Index
Accountability, 3, 9, 13, 16, 22, 24, 25, 41–48, 131; and amnesty, 107–111; challenges, 45–48; and civil society, 155–156; deontological, 41–43; and interpersonal reconciliation, 178; teleological, 43–45; and trials, 94–107; and truth commissions, 112–113, 115–117; and recognition, 48; and respect, 32
Ackerman, Bruce, 8
Acknowledgment, victim. See Recognition, victim
Aguilar, Paloma, 70
Alden, Chris, 9
Alexander, Jeffrey C., 138
Algeria, 109
Alie, Joe A. D., 132
Ambos, Kai, 99
Amnesty, 107–111; conditional, 110
Amnesty International, 131, 187n3
Amstutz, Mark, 187n.1
Andean Commission of Jurists (CAJ), 151, 155
Annan, Kofi, 109
Apology, 79–91; challenges, 86–89; and Christian tradition, 80–81; contributions, 84–85; as moral redress, 81–82; official apologies, 82–90; as practical redress, 82; and state legitimacy, 89–90
Arato, Andrew, 68, 77, 144–146, 148
Arendt, Hannah, 30, 105–106, 189n3, 192n.3
Argentina, 58, 69, 75, 96, 108, 109, 111, 113–114, 116, 118, 123, 154–155
Argentine Alliance for Refounding the Nation, 152
Argentine National Commission on the Disappeared, 113
Ariko, Charles, 110
Aron, Raymond, 99
Asociación pro Derechos Humanos (APRODEH), 151
Association of the Relatives of the Disappeared in Peru (ANFASEP), 150, 151
Auschwitz trials, 105
Australia, 6
Baines, Erin K. 129
Baker, Bruce, 194n6
Ball, Howard, 92
Bangladesh, 5
Barahona de Brito, Alexandra, 4, 70, 77, 137
Bartoli, Andrea, 10
Barton, Charles K., 194n4
Bashingantahe, 131
Bass, Gary, 97
Bassin, Ari S., 192n5
Beah, Ishmael, 63
Beccaria, Cesare, 44
Belgium, 96
Ben Gurion, David, 106
Benjamin, Jessica, 49
Bentham, Jeremy, 44
Biafra, 5
Bird, Colin, 189nl
Boraine, Alex, 112
Borneman, John, 41
Bosnia and Herzegovina, 95, 157, 165, 167, 171–172, 175, 192n1, 194n1
Botman, Russell H., 166
Bourdieu, Pierre, 88
Bowman, James, 79
Brazil: Never Again, 153–154, Brilmayer, Lea, 5
Brooks, Roy, 191n6
Brudholm, Thomas, 162–163, 164
Burg, Steven, 6
Burnet, Jennie, 132
Buruma, Ian, 191n10
Bystanders, 47, 149–152, 189n6
Cambodia, 9, 36–37, 58, 95, 125, 155, 192n1
Campaign for Good Governance (CGG), 155–156, 194n6
Canada, 6
Casarjian, Robin, 83
Cassesse, Antonio, 103
Catholic Church, 137, 142, 146, 154
Center for Legal and Social Studies (CELS), 155
Chad, 116
Chakravarti, Sonali, 49
Chechnya, 5
Chile, 58, 70, 75, 83–90, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116, 118, 123, 137, 141, 154, 158, 163, 167, 173
Civil society, 22, 78, 136–159; 183; and accountability, 145; 146, 155; 156; 159; and challenges, 156–159; contributions, 148–156; and critical history, 152–153; defined, 138; and definition of actor categories, 149–152; and deliberation, 144–149; discourse theory of, 143–147; and interpersonal reconciliation, 168; and policy recommendations, 155–156; and recognition, 137, 146, 147, 149, 150–151, 153, 156, 158; and respect, 145, 147, 148–150, 157, 158, 159; and rule of law, 137, 142–143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 155, 158, 159; “self-limiting” theory of, 141–143; and truth, 153, 154, 158
Cohen, Jean, 68, 77, 144, 146, 148
Cohen, Stanley, 80
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (CEH), 116, 154
Commission on Human Rights (Chile), 155
Concannon, Jr., Brian, 105
Couper, David, 83
Crocker, David, 9, 16, 34, 60, 78, 113, 116, 148, 156, 189n3, 193n1
Cristina H., 163–165, 168, 178, 194n1
Dahl, Robert, 139
Damaska, Mirjan, 98
Danner, Allison Marston, 99
Darley, John, 81
Darwall, Stephen, 189n1
Das, Veena, 177
Dawson, John, 188n8
De Vito, Daniela, 54
Deliberation, 59–62, 71–73, 76–79; challenges to, 76–78, 156–159; and civil society, 144–149; and elites, 70–74; and reconciliation, 25–26; and respect, 31; and the rule of law, 57–62
