CHAPTER 1
1. Leighton speech in Massachusetts State Carpenters Convention Proceedings, 1969, p. 40; M. R. Lefkoe, The Crisis in Construction: There Is an Answer (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, 1970), p. 159.
2. Jeannie Attie and Allen Steinberg, Carpenters—New York State: 100 Years of Progress (Albion, N.Y.: New York State Council of Carpenters, 1982), p. 50.
3. Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, Annual Report, 1879 (Boston: Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 1879), p. 137.
4. Boston Globe, February 2, 1921.
5. U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1982 Census of Construction Industries (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1985).
6. U. S. Department of Labor, Annual Construction Industry Report, April 1980 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1980).
7. John R. Commons et al., History of Labour in the United States, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1918), p. 341.
8. Carpenter, July 1897.
CHAPTER 2
1. W. A. Starrett, Skyscrapers: And the Men Who Build Them (New York: Scribner’s, 1928), p. 288.
2. “The Industry Capitalism Forgot,” Fortune, August 1947.
3. U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1982 Census of Construction Industries (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1985).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Quoted in William Haber, Industrial Relations in the Building Industry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 137.
7. Carpenter, February 1903.
CHAPTER 3
1. John R. Commons et al., A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, vol. 6 (New York: Russell & Russell, 1958), p. 99.
2. John Winthrop, Winthrop’s Journal, ed. James Kendall Hosmer (New York: Scribner’s, 1908), vol. 1, p. 112.
3. Richard B. Morris, Government and Labor in Early America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), p. 67.
4. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, Apprenticeship: Past and Present (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 8.
5. Quoted in Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 1 (New York: International Publishers, 1947), p. 26.
6. Walter Galenson, The United Brotherhood of Carpenters: The First Hundred Years (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 1.
7. John R. Commons et al., History of Labour in the United States, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1918), pp. 70–71.
8. Commons, Documentary History, vol. 6, p. 76.
9. Ibid, p. 79.
10. Ibid, pp. 83, 86; Commons, History of Labour, vol. 1, p. 311.
11. Commons, Documentary History, vol. 6, p. 97.
12. Stephan Thernstrom, Poverty and Progress (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 14.
13. Ibid., pp. 92, 93.
14. Cited in Frederick S. Deibler, “The Amalgamated Wood Workers International Union of America” (Ph. D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1912), p. 35.
15. Robert A. Christie, Empire in Wood: A History of the Carpenters’ Union, Cornell Studies in Industrial and Labor Relations, vol. 3 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1957), p. 26.
16. Deibler, “Amalgamated Wood Workers,” p. 26.
17. Carpenter, June 1906; letter to Carpenter, September 1899.
18. John Swinton’s Paper (New York), February 17, 1884.
19. Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, Annual Report 1869 (Boston: Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 1869).
20. Labor Leader, March 12, 1887.
21. See Testimony of P. J. McGuire before U. S. Industrial Commission, April 20, 1899, p. 43.
22. Carpenter, February 1899.
CHAPTER 4
1. New York Tribune, September 18, 1877; cited in Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 1 (New York: International Publishers, 1947), p. 439.
2. Carpenter, May 1881.
3. See Annual Handbook of the Massachusetts State Council of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America (n.p., n.p., 1895); and records from International office of UBCJA, Washington, D.C.
4. Cited in Jeremy Brecher, Strike (Boston: South End Press, 1977), p. 40.
5. Jama Lazerow, “The Workingman’s Hours: The 1886 Labor Uprising in Boston,” Labor History 21, no. 2 (1980), p. 202.
6. Boston Globe, May 2, 3, 1886.
7. Ibid., May 5, 8, 1886.
8. Ibid., May 8, 6, 1886.
9. Ibid., May 3, 4, 14, 1886.
10. Ibid., May 11, 1886.
11. Labor Leader, June 1886; Boston Globe, May 18, 14, 1886.
12. Boston Globe, May 21, 1886.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., July 14, 1890.
17. Samuel Gompers to P. J. McGuire, March 20, 1890, from Samuel Gompers Letterbooks, 1883–1924, in American Federation of Labor Records: The Samuel Gompers Era, 1877–1937 (Sanford, N.C.: Microfilming Corporation of America, 1979).
