ABC News: death of newsmen, 136, 325n.53; “Nightline,” 141–42, 146; “20–20,” 289
Adopt-a-Family program: appeals for, 203; held independent of Local P-9, 253; importance of, 284; mechanics of, 90–91; police chief seeks investigation of, 275; post-strike program, 263; UFCW attack on, 118–19
AFL-CIO, 168; executive council meeting, 185, 192; Food and Allied Service Trade Division (FAST), 188; statement on Hormel strike, 191
African National Congress (ANC), 258
Ahrens, Terry, 210
Air Line Pilots Association, 19
Albert Lea, Minn., 138, 211. See Farmstead Packing Co.
Alewitz, Mike, 256
Algona, Iowa, 55, 69, 94; and Local P-9’s extended pickets, 139, 146–47, 149; and UFCW “special organizing team,” 151
Allen, Edward, x, 14, 19, 26, 133, 277
Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union, 16–20; and Ray Rogers, 108–9
Amalgamated Meatcutters and Butcher Workmen, 293, 311n.15
American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 204, 256
American Indian Movement (AIM), 138, 141, 259, 275
American Postal Workers Union, 205, 256
Anderson, Elizabeth, 23–24
Anderson, Lewie, 97, 201, 235–36, 245; assessment of 1986 Hormel contract, 265; becomes UFCW Packinghouse Division director, 10; on “CBS Morning News,” 186; debates Guyette on ABC News “Nightline,” 141–42; description, 10–13; edged out of Hormel negotiations, 99; “Fact Book on P-9,” 142; firing by UFCW, vii, xv; first conflict with Guyette, 46–49; and Hormel Chain-Local P-9 dispute, 54–57; on Hormel’s negotiating approach, 165; on Local P-9’s negotiations, 296; meets with Hormel strikers in 1986, 265–66; meets with P-9 executive board, 116–17; and 1987 Morrell strike, 290–91; opposition to Local P-9 campaign, strike, 10, 26–29; and plant closings, 10; press conference at AFL-CIO meeting, 188; supported by Communist Party, 208; on underestimating Local P-9, 298; visits Austin in 1985, 27–29
Anker, John: defeated in run for Local P-9 presidency, 53–54; and UFCW “special organizing team,” 151, 233
Apold, Carole, 33–34, 133, 218, 249
Arian, David, 206
Armour & Co., 13; taken over, 42–43; wage concessions at, 46
Arnold, Deryl, 92, 249; on mediators’ proposal, 124; on plant blockages, 131–32, 136–37; on punishment for boycotting, 268
Austin Committee for Positive Action, 60
Austin Daily Herald, 41; favoritism toward Hormel, 41, 61
Austin Labor Center, 248; mural, 8, 256–58; mural sandblasted by UFCW, 268; as separate entity from Local P-9, 253; turned over to International union, 261
Austin, Minnesota: as company town, 3; description, 3–5; divisions due to strike, 84–86; economic impact of strike, 84–86; jail and Law Enforcement Center, 5, 159, 198–99, 216; post-strike frictions in town, 269–70; UFCW campaign of repression, 261–63
Austin Police Department, x; and aftermath of strike, 269; and blockages of Hormel plant, 121, 131, 153, 211–13, 216–23, 260; and Local P-9’s civil disobedience, 197; and Mayor Kough, 326n.55; and preparations for strike, 33; reaction to strike, 155–56; relations with Hormel security operatives, 275; and strike violence, 85; surveillance of Local P-9, 155–56, 273–74
Automatic Merchandiser, 279
Babbitt, Bruce, 295
Bahl, Denise, 155–56
Bailey, Jo Ann, 144
Baker, Gary, 33; relations with Austin police, 275; report on Pete Rachleff, 275–76
Bal Harbour, Florida, 185, 278
Bambrick, Jeannie: on “bannering,” 85–86; on criminal charges against P-9ers, 267; effect of strike on, 270; on founding of United Support Group, 13–14; at Hormel stockholders’ meeting, 20.