Dembour, Marie-Benedicte, 100–101
Derrida, Jacques, 166
Dias-Lambranca, Beatrice, 130
Dignity, 3, 24, 29–33, 168; and accountability, 35, 42–44, 48; and apology, 81; and deliberation, 145; and recognition, 48, 49, 52; and traditional justice mechanisms, 132; and truth commissions, 93, 97, 112
Dipardo, Elizabeth, 192n5
Domingo, Pilar, 190n13
Dorff, Elliot, 191n7
Drumbl, Mark, 4
Dryzek, John, 145
Du Bois-Pedain, Antje, 192n6
Dugard, John, 108
East Timor, 5, 95, 116, 120, 153, 192n1
Ecuador, 127
Edwards, Bob, 193n1
Ehrenberg, John, 138
Eichmann, Adolf, 101, 105, 106
El Salvador, 55, 58, 111, 116–117, 127
Elites, 21–22, 66–91; accountability, 69, 70, 78, 90; and apologies, 82–90; consensus and exclusion, 76–79; and critical history, 76–77; and deliberation, 70–74; and recognition, 67, 69, 73–74, 77, 78, 82, 84; and respect, 71, 81, 84, 90; and the rule of law, 70–73; and tolerance, 85; and transitional constraints, 69–70; and truth, 77–78, 80, 85
Elster, Jon, 4
Emezue, Sidney, 5
England, Harri, 9
Enright, Robert, 166
Fletcher, George, 47
Fletcher, Laurel, 117
Forgiveness, 15–17, 19, 165–169, 191n7
France, 191n4
Fraser, Nancy, 50–51, 53, 72, 146, 189n9
Freedman, Suzanne, 166
Freeman, Mark, 4, 19, 113, 115, 127, 192n7
Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH), 105
Fuller, Lon, 102
Fullinwider, Robert K. 138
Gagnon, Valére Philip, 6
Garretón, Manuel Antonio, 34
Gibney, Mark, 191n6
Gill, Graeme, 136
Giner-Sorolla, Roger, 161
Glover, Jonathan, 162
Golsan, Richard A., 191n4
González-Enríquez, Carmen, 70
Goodin, 56
Govier, Trudy, 84, 85, 167, 191n8
Graybill, Lyn, 15
Gross, Jan, 11
Guatemala, 55, 58, 111, 116–117, 127, 149–150, 154
Guatemalan Commission on Historical Clarification (CEH), 116, 154
Guilt, 161
Gulu District NGO Forum, 155
Habermas, Jürgen, 27, 61–62, 143, 147, 157
Halbwachs, Maurice, 76
Hampshire, Stuart, 13
Harneit-Sievers, Axel, 5
Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus, 102
Hartman, Geofrey, 191n5
Harvey, Jean, 83
Hatzfeld, Jen, 63
Havel, Vaclav, 143
Hayner, Priscilla, 113, 127, 192n7
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 188–189n9
Helmick, Raymond C., 188n5
Herman, Judith, 190n10
Hill, Thomas E., 194n3
Hirschman, Albert O., 6
Hodgkinson, Virgina, 138
Holmgren, Margaret, 87
Human Rights Watch, 131, 142, 187n3
Humphrey, Michael, 193n9
Ignatieff, Michael, 74, 90, 114
Igreja, Victor, 130
Ikpeze, Nnaemeka, 5
Ingelaere, Bert, 131
Institutional level of reconciliation, 22, 92–135. Also see Tribunals; Truth commissions
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 124
Interpersonal level of reconciliation, 22, 160–179; 183; and accountability, 165, 171, 178; and civil society, 168; and forgiveness, 165–169; and partial pardon, 169–179; and recognition, 176–177; and resentment, 162–165; and respect, 169–179; and rule of law, 170, 178; and truth, 167, 176–177, 178; and vengeance, 162–165
International Criminal Court (ICC), 93, 96, 101, 110–111, 124, 129
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 93, 98–99, 102, 103, 104, 105
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 93, 98–99, 102, 105, 129, 130
Johnson, James, 190n3
Johnston, Douglas, 80
Joignet, Alfred, 77, 190–191n13
Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE), 99–100
Jones, Adam, 54
Juan Carlos L., 173–175, 194n1
Jung, Courtney, 6
Justice, 41–42, 92–135; restorative, 93, 111, 119–120; retributive, 43–48, 93, 119–120; “traditional,” 128–133. Also see Accountability; Recognition, victim
Kagame, Paul, 47
Kant, Immanuel, 29, 42, 43, 97; Kantianism individualism, 63
Karadži, Radovan, 99
Keane, John, 138
Kelsall, Tim, 121
Kelsen, Hans, 102
Kiernan, Ben, 1
Kirchheimer, Otto, 44
Kirkby, Coel, 131