18. UBCJA Proceedings, 1888.
19. The Master Builders Association of Boston, Yearbook, 1911, p. 74–75.
20. Massachusetts Handbook, 1895; Boston Globe, April 2, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 16, 22, 28, 30, 1890; Springfield Daily Republican, April 18, 1890.
21. Boston Globe, April 7, 15, 28, 17, 1890.
22. Ibid., April 14, 15, 16, 19, 1890.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., May 1, 2, 1890; Carpenter, April 1890, for strike rules.
26. Boston Globe, May 2, 8, 1890.
27. Ibid., May 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 19, 1890.
28. Ibid., June 20, 1890.
29. Board of Arbitration, Public Document No. 40, February 1891.
30. Boston Globe, July 13, 16, 1890; General Executive Board Minutes, June 1890, cited in Walter Galenson, The United Brotherhood of Carpenters: The First Hundred Years (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 60.
31. Boston Globe, July 23, 25, September 2, 1890.
32. Worcester Telegram, June 24, 1890.
33. Ibid., July 29, 8, 1890.
34. Ibid., July 3, June 24, 1890.
35. Ibid., July 9, 16, 18, 1890.
36. Carpenter, August 1890.
37. Boston Globe, May 2, April 22, 1886.
1. Boston Globe, March 21, 1984.
2. Ibid., December 6, 1893; J. J. McCook, “A Tramp Census and Its Revelations,” Forum 15 (August 1893), pp. 753–66.
3. Boston Globe, March 21, 1894; Labor Leader, April 28, 1894; Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of the Statistics of Labor, 1894, p. 118 (hereinafter cited as Mass BSL); Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, Annual Report 1894 (Boston: Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 1894), p. 118.
4. Mass BSL, 1894, May 8; Proceedings of 1894 UBC Convention, pp. 18, 19, 25, 61.
5. Mass BSL, 1901, p. 159.
6. A. F. Hardwick, ed., History of the Springfield Central Labor Union 1887–1912 (n.p., n.p., n.d.), p. 71 (available at Springfield Public Library).
7. By-laws of the Carpenters District Council, Fall River; Springfield Republican, September 3, 1898.
8. Mass BSL, 1901, p. 143; Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Annual Report 1902 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1903), pp. 54, 60, 64.
9. The Master Builders Association of Boston, Yearbook, 1911, p. 71.
10. Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Annual Report 1906; “Agreement on Independence,” 1902 article in the Potts clipping file, in author’s possession. John Potts was a business agent in early twentieth-century Boston who preserved many articles on labor issues. His grandson Walter Potts has given the author this file.
11. Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Annual Report 1906.
12. James Motley, “Apprenticeship in the Building Trades,” in Studies in American Trade Unionism, ed. Jacob Hollander and George Barnett (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1912), p. 285.
13. David Brody, Steelworkers in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), pp. 27–79.
14. John Garraty, “U. S. Steel Versus Labor: The Early Years,” Labor History 1 (Winter 1960), p. 6; Otto Eidlitz Address in 1894, from Eidlitz Papers at New York Public Library.
15. From the AGC journal in 1921, quoted in William Haber, Industrial Relations in the Building Industry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 57.
16. Horowitz in American Contractor, September 1, 1923, quoted in ibid., p. 395.
17. Sayward speech to the Congress on Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration, arranged under the auspices of the Industrial Committee of the Civic Federation, Chicago, November 13–14, 1894, pp. 79–80.
18. Haber, Industrial Relations, p. 136; William Ham, “Employment Relations in Construction in Boston” (Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1926), p. 324.
19. Haber, Industrial Relations, p. 449; Testimony of P. J. McGuire before the U. S. Industrial Commission, April 20, 1899, p. 22.
