Jacob, 230
Syndicalism, 64–68, 132, 137, 189–190, 260, 263, 266, 270, 274–276, 282; on Russian railroads, 230, 234, 245
Taft, William Howard, 199, 202
Tasca, Angelo, 276
Taylorism, 15, 144, 147–155, 160–164, 182–191, 197, 257, 296, 301–302. See also Scientific management; Technological change
Technological change, 14–15, 32–35
Thomas, Albert, 24, 153–154, 156, 160–161, 264
Tilly, Charles, 12
Trades Union Congress (TUC), 260
Trade Union Educational League (TUEL), 190–191
Tresca, Carlo, 110
Triple Alliance (Great Britain), 26, 95, 99
Turin, 20, 24, 33–34, 262, 275–278, 302, 306–307n
Union der Hand- und Kopfarbeiter (Union of Manual and Intellectual Workers), 58, 62, 64, 69–70, 72
Union of German Iron and Steel Industrialists (VdESI), 95
Unione Syndacale Italiana (USI, Italian Syndical Union), 260
United General Confederation of Labor (CGTU, France), 144–145, 157–158, 162–163
United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), 100, 199, 203, 204, 211, 215
Unskilled workers, 33–36, 51–57, 63–64, 68–75, 77, 81, 119, 255, 258–260, 263, 283, 285, 293–296, 301–302
Versailles settlement, 11
Vienna, 38
Volkswehr, 25
Vompe, P., 241
Von Oertzen, Peter, 262
Walker, John H., 93
Walsh, Frank P., 181, 204–206, 210, 212
War communism, 178
War Emergency Workers’ National Committee (Great Britain), 93
War Industries Board, 207, 267
War Industries Committees, 267
War Labor Conference Board, 209–210
War Labor Policies Board, 207, 210. See also National War Labor Board
Watson, John B., 197
Wehle, Louis B., 207
Weinstein, James, 206
Western Federation of Miners, 58, 61, 68
Western Labor Union, 68
Whitley Councils, 104–106, 306n
Wilson, William B., 92–93, 203, 208–210, 215
Wilson, Woodrow, 92, 95, 198–203, 208, 213–214, 216
Wolffheim, Fritz, 83n
Woll, Mathew, 92
Wolman, Leo, 181
Women: 60, and consumer protest, 39–40; workers, 33, 293–294, 301–302, 308n. See also Working class, communities
Workers’ control, 15–16, 72, 77, 103, 119–120, 135–137, 174–176, 189, 254, 298–301; in France, 143–145, 149–151, 155, 162–164; in Germany, 261–262, 278–287; in Great Britain, 261, 270–273; in Italy, 262–264, 273–278; in Russia, 221–253, 267–269, 287–297. See also Industrial democracy; Obleute; Shop stewards; Syndicalism; Workers’ councils
Workers’ councils, 12–13, 54–55, 59–60, 65, 73, 278–279, 282
Workers’ Education Bureau of America, 97
Workers’ Opposition, 189
Workers’ Union, 266
Working class: communities, 35–39, 73–74, 91, 106, 128, 304; culture, 6, 9–10, 15, 36–38. See also Düsseldorf; Hamborn; Urbanization
Works Council Law of 1920, 60, 286–287
Works councils. See Workers’ councils
Workshop delegates (délégués d’atelier), 264–266
World War I: economic effects, 28–31, 132–134, 173–174, 225–226; political effects, 32, 40, 132–134, 257
Zinoviev, Grigorii, 230