Bambrick, Mike, 215; on civil disobedience, 196; effect of strike on, 270; on mediators’ proposal, 121
Banks of Iowa, 63; “bannered” by Local P-9, 64, 67, 79. See First Bank System
Barnett, William, 266
Bass, Emily, ix, 225; acts to block trusteeship, handles Local P-9 suit against International, 241, 247–53; coaches Local P-9 officers for trusteeship hearings, 231; and criminal syndicalism charges, 162, 217, 222; and First Amendment-secondary boycott issues, 81
Bell, Hank: mediates negotiations, 31, 91–92, 100–101; and mediators’ proposal, 116–17
Bellecourt, Vernon, 138, 141, 276
Bellrichard, Cynthia, 198
Beloit, Wisconsin, 69, 94; and Local P-9’s extended picketing, 139, 153
Benda v. Grand Lodge of Machinists, 251–53
Bergstrom, Ronald, 216
Bernard, Harold Jr., 92; settles Local P-9 secondary-boycott charges, 80–81
Beverly Enterprises, 288
Blum, Fred, 35–38
Boschwitz, Rudy, 275
Brock, William, 327n.4
Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co., 19–20
Business Week, 58
Busker, Darrell, 7, 128; on aftermath of strike, 269–70; on Local P-9’s tactics, 282; on strikebreakers, 184–85, 270
California Federation of Teachers, 204–5
California Plant Protection Services (CPP), 158, 272
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 23
Carson, Fred, 13
Catholic Bulletin, 259
Cavanaugh, James, 30
CBS Morning News, 186
Chicago Tribune strike, 223
Citizens Organizations Acting Together (COACT), 78
Civil Service Employees Association (New York), 209
Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, 256
Coalition of Labor Union Women, 223
Collette, Barbara, 197–98; on P-9’s tactics, 282
Collette, Frank, on disabled workers, 268–69
Collins, Charles, 270
Colonial Provision Co., 209–10
Communications Workers of America, 91; supporting Local P-9, 166, 223
Communist Labor Party: and National Rank and File Against Concessions, 112–13; compared with Socialist Workers Party, 113–14
Communist Party (U.S.A.), attitude toward Local P-9 and International union, 114–15, 208, 244
Compa, Lance, 244–45
ConAgra, 293; purchase of Armour & Co., 43; UFCW campaign against, 26
“Controlled Retreat” position paper, 186–87
Conway, E. Virgil, 17
Cook, Bill: on Local P-9’s extended picketing, 147–48; at Detroit rally for Hormel strikers, 206
Cooper, Jake, 89–90, 124; on contribution of Twin Cities Support Committee, 113
Corbett, Michael, 234
Corey, H. H., 38
Corporate campaigns: comparison of Hormel-J. P. Stevens campaigns, 108–9, 320n.45; definition, 16–17; and Hormel-First Bank analysis, 21–22; at J. P. Stevens, 16–19; at other companies, 19–20
Corporate Campaign Inc., 5, 32; analysis of Hormel-First Bank ties, 21–22, 105–7; attitude toward leftists, 113; effects of Hormel strike on, 276–77; faulted for role in Hormel strike, 243–44, 284; fees, 277, 313n.3; and International Paper strike of 1987, 302; literature for Local P-9, 62–63; and Local P-9 organizing, 14–15; previous campaigns, 15–20, 108–9, 320n.45
Cotton, Watt, Jones & King, memo on sympathy strikes at Ottumwa, 93–94
Criminal syndicalism, 160–62, 197, 217, 222
Cudahy meatpacking company. See Patrick Cudahy Inc.
Dahlback, Bob, 162
Daily World, 114
Dakota City, Nebraska, 294
Dallas, Texas, Hormel plant and extended picketing, 146–147, 149
Dane County Labor Council, 217
Decker Coal Co. strike, 273
DeFrieze, Louis, 235; on Local P-9 caravan, 75; reactions to extended picketing, 148, 194
Democratic Farmer Labor Party: endorses Hormel boycott, 279; opposition to deployment of National Guard in Austin, 142, 153, 330n.28
Democratic Socialists of America, 277
Dennison, Bill, 208; on Corporate Campaign, 243–44
Devitt, Edward: prohibits Local P-9’s First Bank activities, 79–81, 102; restricts plant gate protests, 246–47, 256; turns Austin Labor Center over to International, 261; and UFCW/Local P-9 lawsuits, 248–53; upholds trusteeship, 253
Diggins, Roger, 199
Dissent, 243
Dold Foods, Co., acquired by Hormel, 28
Dority, Doug, 201; and “special organizing team,” 151
Dubofsky, Melvin, 161
Dubuque, Iowa, 64–66, 94; and Local P-9’s extended pickets, 146–47, 170. See also FDL Foods Inc.
Duma, Babs, 258
Dunning, Jesse 161
Eaton, Don, 100; and mediators’ proposal, 115–17
Ellis, Frank: background, 39–40; and criminal syndicalism, 161; organizes union at Hormel, 40
Erskine, John, 156
Escrow accounts, 44–45, 312n.25. See also Geo. A. Hormel & Co.
Evans, Merrill, 66, 195, 265, 270
Evers, Tom, 210
Excel Corp., 293; purchases Hormel’s Ottumwa plant, 270–71
Farah Slacks Co., 16
Farmer support for Local P-9, 138, 140–41, 164
Farm Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC), 19, 202
Farmstead Packing Co., 138, 211
FDL Foods Inc., 63, 188; acquired by Hormel, 28; extended pickets, 94, 146–47, 170, 194–95; strike of 1986, 291–92; work force described, 65–66; workers and Local P-9 caravan, 64–66. See also Dubuque, Iowa
Federal Bureau of Investigation: files on P-9 activists, supporters, ix, 210–11; questions supporter Brian Lang, 210
Federal Mediation & Conciliation Service, 91, 122–23
Finley, Murray, 17
First Bank System: and Banks of Iowa, 63; connections to Hormel, 21–22, 105–7; effectiveness of Local P-9’s campaign against, 106–10, 283, 288; Local P-9’s protests, 25, 63, 78–79; and secondary boycott charges and hearings, 25, 77–78, 80–81, 92, 101–5; stockholders’ meeting, 25
Fleischli, George, arbitration decisions, 57, 60, 312n.30
Food deliveries. See UFCW Local P-9
Foreman, Jay, 26, 201, 214, 235; on aftermath of strike, 280–81; considers trusteeship for Local P-9, 241; reaction to mediators’ proposal, 116; and “special organizing team,” 151; visits Austin, Minnesota, 27
Fox, James, 80
Francis, Dale, 276
Freedom of Information Act, ix, 210–11
Fremont, Nebraska, 10; and Local P-9 caravan, 70–74; and P-9’s extended picketing, 94–95, 143–50, 193–95. See also UFCW Local 22
Gagala, Ken, on Local P-9’s campaign against First Bank, 106–9
Gang incentive, 30, 37; effect of abolition, 52–53; traded for escrow plan, 44–45, 59. See also Geo. A. Hormel & Co.