20. Fall River Daily Herald, May 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, June 7, 25, 1900.
21. Hardwick, History of the Springfield Central Labor Union, pp. 68, 69, 71, 73.
22. Springfield Republican, May 23, 1904.
23. Hardwick, History of the Springfield Central Labor Union, p. 68.
24. Springfield Republican, May 9, 1904.
25. Ibid., August 10, 1904, August 8, 9, 10, 1904.
26. Pittsfield Journal, April 2, 3, 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1906.
27. Labor News (Worcester), December 1, 1906, May 9, 1908, June 6, 1908; Board of Arbitration Reports, 1917, p. 113.
28. Haverhill Evening Gazette, April 7, 1909, May 18, 1909, May 29, 1909, December 12, 1913.
29. Mass BSL, 1913, p. 5, 1917, p. 211.
30. See Mass BSL, 1906 through 1912.
31. Mass BSL, 1910, p. 184; Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration Annual Report 1916, p. 194.
32. Hardwick, History of the Springfield Central Labor Union, p. 73.
CHAPTER 6
1. Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 1905; (hereinafter cited as Mass BSL) Mass BSL, 1900, p. 151; Lynn Evening News, March 17, 1899; P. J. McGuire to Gabriel Edmonston, November 10, 1883, from the Edmonston Papers, Reel 1 of the American Federation of Labor Records: The Samuel Gompers Era, 1877–1937 (Sanford, N.C.: Microfilming Corporation of America, 1979).
2. McGuire Testimony, U. S. Senate, Committee on Education and Labor, August 17, 1883, p. 339; Carpenter, February 1893.
3. Labor Leader, February 5, 1887, April 23, 1892; Labor News (Worcester), May 9, 1908, January 21, 1911; Greenfield Local 549 Minutes, September 7, 1909, September 22, 1915; Springfield District Council of Carpenters Minutes, March 30, 1908.
4. Labor Leader, October 26, 1891, January 13, 1894, January 20, 1894; Mass BLS, 1895.
5. Labor Leader, April 7, 1894, April 28, 1894, June 23, 1894, August 11, 1894, November 23, 1895, December 14, 1895; Labor News (Worcester), November 27, 1909.
6. Oscar Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants: 1790–1865 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), p. 236.
7. Marcus L. Hansen, The Mingling of the Canadian and American Peoples, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), pp. 121, 168, 209, 215; Ronald A. Petrin, “Ethnicity and Political Pragmatism: The French Canadians in Massachusetts, 1885–1915” (Ph. D. dissertation, Clark University, 1983), p. 58.
8. Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, Annual Report 1881 (Boston: Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 1881), p. 150.
9. UBCJA Proceedings, 1894, p. 21.
10. Abraham H. Belitsky, “Hiring Problems in the Building Trades, with Special Reference to the Boston Area” (Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard University 1960), p. 142.
11. Frank K. Foster, The Evolution of a Trade Unionist (Boston: n.p., 1901), p. 54.
12. Minutes of the Springfield District Council of Carpenters, October 29, 1906, March 4, 1907, January 27, 1908, June 16, 1930.
13. Ibid., August 26, 1907; By-laws of the Worcester Carpenters District Council; By-laws of Local 351.
14. By-laws of the Worcester Carpenters District Council.
15. Fred S. Hall, “Sympathetic Strikes and Sympathetic Lockouts,” Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law 10, no. 1, 1898, p. 63.
16. Mass BSL, 1908, pp. 520–521, 1913, pp. 80–83.
17. Mass BSL, 1910, pp. 226–229, 1911, pp. 151–55, 1912, pp. 48–53, 1913, pp. 78–87; Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Annual Report 1914 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1915), p. 107, 1916, p. 121.
18. Ibid., 1914, p. 153.
19. Charles Reilly to Samuel Gompers, January 22, 1901, quoted in Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States (New York: International Publishers, 1947), vol. 5, p. 207.
20. Quoted in William Ham, “Employment Relations in the Building Industry” (Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1926), p. 138.
21. Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Annual Report 1914, pp. 49–57.
CHAPTER 7
1. Carpenter, August 1883.
2. James Lynch, “The First Walking Delegate,” American Federationist 7 (September 1901), p. 347. Lynch was probably not really the nation’s first walking delegate in the building trades. Ira Cross reports walking delegates in San Francisco as far back as the 1860s. Ira Cross, A History of the Labor Movement in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1935), p. 58.
