Alice Adams (Tarkington), 61–63, 70
American Magazine, 144
“Ask My Secretary . . .” (Torson), 159
Ayer, N. W., and Son, 39–50; women employees of, 49–50, 53
Baker, Elizabeth, 71
Baker, Theodora Wadsworth, 84
“Bartleby” (Melville), 9–10, 12, 16, 19, 46–47
Bookkeepers, 14–16, 18, 163; women as, 52, 64, 106–7, 178–79
Braverman, Harry, 26, 29, 165, 168, 204–5n.
Britain, clerical workers in, 26, 86–87, 108–9, 174, 188–89n.
Brunkhurst, Harriet, 85–86, 93–94
Burt, William Austin, 32
Business Week. See System
Carnegie Institute of Technology, 130
Charles Williams Company, 121
Charters, W. W., 133–34, 148, 150
Clemens, Samuel. See Twain, Mark
Clerical workers, background characteristics of: class, 51–52, 59–69; educational, 57–58; ethnic, 25, 51, 74–76; marital, 74–76; racial, 74–75, 76
Clerks, 13, 17–19, 52–53, 163–64, 178–79; billing, 30, 59; file, 30, 108; reception, 84–85; shipping, 39, 59
“College Woman as Secretary, The” (Arnold), 149
Collier’s, 144
Control over work, 99, 103–4, 118, 120, 122–23, 127, 164–65
Copyists, 26, 64; duties of, 12–13, 14, 163; replacement of, by typists, 30
Coyle, Grace L., 109
Crozier, Michael, 211n.
Curtis Publishing Company, 118, 120
Daniel Henchman, A Colonial Bookseller (Baxter), 21–22
Densmore, James, 33
Dexterity, manual, 90, 91, 94–95
Dickens, Charles, 19
Drew, Daniel, 15
Edwards, Richard C., 191–92n.
Efficient Secretary, The (Spencer), 152
Erie Railroad, 31
Errand boys and girls. See Office boys and girls
Fancher, Lauretta, 144
Federal Board for Vocational Education, 139
“Feminine Failure in Business, The” (Norman), 89
Feminism, 81
Feminization. See Women as clerical workers
Financier, The (Dreiser), 16, 20
France, clerical work in, 211n.
Gissing, George, 86–87, 93, 94
Gould, Jay, 20
“Great Merchant’s Recollections of Old New York, A” (Dodge), 17, 25
Greenfield Tap and Die Corporation, 123
Hancock, John, 13, 14, 15, 22, 24, 25
Hancock, Thomas, 13, 14, 15, 22, 24
Handlin, Oscar, 25
“His Wife’s Place” (Kelland), 87–89
“Hollerith machine,” 108, 190–91n.
“How I Became a Confidential Secretary” (Gladwyn), 147–48
How Women Can Make Money (Perry), 52
Howe, Fanny Quincy, 65
Hower, Ralph M., 41, 43, 47, 48, 49
“Incapacity of Business Women, The” (Harland), 81–82, 84
Independent Efficiency Service, 106
Jacobs, Maimie Pomerantz, 65–66
Josephson, Matthew, 15
Ladies Home Journal, 144
Lahy, J. M., 90
Leffingwell, William Henry, 104–5, 109–10, 115–18, 119, 124–25, 127
Lerner, Gerda, 70
Lighting, 124
Literacy, 55–56, 71, 72–73, 169
Lockwood, David, 26, 108–9, 174, 188–89n.
Long Day, The (Richardson), 68–69
Melville, Herman, 9–10, 12, 16, 46–47. See also “Bartleby”
Men as clerical workers, 3, 9–10, 12–27, 168, 170; shortage of, 56–58
Messenger boys and girls. See Office boys and girls
National Association of Office Managers, 120
“New Science of Business, The” (Page), 103–4
Nichols, Frederick G., 158
Odd Women, The (Gissing), 86–87, 93
Office boys and girls, 16–17, 52, 95, 127, 178–79
Office Management (Leffingwell), 109
Offices: organization of, 19, 29–31, 38–50, 58–59, 97–128, 166–67, 189–90n.; physical arrangement of, 98–99, 122–24, 136–37
“One Secretary as per Specifications: (Ragan), 153
Penman’s Art Journal, 37
Pennsylvania Railroad, 29
Penny, Virginia, 52
Personal Secretary, The (Nichols), 129
Promotion, 5, 38, 47–50, 122, 169; of clerks, 23, 24–27; of office boys or girls, 17, 95–96; of private secretaries, 19, 157–58, 159–60, 161, 167–68
Ragan, Elizabeth, 153
Remington, E., and Sons, 34, 37
Remington Typewriter Company, 99–100
Revolution, 52
Ricker, George A., 117
Ripley, Charles M., 127
Rockefeller, John D., 15
“Sarah and Mr. Salamovitch” (Scott), 66–68
Scientific management: and control over work, 120, 122, 123, 127, 164–65; defined, 97–99, 165; and division of labor, 118–20, 126–27, 164, 165; extent of, 107–10; and hiring, 120; need for, 99–106, 111; and office layout, 122–24; and quantitative measurement of output, 111–12, 113–16; and wasted motions, 116–17, 166
Scientific Office Management (Leffingwell), 109
Scriveners. See Copyists
Secretarial Efficiency (Faunce and Nichols), 147, 158
Secretaries, private: appearance of, 151, 152–54; differentiated from other clerical workers, 5, 128, 129–30, 135–36, 138–39, 156, 163, 168–69; duties of, 130–45, 150–51, 160, 167; and feminization, 158–60; limited advancement of, 19, 157–58, 159–60, 161, 167–68; as “office wives,” 154–56; and personal errands for employers, 138, 142–45, 208n.; relations of, with other clerical workers, 137–38, 149–51, 173; as servants, 145–62, 167, 168, 173
Sheldon, John P., 32
Sholes, Christopher Latham, 33–34
Smith, C. E., 90
Spinner, Francis Elias, 51
Stenographers, 30–31, 52, 53, 59, 79–80, 178–79; differentiated from private secretaries, 129, 130, 148; and scientific management, 98, 111–12, 115, 117
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 97, 104, 109, 116, 204–5n.
Technology, impact of, 7–8, 20, 37–38, 166, 170, 190–91n., 211n. See also Typewriter
“Temperamental Typist, The” (Phillips), 89
Thernstrom, Stephen, 25
Torson, Gladys, 132, 146–47, 158–59
Typewriter, 30–38, 53–54, 58, 166, 170. See also Typists
Typists, 30–31, 38, 130; and scientific management, 98, 112–14, 115–17, 127; women as, 52, 53, 58–59, 79–80, 170, 178–79
United States: civil service, 72, 184; Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 54; Treasury Department, 51, 58, 171
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 15
Wages, 51, 52, 56, 64, 71–72, 169
“What ‘Scientific Management’ Did for My Office” (Leffingwell), 119
Whiting, Eleanor, 91
Whitley, Isadore B., 133–34, 148, 150
“Why I Will Not Let My Daughter Go Into Business,” 91–93
Women as clerical workers: debate over, 79–96; effect of, on class relations, 171–75; reasons for, 54–78, 159–60, 169–71; in scientific management, 119–20; statistics on, 52–53, 79–80, 158–60, 178–79, 182–83
Women Professional Workers (Kemper-Adams), 159