Geo. A. Hormel & Co., 3; arbitration decisions, 57–58, 60, 312n.30; Austin plant blockages, 120–21, 131, 153, 211–13, 215–21; boycott of Hormel products, 146, 217, 232–34, 254, 256, 258–60, 278–80, 333n.56; closes Austin and Fremont slaughtering operations, 292–93; closes Ottumwa plant, 270; contract terms in 1986, 264; and court actions against plant blockages and P-9 protests, 121, 168, 199; and crossovers, 154; demands further concessions in 1987, 292–93; economic effects of strike, 98, 139, 255, 278–79; and extended picketing, xiv, 71, 92–98, 138–39, 143–50, 193–95; fires Local P-9 executive board members, 279; Fremont Plant, 69–74, 94–95, 148–49, 193–95; injured workers, 6, 22–25, 268–69; monitoring of Local P-9’s activities, 103, 131; and mediators’ proposal, 116; negotiations with Local P-9, 29–31, 91–93, 99–101, 115–18, 165, 216; new Austin plant agreement, 44; new Austin plant described, 51–53; Ottumwa plant, 67, 94–95, 138, 146–48, 193–94, 270–71; paternalism, 7; proposals for 1985 negotiations, 30–32, 60; reopening of Austin plant, 123, 127–29, 195; and replacement workers, 123, 127–29, 137, 146, 165, 169, 184, 195, 228; secondary boycott charges and hearings against Local P-9, 77–78, 80–81, 92, 101–5; security operatives, 272–73, 344n.39; Spam’s 50th anniversary, 278; stockholders’ meetings, 20, 147, 150; strike of 1933, 35; strike settlement agreement in 1986, 268; and subcontracting with Quality Pork Products, 292–93; ties to First Bank, 21–22, 105–7; wage and benefit cuts, 5, 7, 10, 24, 60; welfare capitalism at, 36–38; work at, 22–24
Gesell, Gerhard, and Local P-9’s lawsuit against the International, 249–51
Getchell, Jim, 128; on Local P-9’s extended picketing, 144–45; on firing by Hormel and strike aftermath, 268–69
Gettler, Marvin, 240
Goldberg, Paul, 152
Goodew, Ray, 161; charged with resisting arrest, 216
Goodnature, Sandy, 198
Goodnature, Wayne, 225, 267; on April plant blockage and “riot,” 221–22; attitude toward strikers, 155; on Austin plant shutdown, 153; calls for National Guard in Austin, 132, 217; calls for outside police aid, 218; takes “control” of town, 138; and Rogers, 159–60
Graphic Communications International Union, 108, 254
Greyhound Bus Lines Co., 43
Guaranteed annual wage, 37, 52, 100–101, 122–23. See also Geo. A. Hormel & Co.
Guardian, The, 242
Guyette, Jim, 29, 221, 266; on ABC News “Nightline,” 141–42; at AFL-CIO executive council meeting, 186–90; background, 46–48; calls for Solidarity City, 258; on CBS Morning News, 186; debates Nyberg on television, 125; dedicates Austin Labor Center mural, 258; description, 8–10; elected to P-9 executive board, 49; elected P-9 president, 54; evaluates strike, 285; on extended picketing, 144–45; FBI files on, 211; first conflict with Lewie Anderson, 46–49; found guilty of contempt of court, 158–59; life after trusteeship, 271–72; on mediators’ proposal 118, 121; meets with Kirkland and Wynn, 190–91; and NRFAC, 112; at out-of-town rallies, 202–3; at post-trusteeship protest, 263; remarks in Fremont, Nebraska, 70; “riot” charges against, 223, 267; sued by International, 272; at Trusteeship hearings, 229–41
Guyette, Vicky, 84, 86; effect of strike on children, 276; on founding of United Support Group, 13–14; at Hormel stockholders’ meeting, 20–21; on Local P-9’s tactics, 282
Hansen, Joe, 279; attends Local P-9 negotiations, 99–101, 115–16, 309n.40; on democracy vs. centralization, 300; letter on mediators’ proposal, 119–20; on Local P-9’s negotiations, 298; meets with Local P-9 executive board in Washington, 116–17; meets with strikers in 1986, 265–66; negotiates 1986 Hormel contract, 260–65; negotiates strike settlement agreement in 1986, 268; on punishment for boycotting Hormel products, 268; purpose of “special organizing team,” 151; reaction to Local P-9’s extended picketing, 147; as trustee, 248; at trusteeship hearings, 232–40; visits to Austin, 27, 90, 201–2
Harbrandt, Robert, 188–89
Hayes, Charles, 225
Heegard, Buck, 200, 225, 270; arrested at Austin plant blockage, 224; and FBI, 211; West Coast activities, 204–5
Henning, Bill, 166
Hibbard, Susan, 209
Hoffman, Donald: on April plant blockage and “riot,” 221; attitude toward strikers, 155, 274–76; on Austin plant shutdown, 153; calls for National Guard in Austin, 132, 217; calls for outside police assistance, 218; evaluation of strike, 274–75; on Mayor Kough, 274; memos regarding surveillance of Local P-9, 155–56, 273–76; on press coverage of strike, 126; strike preparations of, 33; summary of 1986 “vandalism,” 269
Holman, Currier, 294
Holton, I. J., 102
Hormel chain. See United Food and Commercial Workers International union
Hormel Co. See Geo. A. Hormel & Co.