3. Carpenter, June 1881.
4. UBCJA Proceedings, 1888, p. 19.
5. Labor Leader, October 29, 1887, March 24, 1888, July 13, 1889, August 23, 1890, December 20, 1890, April 23, 1892, June 18, 1892.
6. Letter from John Cogill, Carpenter, February 1912, p. 27.
7. Carpenter, April 1892; Luke Grant, “The Walking Delegate,” Outlook 84, no. 11 (November 10, 1906), p. 616.
8. Lynch, “First Walking Delegate,” p. 347.
9. Labor Leader, March 31, 1888.
10. Grant, “Walking Delegate,” p. 617.
11. Harold Seidman, Labor Czars (New York: Liveright Publishing, 1938), p. 14.
12. Rudyard Kipling, “The Walking Delegate,” Century 49, no. 2 (December 1894), pp. 289–97.
13. Leroy Scott, The Walking Delegate (New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1905), p. 33.
14. Carpenter, February 1897; quoted in Warren Van Tine, The Making of the Labor Bureaucrat (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973), p. 99.
15. Labor Leader, October 19, 1889.
16. From Potts clipping file, in author’s possession.
17. Ibid.
18. Boston Globe, February 8, 1904.
19. Minutes of Greenfield Local 549, August 25, 1910, August 24, 1911, March 13, 1913, April 10, 1913, August 12, 1914, October 14, 1914.
20. Robert F. Hoxie, Trade Unionism in the United States (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1928), pp. 183–84.
CHAPTER 8
1. Carpenter, May 1917, p. 4.
2. Ibid., p. 18.
3. Boston Globe, November 8, 9, 10, 1917.
4. Robert A. Christie, Empire in Wood: A History of the Carpenters’ Union, Cornell Studies in Industrial and Labor Relations, vol. 3 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956), p. 226.
5. Boston Globe, November 9, 1917.
6. Ibid., November 10, 13, 1917.
7. The Builders: The Seventy-five Year History of the Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL–CIO (Washington, D.C.: AFL–CIO, Building and Construction Trades Department, 1983), p. 7.
8. Ibid., p. 7.
9. Boston Globe, February 2, 1921.
10. Jeremy Brecher, Strike (Boston: South End Press, 1977), pp. 103, 104; Boston Globe, January 24, 1921.
11. Springfield Labor Advocate, May 16, 1919.
12. Quoted in Brecher, Strike, p. 116.
13. David Montgomery, Workers’ Control in America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 99.
14. History Committee of the General Strike Committee, The Seattle General Strike (Cambridge: reprinted as a Root and Branch pamphlet, 1972), p. 6.
15. Boston Globe, June 2, 1919, May 21, 1919.
16. Ibid., May 13, 14, 1919.
17. Ibid., May 15, June 13, May 26, 1919.
18. Ibid., May 13, 26, June 2, 1919.
19. Ibid., June 13, 28, 1919; Carpenter, August 1919.
CHAPTER 9
1. John F. Nason, “The House That Jack Built,” Nation, March 1, 1922, p. 255.
2. “The Building Situation in Boston,” Hearings before a committee of the Boston Chamber of Commerce (Boston: Boston Chamber of Commerce, 1921), p. 962.
3. Herbert B. Adams, ed., History of Cooperation in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1888), pp. 86–88, 299.
4. Labor News (Worcester), April 8, 1921.
5. Boston Globe, May 30, 1919.
6. Ibid., May 30, 1919, May 26, 1920.
7. Ibid., May 26, 1920.
8. Mary Conyngton, “Housing: Building-Trades Unions’ Construction and Housing Council of Boston,” Monthly Labor Review 14, no. 5 (May 1922), p. 164; Nason, “House That Jack Built,” p. 255.
9. Conyngton, “Housing,” p. 164.
10. Ibid., p. 163.
11. Engineering News-Record, February 16, 1984, p. 47; Nason, “House That Jack Built,” p. 255.
CHAPTER 10
1. William Haber, Industrial Relations in the Building Industry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 401.