Kleinfeld Belton, Rachel, 57
Korsgaard, Christine, 31
Krog, Antjie, 112
Kuper, Leo, 5
Kuron, Jacek, 139
Kymlicka, Will, 50
Lahav, Pnina, 106
Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 190n13
Lederach, John Paul, 187n1
Lefort, Claude, 190n15
Lehman, Paul, 191n7
Lehning, Percy B., 5
Leo, John, 79
Lester, I., 127
Lewis, Clive Staples (C. S.), 162
Lifton, Robert Jay, 63
Linden, Ian, 187n2
Lira, Elizabeth, 90
Llewellyn, Jennifer, 115
Locke, John, 32
Lomasky, Loren, 56
Lord's Resistance Army, 110, 111
Loveman, Brian, 90
Macedo, Stephen, 193n12
Mackintosh, L. R., 191n7
Mamdani, Mahmood, 135
Manin, Bernard, 190n16
Manning, Carrie, 9
Maria Helena C., 167, 172, 194n1
Martínez, Javier, 141
Martinez, Jenny S., 99
Mason, T. David, 70
Mato oput, 130
Meernik, James D., 70
Memory, 67, 73–76; and Berlin Holocaust memorial, 191n5; and civil society, 154–155; and interpersonal reconciliation, 176; memory sites, 67, 74–76, 85; and respect, 176. Also see Truth
Méndez, Juan, 34
Mendus, Susan, 32
Menéndez-Carrión, Ampáro, 77, 190n13
Michlic, Joanna, 11
Michnik, Adam, 139, 141–142, 146
Miller, Donald, 177
Miller, Lourna Touryan, 177
Miloševic, Slobodan, 99
Minear, Richard, 106
Moon, Claire, 16–17, 36, 38, 187n1
Moses, A. Dirk, 191n5
Moulian, Tomás, 158
Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), 142
Mozambique, 9–11, 77, 109, 130, 132
Muller-Fahrenholz, Geiko, 83, 188n6
Murphy, Jeffrie, 9, 42, 162, 194n3
Narayan, Uma, 169
National Coordinator for Human Rights (CNDDHH), 153, 194n4
Nehushtan, Yossi, 32
Neier, Aryeh, 97
Nersessian, David L., 4
Nesiah, Vasuki, 120
New Zealand, 6
Newey, Glen, 32
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 40, 75, 152, 162, 188n4
Nobles, Melissa, 85
Nora, Pierre, 67
Nordstrom, Carolyn, 10
North, Joanna, 87
Norval, Aletta, 187n1
Nuremberg Tribunal, 92, 94, 102, 103, 105, 126
Ojera Latigo, James, 132
Okin, Susan Moller, 51
Orentlicher, Diane, 98
Orr, Wendy, 190n10
Paris, Erna, 191n4
Perkumpulan Hak, 153
Perrelli, Carina, 141
Peru, 55, 108, 109, 111, 113–117, 151, 153, 155
Peruvian Association of History and Reconciliation, 152
Petersen, Robin, 166
Petersen, Rodney, 16
Philip, Mark, 73
Plunkett, Mark, 57
Political society, 21–22, 66–91, 127; 182; differences from civil society, 68–69; and transitional constraints, 69–70. Also see Elites
Polonsky, Antony, 11
Post, Robert, 190n2
Project for the Recovery of Historical Memory (REMHI), 154
Prosecutions. See Tribunals
Prunier, Gerard, 97
Putnam, Robert, 193n1
Raboteau trial, 105
Rawls, John, 27
Recognition, victim, 24, 48–57, 131–33; 189n9; and accountability, 48; and apologies, 84; and civil society, 150; collective material, 55, 190n11; collective symbolic, 54; individual material, 56; individual symbolic, 54; and interpersonal reconciliation, 176–177; and partial pardon, 172; and prosecutions, 97, 103–104; and respect, 172
Reconciliation: defined, 3, 29, 63–65; and democratic theory, 26–27; “minimalist,” 12–14, 18–20; “maximalist,” 12, 14–20; multivalent theory, 20–27; as respect 20–27; univalent theories, 18–20; 181–182
Reno, William, 73
Reparations, 49, 53–57, 113, 118–119, 178, 190n11. Also see Recognition victim
Respect, 22–23, 29–33, 133–132, 180–181; and accountability, 32; and deliberation, 148; and interpersonal reconciliation, 169–179; and partial pardon, 169–175; and phenomenological truth, 176; and tolerance, 170–171
Retribution, 42–48; Also see Accountability
Revenge, 43, 96, 97; and interpersonal reconciliation, 162–165
Rique, Julio, 166
Ristchl, Albrecht, 191n7
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, 155, 190n11
Roth, Kenneth, 98
Roxstrom, Erik, 191n6