Hormel Foundation, 85, 283; holding of company stock, 22, 125; Miles Lord announces investigation of, 125–26; purpose of, 38, 323n.35
Hormel, Gregory, 167
Hormel, Jay: and First Bank Austin, 105; and strike of 1933, 36, 38–40; and welfare capitalism, 38
Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees Union, 210, 256
Howe, Irving, 243
Huinker, Rod, 160; on crossovers, 164; on Fremont picketing, 193; on Local P-9’s tactics, 283
Humphrey, Hubert H., Ill, 126
Huston, Lynn, 30, 99, 211, 223, 270; announces lawsuit against International, 241; arrested, 216; on considering ending the strike, 135; described, 66; evaluates strike, 285; on extended picketing, 144, 147–48, 193–94; in fact-finding, 143; on meeting with FDL Foods workers, 65–66; on meeting with Ottumwa workers, 68–69; testifies at NLRB secondary boycott hearing, 102–3; at trusteeship hearings, 239–40
Hygrade Packing Co., 43
IBP (Iowa Beef Processors Inc.), 11, 276; history, 42, 293–96; and Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 295; recent attempts at union organization, 188, 294–96; recognition of UFCW at Illinois plant, 295; and Waterloo, Iowa plant, 295–96
Independent Federation of Flight Attendants, 277
Independent Union of All Workers: consumer boycotts, 88; as forerunner of Local P-9, 35, 299; organizes across Midwest, 40–41
Industrial Workers of the World, 257; and criminal syndicalism, 160–61; as forerunner of Local P-9, 36
International Committee Against Racism (INCAR), 275
International Paper Co.: corporate campaigns at, 19, 277; strike, 301–2
In These Times, 242
Iowa Beef Processors. See IBP
Iowa Farm Unity Coalition, 167
Irlbeck, Gene, 140
Jackson, Jesse: comes to Austin, 224–29; meets with Nyberg, 226; at Patrick Cudahy strike, 292
John Morrell & Co., 43, 67; fined by Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 289; settlement in 1985, 100; strike of 1985, 79; strike in 1987–88, 288–91; wage concessions in 1981, 46
Johnson, Bob, 111; arrest for “terroristic threats,” 85; charges dismissed, 271
Johnson, William, 267
Johnston, Thomas, 102–5
J. P. Stevens & Co.: comparison of corporate campaigns at Stevens and Hormel, 108–9, 320n.45; corporate campaign against, 16–19; and labor law violation, 16
KAAL-TV, 221; and favoritism toward Hormel, 60
Kamber, Victor, 187
Katz, Harry, 296
Kelly, Pete, 111
Kimbro, Ken, 188; as assistant trustee of Local P-9, 248, 263
Kirkland, Lane, 82, 187, 205, 280, 284, 299; on democracy vs. centralization, 300; meets with Guyette and Wynn, 190–91
Klingfus, Chris, 171
Knowlton, Richard, 21, 61, 279; on economic effect of strike, 139; and Ray Rogers, 280; salary increase, 129; at secondary boycott hearings against Local P-9, 102–4; speaks with Jesse Jackson, 228; telephones Perpich, Tschida, 132, 154
Knoxville, Illinois, Hormel plant, 69, 94
Kochan, Thomas, 296
Kohlman, Larry, 266; and “special organizing team,” 151, 239; testifies at trusteeship hearings, 239–40
Koppel, Ted, 141–42
Kough, Carol, 62
Kough, Tom: arranges for mediation of strike, 122, 124; calls for National Guard in Austin, 132; and friction with police, 274, 326n.55; life after strike, 270; vacillation on National Guard, 153, 325n.51
Kraft, Ron, 22
Kruger, Madeline and Merle, 203
Krukowski, Chaet, Beck & Loomis, 32
Krukowski, Thomas, 32, 292, 309n.40
Kwitney, Jonathan, 293–94
Labor movement: meaning of Hormel strike for, 296–303; as percentage of work force, vii; response to Hormel strike, Local P-9, 4
Lamberton, Ben, 250–51
Landrum-Griffin Act, 252
Lang, Brian: arrested at Austin plant blockage, 224; builds support for Local P-9 in Boston, 209–10; questioned by FBI, 210
Langemeier, Bob, 73, 95; fired by Hormel, 271; on Local P-9’s extended pickets, 148–49
Larson, David, 33, 50, 216, 298; comments on Local P-9’s negotiating demands, 99–100; on guaranteed annual wage, 143; reaches 1986 contract with Hansen, 264
Lee, Alan, 241
Left-wing organizations, and Local P-9, 112–15, 206–8, 245
“Legacy of Pain,” tabloid for Local P-9, 22–24
Leighton, Robert, 162
Lenoch, Floyd: announces he won’t run for Local P-9 presidency, 53; on bargaining committee, 30; and FBI, 211; firing and death, 279; regarding negotiations with Hormel, 32, 99; and United Support Group, 14
Leopold, Les, 243
Letter Carriers union, 256
Livingston, David, 202
Local P-9. See UFCW Local P-9
Long, Larry, 219
Longshoremen’s union (ILWU), 205, 206
Lord, Miles, 267; announces investigation of Hormel Foundation, 125–26
Lovrink, Steve, 279
Lutty, Anthony, 235
McCarthy, Eugene, 267
McClurg, Larry, 148
McCoslin, Dan, 206
McDonough, Bill, 152
McDowell, Al, 70
McGowan, William, 209
Machinists union (IAM), 19, 191, 206, 256
McKersie, Robert, 296
Mancuso, John, 27
Martsching, “Bear,” 205