2. The Builders’ Record, February 28, 1921; “The Building Situation in Boston,” Hearings before a committee of the Boston Chamber of Commerce (Boston: Boston Chamber of Commerce, 1921), p. 577.
3. Boston Chamber of Commerce Hearings, p. 681.
4. Ibid., p. 591.
5. Ibid., pp. 681, 682, 591.
6. Ibid., pp. 1019, 698; Boston Globe, January 21, 1921.
7. Boston Chamber of Commerce Hearings, pp. 1015, 575; The Builders’ Record, February 28, 1921.
8. Boston Chamber of Commerce Hearings, p. 877.
9. Boston Globe, February 2, 1921.
10. Boston Chamber of Commerce Hearings, p. 716.
11. Boston Globe, January 23, 1921; Boston Chamber of Commerce Hearings, p. 679.
12. Boston Globe, February 3, 1921; Boston Chamber of Commerce Hearings, p. 843.
13. Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Annual Report 1921 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1922), pp. 110–11.
14. Boston Globe, January 15, 21, 31, 1921.
15. Ibid., January 21, 24, 26, 29, 31, February 2, April 15, 1921.
16. Boston Chamber of Commerce Hearings, pp. 1069, 1071.
17. Boston Globe, February 2, 16, 24, 1921.
18. Ibid., March 24, April 2, 25, May 3, 1921.
19. Ibid., March 12, 21, April 8, 15, 17, May 19, 1921.
20. The Builders’ Record, September 7, 1921; Boston Herald editorial quoted in same issue of Builders’ Record.
21. Boston Herald, December 28, 1921.
22. Ibid., July 15, 1922.
23. Ibid., February 18, March 2, 15, 1923.
24. Ibid., March 8, 1923.
CHAPTER 11
1. Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), p. 97.
2. UBCJA Proceedings, 1928; Spargo quoted in David Brody, Workers in Industrial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 62.
3. Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd, Middletown (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1956), pp. 80–81.
4. Labor News (Worcester), July 4, 1924, Septembers, 1926, February 11, 1927, April 15, 1927, June3, 1927, January 27, 1928, August 23, 1929, October 4, 1929.
5. Boston Herald, September 10, 1926, January 10, 1928, March 23, 1928, May 28, 1928.
6. Ibid., July 23, 1926; Labor News (Worcester), September 11, 1925.
7. William Robinson, “Fall River: A Dying Industry,” New Republic, June 4, 1924, pp. 38–39.
8. Proceedings of the 1925 Massachusetts State Convention of Carpenters, pp. 17, 18, 19.
9. Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, “Unemployment of Organized Building Tradesmen in Massachusetts,” August 1, 1927, January 3, 1928; Louis Adamic, My America: 1928–1938 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1938), pp. 265–66.
10. Adamic, My America, pp. 263, 264, 274.
11. Labor News (Worcester), June 29, 1928.
12. Carpenter, September 1930; Boston Herald, March 20, 1933; Springfield District Council of Carpenters Minutes, May 29, 1934.