Rule of law, 25, 57–62; 182; and civil society, 149; and deliberation, 149; institutional dimension, 57–59; normative dimension, 59–62; and trials, 96–98; and truth commissions, 119
Rwanda, 47, 69, 125, 126, 129–132, 193n12
Sampson, Cynthia, 80
Samuels, Kirsti, 190n12
Sandel, Michael, 27
Savage, Kirk, 74
Scanlon, Thomas, 32
Scarry, Elaine, 190n10
Schaap, Andrew, 23–24, 84, 184, 187n1
Shabas, William, 121
Scheler, Max, 162
Scher, Steven, 81
Scheuerman, William, 57
Schmitter, Phillipe C., 69, 136
Schreiter, Robert, 188n5
Schutzstaffel (SS), 105
Schwan, Gesine, 8
Searle, John, 81
Sen, Amartya, 190n14
Seré Association for Promoting Memory and Life, 154
Shame, 161
Short, Damien, 187n1
Shoup, Paul, 6
Shriver, Donald, 166, 168, 175
Sider, Rachel, 190n13
Sierra Leone, 70, 75, 95, 109, 116, 120–121, 132, 155, 192n1
Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 120–121, 124
Smith, Nick, 191n6
Smith, R. H., 161
Snyder, Jack, 108
Somalia, 58
South Africa, 14–15, 34, 58, 108, 110, 113–118, 123, 125, 127, 191n4
South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 14, 108, 116–117, 189n3, 193n8
Special Court for Sierra Leone, 120–121
Sriram, Chandra Lekha, 96
Steel, Ronald, 79
Stover, Eric, 104
Streich, Gregory, 145
Suchocki, Marjorie, 83
Summerfield, Derek, 104, 190n10
Tadi, Duško, 99
Taft, Lee, 79
Taylor, John G., 5
Teitel, Ruti, 44
Timerman, Jacobo, 54
Timor-Leste. See East Timor
Tolerance, 32–33, 148, 170–171; and interpersonal reconciliation, 170–171
Torpey, John C., 4
Trials. See Tribunals
Tribunals, 45–48, 93, 94–107; 182–183; and amnesty, 107–111; criticisms, 98–104; and future unrest, 127; hybrid, 95–96; and institutionalization, 122–124; and judiciary, 124; justifications, 97–98; and mode of transition, 126; and perpetrator population, 125; and resources, 126–127; and respect, 107; and truth, 105–107; and truth commissions, 116, 119–122. Also see Accountability; Justice: retributive Trust, 72–73
Truth, 24, 33–41; and amnesty, 110; critical, 40, 75–76, 77–78, 85, 152–153; factual 35–37, 97, 105–107; narrative, 39–41, 176; phenomenological 37–39, 100–101, 112; 176; and truth commissions, 112–115. Also see Memory Truth commissions, 93, 111–122; 182–183; and accountability, 115–117; and challenges, 115–119; defined, 111–112; and future unrest, 127; institutional reform, 117; and institutionalization, 122–124; and judiciary, 124; and mode of transition, 126; naming perpetrators, 116–117; and perpetrator population, 125; public hearings, 117–118; and recognition, 117–118; and resources, 126–127; and respect, 113, 128; and rule of law, 119; and trials, 119–122; and truth, 112–115
Tuol Sleng, 155
Turner, Victor, 104
Tutu, Desmond, 14–15, 113, 128, 166, 167, 168, 172, 175; No Future without Forgiveness, 15, 19
Ubuntu, 15
Uganda, 110, 127, 129–130, 132, 155
Ung, Loung, 189n4
Unger, Roberto, 27
United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 187n2
United Nations Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, 103
United Nations Genocide Convention (Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide), 92
United Nations Human Rights Council, 189n2
United States, 6
United States Torture Victim Protection Act, 193n12
Van Boven, Theo, 35, 187n2, 189n2
Van Roermund, Bert, 110
Vengeance, 162–165. Also see Revenge
Verdeja, Ernesto, 49, 52, 79, 118, 166
Vergara, Ana Cecilia, 193n2
Verwoerd, Wilhelm, 85, 184, 191n8
Villa-Vicencio, Charles, 184
Vinjamuri, Leslie, 108
Volkhart, Heinrich, 193n2
Waldorf, Lars, 131
Waldron, Jeremy, 7
Warnke, Georgia, 51
Warren, Kay, 9
Weber, Max, 2
Weinstein, Harvey, 117
Weschler, Lawrence, 77
Western Sahara, 5
Whitman, Rebecca, 105
Wilke, Christiane, 46
Women of Zimbabwe Arise, 142
World Bank, 157
Young, Iris, 145
Zimbabwe Human Rights Forum, 142