Mayer, Henry, 125
Mealy, Denny, 256–57
Meatpacking: decline of “Big Four” packers, 42; industry changes, 42–43; on-the-job injuries, 5–6, 22–25, 268–69, 289, 295; whipsawing of wages, 288–96
Mediators’ proposal, described, 116–17
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 17
Michels, Robert, 297
Mickens, Marsha, 170, 206, 224
Miller, Bud, 203
Mills, Nicolaus, 242–43
Minneapolis Star & Tribune, 61, 222
Minnesota AFL-CIO: and Hormel boycott, 279; Perpich attends legislative conference, 192; and resolution of support for Hormel strikers, 81–83
Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, 132, 156
Minnesota Civil Liberties Union, 81
Minnesota Education Association, 77, 124
Minnesota Federation of Teachers, 108
Minnesota Government Data Practices Act, ix
Minnesota National Guard, 4, 217; arrival in Austin, 135–36; attitude toward strikers, 156–58; DFL Party opposition to use in Austin, 142, 153; and labor disputes generally, 132, 142, 328n.6; Perpich orders into Austin, 133; returned to Austin, 158; Rogers on, 284; use in keeping Austin plant open, 137; withdrawn first time, 153; withdrawn second time, 192
Minnesota State Patrol, 33, 217; and labor disputes, 132; use during Local P-9 blockages of Austin plant, 137, 219, 326n.55
“Missing language” in Hormel contract, 46, 57–58, 312n.30
Moberg, David, 155, 158, 164; on in-plant tactics, 284
Moloney, Ray, 162
Montross, Bill, 242
Moody, Kim, 242–43
Moran, John, 204
Mork, James, 267
Morono, Maria Rosario, 206
Morrell company. See John Morrell &Co.
Morrison, John, contact with “special organizing team,” 151, 233
Morse Cutting Tool Co., 210
National Education Association (NEA), 256
National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, 81, 162
National Guard. See Minnesota National Guard
National Hormel Boycott Day, 254
National Labor Relations Act, 158; publicity proviso, 81, 102, 319n.36
National Labor Relations Board, 248, 251–52, 260, 271; and J. P. Stevens, 16; and Morrell strike of 1987, 291; and Patrick Cudahy strike, 292; secondary boycott complaints against Local P-9, 78, 92; second hearing on complaints against P-9, 101–5; seeks federal restrictions of P-9 plant gate protests, 246; settlement of initial secondary boycott complaints, 80–81; unfair labor practice charges against P-9, 199
National Lawyers Guild, 245
National Organization for Women, 254
National Rank-and-File Against Concessions (NRFAC), 100; and Communist Labor Party, 112; founding convention, 111–12; sponsors April rally, 224; support for Local P-9, 113, 206–7
National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees, 168
Nebraska State Patrol: criticized by Nyberg, 74–75; and extended picketing, 145, 193; and Local P-9’s caravan, 69–70
Nelson, Pam, 232
Newby, David, 217
Newman, Audrey, 20
New plant agreement: arbitration over, 57; as negotiated by Richard Schaefer, 44–45. See also Geo. A. Hormel & Co.
News media and strike, 60–61, 126–127, 248–49
New York Amsterdam News, 209
New York city council, 209
New York City Sun, 209
New York Times, 166
Nicholas, Henry, 168
Niederkeppe, Skip, 70, 234–35, 237; on Local P-9’s extended pickets, 148
Norma Rae, 259
Norris-LaGuardia Act, 251–53
North American Meat Packers Union (NAMPU), 260–62, 273
Northwest Airlines, 91
Nyberg, Charles, vii, 41, 124, 165, 201, 215, 271; on aftermath of strike, 278; announces Knowlton’s salary increase, 129; criticizes Nebraska State Patrol, 74–75; debates Guyette on television, 125; evaluates strike, 286, 298; on fact-finding, 143; on guaranteed annual wage, 100–101; on Local P-9’s campaign against First Bank, 107–9; and Local P-9’s caravan, 74–75; on mediators’ proposal and reopening of plant, 123; meets with Jesse Jackson and Jan Pierce, 226; on negotiations with trustee in 1986, 262–63; on permanent replacements, 143, 228; on Perpich’s role in strike, 192–93; on Rogers and CCI, 277; on secondary boycotts and Local P-9, 78; on use of National Guard in Austin, 137
Occidental Petroleum, 294
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA): and John Morrell & Co., 289; and IBP Inc., 295
O’Dell, Kevin, 270
Olsen, Barbara, 21
Olsen, Floyd, B., 39
Olsen, Tillie, 267
Olson, Wendell, 26–27
Olwell, William, 235, 241; and “special organizing team,” 151
Osborn, Arthur, 255
Oscar Mayer & Co., 11; Madison, Wisconsin local union, 217; Madison members withhold dues from International, 255; wage concessions at, 46; wage reduction not allowed, 57
Ottumwa, Iowa, 13; demonstrations, 150, 166, 254; Hormel closes its plant, 270; Hormel plant leased to Excel Corp., 270–71; and Local P-9 caravan, 67–69; and Local P-9’s extended pickets, 94–95, 138, 146–50, 193–94; lockout at plant, 194; union members reinstated, 264; as union town, 67. See also UFCW Local 431