13. Carpenter, June 1928, p. 48.
14. Springfield District Council of Carpenters Minutes, May 31, 1934.
15. Carpenter, March 1930, p. 53.
16. Labor News (Worcester), March 18, 1932.
17. Springfield District Council of Carpenters Minutes, October 21, 1929, September 13, 1932.
18. Ibid., May 29, 1930.
19. Ibid., April 7, 1930.
20. Boston Herald, August 29, 1930.
21. Boston Globe, October 22, 23, 31, November 26, 1931.
22. Adamic, My America, p. 298; Boston Globe, November 26, 1931.
23. Springfield District Council of Carpenter Minutes, August 8, 1932; Greenfield Local 549 Minutes, February 4, 1932.
24. Boston Herald, February 28, 1933, March 20, 1933.
25. Springfield District Council of Carpenters Minutes, May 23, 1933, August 22, 1933, October 18, 1933.
26. UBCJA Proceedings, 1936, p. 122; Labor News (Worcester), September 4, 1931.
27. UBCJA Proceedings, 1936, pp. 109–17.
28. Springfield District Council of Carpenters Minutes, April 1, 1931.
29. Ibid., February 9, 1932, March 18, 1932.
30. Ibid., May 15, 1930, August 8, 1932; Boston Herald, February 28, 1933; Labor News (Worcester), December 19, 1930.
CHAPTER 12
1. Robert McElvaine, The Great Depression (New York: Times Books, 1984), p. 67.
2. Ibid., p. 16.
3. Michael Rogin, “Voluntarism: The Political Functions of an Anti-Political Doctrine,” in The American Labor Movement, ed. David Brody (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), p. 112.
4. Maxwell Raddock, Portrait of an American Labor Leader: William L. Hutcheson (New York: American Institute of Social Science, 1955), p. 245.
5. Boston Globe, June 15, 1933.
6. McElvaine, The Great Depression, p. 172.
7. Labor News (Worcester), February 5, 1932.
8. Springfield District Council of Carpenters Minutes, October 5, 1933, July 16, 1934.
9. Ibid., March 14, 1933, January 10, 1934.
10. Boston Herald, July 23, 1935; Our World (Boston), October 9, 1935.
11. Our World (Boston), November 18, 1935, March 25, 1936; Boston Globe, January 9, 1936.
12. Our World (Boston), March 25, 1936.
13. Boston Herald, September 25, 1937.
14. UBCJA Proceedings, 1936, p. 364; Massachusetts AFL Proceedings, 1938, p. 70.
15. George Raiche, “The A.F.L. Labor Movement in Springfield,” Industrial Springfield (Springfield: Springfield Central Labor Union, 1939); Our World (Boston), December 23, 1935.
CHAPTER 13
1. Boston Herald, October 27, 1940.
2. Ibid., March 31, 1941.
3. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Construction Statistics, 1915–1964 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1966), pp. 2, 9.
4. Ibid., p. 9.
5. 1984 Massachusetts State Carpenters Convention Proceedings, p. 87.
6. Quoted in Martin Mayer, The Builders (New York: Norton, 1978), p. 250.
7. 1965 Massachusetts Convention Proceedings, p. 9.
CHAPTER 14
1. William Haber, Industrial Relations in the Building Industry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 38.
2. David Noble, Forces of Production (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), p. 64.
3. Springfield District Council of Carpenters Minutes, August 8, 1932.
4. Ibid., June 29, 1964.
5. William Haber and Harold Levinson, Labor Relations and Productivity in the Building Trades (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1956), pp. 115, 120.
6. Abraham H. Belitsky, “Hiring Problems in the Building Trades, with Special Reference to the Boston Area” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1960), pp. 35–36.
7. Ibid., p. 25.
8. Ibid., p. 200.
CHAPTER 15
1. Boston Globe, April 2, 1956.
2. Christian Science Monitor (Boston), May 5; Boston Globe, May 30, 1958.
3. Christian Science Monitor (Boston), October 13, 1952.
4. Steven E. Miller, “The Boston Irish Political Machine, 1830–1973,” unpublished paper, pp. 128, 129.
5. Anthony Yudis and Robert Lenzner, “Massachusetts Economy—The Myths and the Realities,” Boston Globe, March 19, 1973.
6. Information from fact sheet provided by Prudential Center.
7. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Construction Statistics, 1915–64 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 42.
8. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Employment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, 1939–82, vol. 1 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 1984), p. 358; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Construction Statistics, 1915–64, p. 37; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Construction Industries, 1972, Area Series (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975).
9. Engineering News-Record, July 17, 1969, p. 7.
10. John Dunlop, “Foreword,” in D. Q. Mills, Industrial Relations and Manpower in Construction (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1972), p. vii.
11. Engineering News-Record, May 8, 1969, p. 61; and Patrick McCauley, “Economic Trends in the Construction Industry, 1965–80,” Construction Review, May/June 1981, p. 8.