P-10ers, 29, 134; contact with “special organizing team,” 152, 233; and proposal to accept chain package, 61; threats to take up arms against pickets, 158, 331n.39
“Packinghouse Workers’ Bill of Rights,” 301
Paperworkers union (UPIU): and corporate campaigns, 19, 277, 302; International Paper strike, 301–2; “pool” arrangement, 301–2
Parker, Jerry, supports strikers, 150, 167, 194
Patrick Cudahy Inc., 42–43, 228, 255; 1987 strike, 292
Pattern bargaining, 11, 300–301
Patterson, David, 111
Perl, Peter, 284
Perpich, Rudy, 91, 154, 197; attempts to resolve strike, 192–93; DFL Party opposition to deployment of National Guard, 142, 153, 330n.28; reaction to Local P-9’s extended picketing, 147; recommends fact-finder for dispute, 124; refuses April call for National Guard, 217; sends Guard to Austin, 133, 158; telephoned by Knowlton, 132; withdraws Guard, 149, 192
Perry, Iowa, 11
Petersen, Dan, 205
Peterson, Charlie, 200, 202, 230; testifies at trusteeship hearing, 239
Pierce, Jan, 209; accompanies Jesse Jackson to Austin, 225–29; after P-9 strike, 277–78; evaluates strike, 286; first travels to Austin, 168–69; meets with Jackson and Nyberg, 226; at New York rally for Local P-9, 202
Plumb, Larry: at Local P-9’s trusteeship hearings 233–34; on purpose of “special organizing team,” 151–52
Plumb, Tom, at trusteeship hearings, 232–33
Political Affairs, 244
Polzine, Bobbi, 141
Pontius, Carl, 24; arrested at Austin plant blockage, 212–13; compares Ottumwa and Fremont workers, 95; on extended picketing, 145; resigns UFCW to join NAMPU, 261
Posse Comitatus, 158
Postal Workers union, 91
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), 19, 131, 140, 224
Progressive Labor Party, 274–75
Qualified Rehabilitation Counselors, 23
Quality Pork Products, 292–93
Quill, Shirley, 169
Rachleff, Pete, 77; on Communist Labor Party, 112–13; and founding of Twin Cities Support Committee, 90; report of Gary Baker on, 275–76
Rainbow Coalition, 258
Rath Packing Co., 28
Reichelt, Mark, 290
Renton, Washington, Hormel plant and Local P-9’s extended picketing, 149, 153, 195, 203
Replacement workers: at FDL Foods, 292; at Hormel, 123, 127–29, 137, 146, 165, 169; at John Morrell & Co., 289; at Patrick Cudahy Inc., 292
Retail Clerks union, 45
Retterath, Jim, 30, 99, 203, 211; on guaranteed annual wage, 143
Richardson, Robert, 270
Ring, Dave, 30
Rochelle, Illinois, FDL Foods plant, 69, 94
Rochester Post-Bulletin, 61
Rogers, Carmine, 198
Rogers, Ray: and Adopt-A-Family program, 90–91, 284; at AFL-CIO executive council meeting, 186–90; analysis of First Bank campaign, 108–10; assessment of strike, 283–84; charged with “rioting,” 223; charges dismissed, 267; and civil disobedience, 159–60, 195–200, 284; and comparison of Hormel-J. P. Stevens campaigns, 108–9, 320n.45; Corporate Campaign’s fees, 72, 313n.3; and criminal syndicalism, 160, 197, 217, 222; description, 8–9; effect of strike on, 201, 276–77; and extended picketing, 144–46, 153; FBI files on, 211; first visit to Austin, 14; held guilty of contempt of court, 158–59; and International Paper strike, 277, 302; on the International union, 284; jailings, 161, 221; on Local P-9’s support, 256; on Nebraska State Patrol, 69; and nonviolence, 128, 158, 203; at post-trusteeship protest, 263; previous corporate campaigns, 15–20; and Solidarity City, 258–60; strike preparations, 62–63; testifies before NLRB hearing 102–3
Rollins, Ron, 30, 98, 162; on fact-finding, 143; on mediators’ proposal, 116–17; on negotiations, 32–33
Rosenthal, Jerry: background in Austin, 96; reaction to Local P-9’s extended picketing, 148–49
Rottner, Alex, 257
Rudd, Cindy, and Adopt-A-Family fund, 91
St. Paul Pioneer Press and Dispatch, 222
Salvatore, Nick, 243
Schaefer, Richard, 42, 50, 53–54, 237; contact with UFCW “special organizing team,” 151–52, 233; negotiates 1978 Hormel contract, 44
Schmidt, Larry, 219
Schulte, Bud, 77
Secondary boycotts: and First Amendment, 78, 109, 320n.45; and First Bank System, 25; Local P-9 charged with, 78, 92; NLRB hearings on, 80–81, 101–5; Nyberg on, 109; outlawed, 319n.36
Seeger, Pete, 267
Serrin, William, 161, 189, 243; on herd journalism, 126; on Kirkland’s meeting with Guyette and Wynn, 190; on Local P-9’s coalition building, 140; on P-9’s tactics, 285; on Wynn and Guyette, 298–99
Service Employees International Union, 288
Shanker, Albert, 205
Sharp, Ronald, 80
Shatek, Dick, 269
Shinn, Richard, 18
Shultz, Frank, 41–42
Simcich, Tina: on relations between Hormel and First Bank, 107; testifies at NLRB hearings, 102–5
Sioux City, Iowa, 10; and John Morrell strike of 1987–88, 288–91; and Local P-9’s caravan, 74