12. Abraham H. Belitsky, “Hiring Problems in the Building Trades, with Special Reference to the Boston Area” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1960), pp. 134–35.
13. Engineering News-Record, April 25, 1968, p. 76.
14. Ibid., June 2, 1966, p. 58, November 24, 1966, pp. 7–8, June 15, 1967, p. 255.
15. Thomas O’Hanlon, “The Unchecked Power of the Building Trades,” Fortune, December 1968, p. 102; Wall Street Journal, October 4, 1966.
16. M. R. Lefkoe, The Crisis in Construction: There Is an Answer (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, 1970), p. 5.
17. Engineering News-Record, May 8, 1969, p. 61, May 15, 1969, p. 67.
18. Ibid., April 24, 1969, p. 64.
19. Lefkoe, Crisis in Construction, pp. 106, 147.
20. Engineering News-Record, November 28, 1968.
21. “Coming to Grips with Some Major Problems in the Construction Industry” (New York: Business Roundtable, 1974), pp. 16, 19.
22. Ibid., p. 52.
23. Engineering News-Record, December 16, 1982, p. 132.
24. Ibid., December 13, 1984, p. 58, January 13, 1983, p. 62.
CHAPTER 16
1. Secretary’s Report to the 1970 Massachusetts State Carpenters Convention; Report of Second District board member to the 1970 Convention, in author’s possession.
2. Engineering News-Record, July 6, 1972, p. 27.
3. Ibid., April 4, 1968, p. 23.
4. 1964 state convention proceedings, p. 19.
5. 1968 state convention proceedings, p. 12.
6. Engineering News-Record, November 22, 1973, p. 43.
7. Ibid., January 22, 1976, pp. 135–40.
8. Ibid., January 29, 1976, p. 47; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Construction Industries, 1977, Area Series, New England States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1981); Gerald Moody, “Regional Differences in Construction Activity,” Construction Review, March–April, 1982, p. 7.
9. Reports of the Executive Board to the 1973 state convention; 1977 state convention proceedings, p. 18.
10. Secretary’s Report to the 1973 state convention.
11. See Herbert Northrup and Howard Foster, Open Shop Construction (Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1975).
12. Engineering News-Record, April 27, 1972, p. 43, October 26, 1972, p. 96, May 15, 1975, p. 38.
13. Martin Seppala to Joseph Muka, letter in author’s possession, January 6, 1967.
14. Patriot–Ledger (Quincy), July 22, 23, 28, August 28, 1976.
15. Secretary’s Report to the 1975 state convention; 1981 convention proceedings, pp. 64, 77; 1983 convention proceedings, p. 229.
16. Engineering News–Record, November 11, 1982, p. 5, May 3, 1984, p. 28, November 8, 1984, p. 68.
17. Ibid., January 10, 1985, p. 10, January 9, 1986, p. 52, June 14, 1984, p. 56.
18. John Avault, “Boston’s Redevelopment: Economic, Fiscal, and Neighborhood Impacts; Private Investment Projects Completed, 1975–82, Scheduled 1983–1986, and Planned 1987 and Later,” Boston Redevelopment Authority, Research Department, June 1984.
19. Ibid.
20. 1984 state convention, p. 202.
21. Boston Globe, October 23, 1984.
22. Stephen Tocco, “Power Grab by the Unions,” Ibid., August 2, 1983.
23. 1982 state convention, p. 9; 1973 state convention, p. 73.
24. 1981 state convention, p. 50.
25. Engineering News-Record, January 13, 1983, p. 62.
26. Ibid., November 24, 1983, p. 62; Carpenter, February 1912, p. 27.
27. 1982 state convention, p. 9.
28. Ibid., “Address by Anthony Ramos to the Southwestern Labor Studies Association Conference, April 29, 1983,” New Labor Review 6 (Spring 1984), p. 8.
29. 1973 state convention, p. 7; The Labor Page (Boston), June–July, 1983.