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 79; and John Morrell strike of 1987–88, 288–91
Smith, Art, 234
Smith, Jack, 248
Smith, Maralee, 111
Socialist Workers Party: and Austin police, 274; compared with Communist Labor Party, 113–14; and FBI, 276; and support for Local P-9, 113, 206–8
Soul, David, 224
SPAM-O-RAMA, 254
Sperry Corp., 17–18
Steel workers union (USW), 111, 300
Steir, Joe, 128
Stockton, California, Hormel plant and extended picketing, 149, 153, 195
Stone, Bruce, 154; dismisses criminal syndicalism charges against Rogers, 222; finds Rogers and Guyette guilty of contempt of court, 158–59; lifts restrictions on Local P-9 protests, 199; limits protests at Austin plant, 168
Support group. See United Support Group
Swanson, Bill, 30–32
Swift & Co., 42–43; wage concessions at, 46
Teamsters for a Democratic Union, 111
Teamsters union (IBT), 42, 89; identifies “radical” members, 156; Master Freight Agreement, 300; supporters of Local P-9, 166
Thorne Apple Valley Inc., 209
Tilsen, Kenneth, 267
Titus, Sandy, 198
Tolly’s Time Out, 88
Trans World Airlines strike, 202, 228, 277
Trumka, Richard, 205
Tschida, Paul, 132, 156, 192, 217
Tucker, Jerry, 284–85
Twedell, David, 216, 247, 260–61, 323n.33
Twin Cities Support Committee, 21; food deliveries to Local P-9, 89–90, 123–24, 217; “jailbird party,” 278; and leftists, 112–13; origins, 76–77; sit-in at Governor’s office, 139
Union Bank & Trust, 67
Union democracy, xiii, 11–12, 300–302
Unionist, The, 35, 40, 49; special editions, 22–25, 62–63
United Auto Workers, 67, 167; District 65, 202; New Directions caucus, 284; sponsor Detroit rally for Hormel strikers, 206; St. Paul Local 879, 77, 131
United Electrical workers, 244
United Food and Commercial Workers International union (UFCW), 4; attempts to control donations to Local P-9, 119, 238, 253–54; campaign of repression in Austin, 261–63; consequences of Hormel strike for, 255; “controlled retreat” strategy, xii, 11, 28; corporate campaigns, 288; ends Hormel strike, 200–201; Hormel chain, 28, 96; Hormel chain, description of, 49–50; Hormel chain and Local P-9, 54–57; Hormel chain, origin of, 42; and IBP, 188, 276, 293–96; mail ballot vote on mediators’ proposal, 119–23; officials meet with Local P-9 executive board, 116–17, 213–14; opposition to Local P-9 campaign, 10–12, 25–29, 60; origin of International union, 45, 311n.15; pattern bargaining, 11; position on mid-term concessions, 54; post-strike benefits to P-9 members, 236; sandblasting of Austin Labor Center mural, 268; “special organizing team,’ 151–52, 201, 231–35; “Special Report” on Local P-9, 186, 237; strike at FDL Foods, 291–92; strike at John Morrell & Co., 288–91; strike at Patrick Cudahy Inc., 292; strike settlement agreement at Hormel, 5, 268; sued by Local P-9, 211, 231, 241, 247–53; suits against Guyette and Kathy Buck, 272; terms of 1986 Hormel contract, 264; trusteeship of Local P-9, 4–5, 214, 229–41, 247–53
UFCW Local P-9: actions toward strikebreakers, 129–30, 246–47, 269, 283, 324n.43; aftermath of strike, 5, 266–70; arbitration of wages, 57–58, 60, 312n.30; assessments for corporate campaign, 27; and attorneys, 162; becomes part of UFCW, 45; blockages of Austin plant, 120–21, 131, 153, 211–13, 215–21; boycott of Hormel products, 146, 217, 232–34, 254, 256, 258–60, 278–80, 333n.56; caravan, 64–75; community, 84–91; corporate campaign opposed by International union, 10–12, 25–29, 60; court-ordered limits on plant protests, 121,168, 199, 246–47; crossovers, 154, 162–64, 283–84; effectiveness of First Bank campaign, 105–10, 283, 288; escrow accounts of members, 44–45, 312n.25; executive board considers ending strike, 133–35; executive board meets with UFCW officials, 116–17, 213–14; executive board terminated, 279; extended picketing, xiv, 71, 92–98, 138–39, 143–50, 193–95; farmer support, 138, 140–41, 164; felony riot charges against members, 222–23; First Bank demonstrations, 63, 78–79, 85, 101; food deliveries to, 88–90, 123–24, 217; funds for, 75, 90–91, 118–19, 203, 253, 263, 275, 284; and Hormel chain, 54–57, 96; at Hormel stockholders’ meetings, 20–21, 150; initial negotiating proposal, 30; joins CIO, 40; intellectuals assess strike, 241–45; labor and other cross-country support, 4, 21, 77, 141, 165–71, 202–11, 287–88; and the left, 111–15, 206–8; meaning of strike for labor movement, 241–45, 296–303; members assess strike, 282–85; members react to mediators’ proposal, 118, 120–23; members reject revote on mediators’ proposal, 158; members respond to wage cut, 6–7; members seek decertification from UFCW, 231, 254, 260; members sign return-to-work notices, 231; members vote on mediators’ proposal, 114–23; mural on Austin Labor Center, 256–58; negotiating team, 29–30; negotiations with Hormel, 29–31, 91–93, 99–101, 115–18, 165, 216; and news media, 60–61, 126–27, 248–49; and nonviolent civil disobedience, 195–200, 211–13, 282–84; on-the-job injuries, 5–6, 22–25, 268–69; origin in IUAW, 36; outcome of criminal charges against members, 267; rallies, 90, 166–70, 223–24, 267, 278; reopening of Austin plant, 126–29; resolution to resolve differences with International, 200, 235, retirees, 20, 170; secondary boycott charges against, and hearings, 77–78, 80–81, 92, 101–5; self-organization, 13; social vision of members, 7–8; speaking tours, 75, 203–11; strike of 1933, 35, 38–40; strike committees, 75–76, 87, 317n.11; strike settlement agreement, 5, 268; student protests, 170–71; sues International, 211, 231, 241, 247–53; tactics, xii, xiv, 4, 282–88; trusteeship of, 4–5, 214, 229–41, 247–53, 261; unfair labor practice charges against, 199; and UFCW “special organizing team,” 151; and United Packinghouse Workers union, 40
UFCW Local 9, officers negotiate QPP contract, 293
UFCW Local 22: compared with Local 431 (Ottumwa), 72–73, 95; and Local P-9’s extended pickets, 71, 143–50, 193–95; response to P-9 caravan, 70–74; right to honor extended picket lines, 95, 328n.17; and UFCW “special organizing team,” 151. See also Fremont, Nebraska
UFCW Local 431, 223; arbitrator reinstates fired members, 264; committees, 150; compared with Local 22 (Fremont), 72–73, 95; and extended picket lines, 94, 138, 146–50, 193–94; Hormel closes plant, 270; lockout at plant, 194; members “bump” into Austin plant, 271; members held eligible for unemployment, 255; mid-term contract concessions, 54; rallies, 150, 166, 254; response to Local P-9 caravan, 67–69; right to honor extended pickets, 93–94. See also Ottumwa, Iowa
United Packinghouse Workers of America, 11, 45; Local P-9 and, 40; in Ottumwa, 67
U.S. Marshalls service, 247, 260
United Support Group: activities, 75; Adopt-A-Family program, 90–91, 118–19, 203, 253, 263, 275, 284; bannering, 14, 85; continues protests after trusteeship, 263, 267; Emergency and Hardship Fund, 75, 90, 253; general meetings, 86; at Hormel stockholders’ meeting, 20–21; self-organization, 13–14; as separate entity from Local P-9, 253, 261–62; sponsors Solidarity City, 258–60
University of Minnesota, 79; sponsors presentations by Hansen, Larson, 298
Valley National Bank, 79
Varner, Dan: fired by Hormel, 271; on Local P-9’s extended picketing, 147; at Local P-9 rally, 169; on mediators’ proposal, 121
Velasquez, Baldemar, 202
Vending Times, 279
Vit, Frank: arrested at Austin plant blockage, 220; at Local P-9 rally, 170; West Coast activities, 205
Waller, Rich, 280
Watsonville, California, cannery strike, 204, 206, 223
Weis, John “Skinny,” 30, 99, 261, 269–70; arrested at Austin plant blockage, 212–13; at Chicago meeting with International officers, 213–14; and FBI, 211; on Local P-9’s tactics, 283; on Perpich’s attempts to resolve strike, 193; West Coast activities, 203–4
Weisen, Ron, 111
Wilson Foods Corp., 42–43; wage concessions at, 46
Wilson, “Shorty,” 163–64
Winkels, Pete, 13, 30, 58, 210; background, 47; on considering ending strike, 134; on crossovers, 283; on extended picketing, 143–46, 149; on the International’s strike fund, 118; letter to Minnesota AFL-CIO delegates, 82; on mediators’ proposal, 117, 121–22; on order to end strike, 202; on secondary boycott charges, 78; at trusteeship hearings, 231–36
Winpisinger, William, 191, 256, 284
Winter, Margaret, 162, 168, 200; acts to block trusteeship, handles suit of International, 241, 247–53; coaches Local P-9 officers for trusteeship hearings, 231; and First Amendment-secondary boycott issues, 81; on Hormel’s litigation, 155
Women Against Military Madness (WAMM), 196, 276
Wooster, Ray: presides over trusteeship hearings, 229–41; report to International on trusteeship, 248
Workers’ compensation, 23–24
Wynn, William, vii, 15, 26, 50, 54, 82, 115, 141, 184, 225, 235–36; on Adopt-A-Family Fund, 118–19; at AFL-CIO meeting, 189–91; cancels awards dinner appearance, 255; considers trusteeship for Local P-9, 241; criticizes corporate campaign and Rogers, 27, 29, 201; encourages members to end strike, 130; on local vote on mediators’ proposal, 123; meets with Local P-9 executive board, 116–17; orders end to Hormel strike, 200–201; reacts to extended picketing, 150; statement of support for Local P-9 and extended picketing, 96–98
Yocum, Ron, 256
Zack, Allen, 97, 190, 214, 243; on Arnold Zack, 152; on Hormel’s treatment of crossovers, 152; on Local P-9’s lawsuit against the International, 247, 249; prepares “Special Report” on Local P-9, 185–86
Zack, Arnold: on Allen Zack, 152; as fact-finder, 139, 143, 146, 158