CHAPTER 17
1. Proceedings, 1982 Massachusetts State Carpenters Convention, p. 115.
2. Steven Allen, Unionized Construction Workers Are More Productive (Washington, D.C.: Center to Protect Workers’ Rights, 1979); Engineering News-Record, August 25, 1983, p. 139. See Herbert Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited (Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1984), pp. 53–56; Engineering News-Record, June 29, 1978, p. 72; 1984 state convention proceedings, p. 148.
3. Engineering News-Record, February 14, 1985, p. 114.
4. Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, p. 47.
5. 1980 state convention, p. 48.
6. Engineering News-Record, November 11, 1971, p. 88.
7. “Personnel: Finding the Right Team,” Professional Builder, July 1982.
8. National Association of Homebuilders, Economic News Notes (Washington, D.C.), May 1983, p. 3.
9. “Builders: Residential and Commercial,” Wall Street Transcript, August 2, 1982.
10. Robert Simison, “Mass–Output Methods Help Fox & Jacobs Gain Leadership in Housing,” Wall Street Journal, March 29, 1978.
11. David Montgomery, “Beep, Beep, Yale’s Cheap: Looking at the Yale Strike,” Radical America 18, no. 5 (September–October 1984), p. 15.
CHAPTER 18
1. Engineering News-Record, October 16, 1969, p. 29.
2. UBCJA Proceedings, 1984.
3. John Daniels, “Industrial Conditions among Negro Men: Boston,” Charities 15, no. 1 (October 7, 1905), pp. 35, 37, 38; Seaton Wesley Manning, “Negro Trade Unionists in Boston,” Social Forces 17, no. 2 (December 1938), p. 261.
4. Manning, “Negro Trade Unionists,” p. 258.
5. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Massachusetts Advisory Committee, Contract Compliance and Equal Employment Opportunity in the Construction Industry (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969), p. 433.
6. 1965 Massachusetts State Carpenters Convention Proceedings, President’s Report.
7. Manning, “Negro Trade Unionists,” p. 261; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Contract Compliance, pp. 284, 62, 195.
8. Dennis Derryck, The Construction Industry. A Black Perspective (Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political Studies, 1972), pp. 28, 29; U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, Contract Compliance, pp. 234, 247.
9. Engineering News-Record, July 11, 1974, p. 17.
10. Harvey Lipman, “The Clearing House Builds,” Boston Phoenix, January 17, 1978.
11. Rory O’Connor, “Hardhat Violence Coming to Boston,” ibid., June 23, 1976.
12. Barbara Lipski, “Minority Participation in the Building Trades,” unpublished paper, 1984, pp. 10–11.
13. Ibid., table 2, table 5.
14. Gary McMillan, “In Craft Unions, Brotherhood Not for All,” Boston Globe, April 27, 1983.
15. These figures on apprenticeship are from the Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, Division of Apprenticeship Training.
16. Engineering News-Record, March 29, 1979, p. 27.
17. Ibid., August 25, 1977, p. 8, March 29, 1979, p. 27.
18. Figures come from the Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, Division of Apprenticeship Training.
CHAPTER 19
1. Frederick W. Taylor and Sanford E. Thompson, Concrete Costs (New York: John Wiley, 1912), p. 94, 94n.
2. Ibid., pp. 665–66, 669–70, 57.
3. Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974), p. 90.
4. Taylor and Thompson, Concrete Costs, p. 86.
5. Ibid., pp. 93, 104, 479.
6. Robert Hoxie, Scientific Management and Labor (New York: A. M. Kelley, 1966), pp. 132, 131.
7. UBCJA Constitution, 1888, p. 30.
8 Solomon Blum, “Trade-Union Rules in the Building Trades,” in Studies in American Trade Unionism, ed. Jacob Hollander and George Barnett (New York: Henry Holt, 1912), p. 302.
9. Carpenter, January 1882.
10. William Haber, Industrial Relations in the Building Industry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), p. 226.
11. “The Building Situation in Boston,” Hearings before a committee of the Boston Chamber of Commerce (Boston: Boston Chamber of Commerce, 1921), p. 620.
12. Advertising copy prepared by Brown & Root Construction Co. for national publication, 1981, in author’s possession.
13. Taylor and Thompson, Concrete Costs, p. 479.