L’Action française, 190
African, black immigration, 222. See also North Africans; Algerian
Agriculture: conflict with industry over immigration policy, 1918–30, 47; demand for foreign labor, 74; farm labor standards, 1920s, 73; land settlement policy (sharecropping), 81; recruiting farmhands, 76–77; separate immigration stream, 47, 215. See also Farm labor
Agriculture, Ministry of: organizing immigrant farm labor, 1914–18, 37–38, 52; organizing foreign farm labor, 1920s, 70
Algerians, immigration post-1945, 221. See also North Africans
Alpes-Maritimes, 131, 134, 139
Alpes region, immigration to, 138–40
Amedieu du Clos, 192
America, exclusion of immigrants, 1920s, 5, 26
Americanization, model of immigration policy, 167, 173, 178, 183
American model of assimilation, 217
Armenians, refugee immigration, 1920s, 126, 139, 173
Assimilation: border immigrants, 132; contradiction of manpower policy, 174, 179–80, 184; education, role of, 174–75; employer opposition to, 184; enclaves, problem of, 170; limits of, 213; for population growth of France, 167, 174, 177–79, 187–88, 199, 202–11; post-1945, 224; Radical party, 167, 173, 175; stabilizing impact on immigrants, 176
Association française pour la lutte contre le chômage, 48, 68
Association national d’expansion économique, 46
Belgians: immigration, pre-1914, 21–22, 24; immigration in the 1920s, 120, 127–28, 131–32, 134; in the Nord, pre-1914, 22; in the Reconstruction, 55; trade union participation, 145. See also Agriculture; Farm labor; Frontaliers
Bilateral immigration treaties, 28, 53, 57
Birth control, 5, 7; decline of, 20
Bonnet, Jean-Charles, x
Bouches-du-Rhône, 21, 131, 133–34, 155
Brancher, F. L., 47
Chamber of Deputies, debate on immigration, 1931, 192–94
Chauvinism, pre-1914, 31–32. See also Xenophobia
Chevalier, Louis, 170
Chinese workers in France during World War I, 35–36, 43. See also Colonial labor; Expulsion
Citizenship, significance of immigrants’ lack of, 9, 86, 179–80, 184, 218–19
Classe dangereuse, 170, 181, 184
Clemental, Étienne, 52
Colonial labor: 1914–18,41; employer attitudes toward, 36, 42. See also Chinese workers; Indo-Chinese workers; North Africans; Service d’organisation des travailleurs coloniaux
Colonial Labor Service (Ministry of Labor), 124
Comitati per l’assistanti dei lavoratori italani, 105–106. See also Commissiarato generale dell’emigrazione; Italians
Comité des forges: immigration policy, pre-1914, 26–28; in the 1920s, 102–04, 140, 220. See also Employers, Lorraine
Comité des houillères, 56–58, 83, 195–96, 220. See also Employers; Mines; Poles; Société générale d’immigration
Comité interministériel pour la protection de la main-d’oeuvre française, 198–202, 208. See also Assimilation; Depression; Discrimination; Foreign Labor Service; Immigration; Quotas
Comités d’aide et de protection polonais, 81, 120, 175–76 See also Assimilation; Poles
Commissariato generale dell’emigrazione (CGE), 27–28. 216; cultural policy toward emigrants, 106–08, 114–15; economic policy toward emigration, 1920s, 99, 102–05; impact of policy, 1920s, 111–12; 1913–15, 27–28; suppression of, 112–13, 115
Communists: attitudes towards immigrants, 1920s, 45, 88, 171–72; attitudes to aliens, 1930s, 207, 212; defense of immigrants in the depression, 190–92. See also Confédération générale du travail unitaire; Expulsions; Italians; Mines; Poles
Confédération des associations agricoles des régions devastées (CARD), 56–58, 67, 77. See also Société générale d’immigration
Confédération des syndicats unionistes, 190. See also Xenophobia
Confédération générale du production française, 198. See also Employers
Confédération générale du travail (CGT), 51; defense of immigrant civil rights, 1930s, 191; immigrant policy, 1920s, 66, 68–70, 143, 145–48, 152–54, 156–59, 171–72; immigrant policy, 1935–37, 207–08; immigration policy, post-1945, 222; organizing immigrants, 1920s, 145–46; organizing alien labor, 1936, 207; opposition to foreign labor, 1930s, 188–89; support of quota law, 194. See also Corporatism; Labor; Quotas
Confédération générale du travail unitaire, 51; immigrant policy, 1920s, 143–44, 147–48, 154; immigrant policy, change of, 1935, 207; influence over Polish miners, 88–90; organizing immigrants, 1920s, 148, 171–72. See also Communists; Expulsion; Italians; Poles
Conférence interministérielle de la main-d’oeuvre, 42–44
Conférence permanente de la main-d’oeuvre étrangère, 53, 66
Congrès de la natalité, 177
Conseil national de la main-d’oeuvre in the 1920s, 51, 156–58; in the 1930s, 193, 217
Corporatism, 18–19; defeat of immigration office, 69; during World War I, 33, 41–42; and immigration policy, 6, 20, 214–15, 221–22; post-1918, 50, 63, 144, 156
Czechoslovakia, government stalls immigration to France, 55
Deat, Marcel, 172
Demogogic right, attitude toward immigrants in the 1930s, 187. See also Xenophobia
Demographic, gap due to war, 4–5, 18, 73
Departmental Placement Offices. See Offices départemental du placement
Depression: 1870s–1880s, 5; 1930s, blaming immigrants for unemployment, 186, 189–94, 197–99; 1930s, competition between native and foreign labor, 188–92; continued necessity of foreign labor, 187; impact of discrimination against foreigners, 203–07; shifting costs onto immigrations, 186–88
Discrimination: impact on alien employment in the 1930s, 203–07; placating French labor in the 1930s, 206. See also Depression; Employers; Labor; Quotas
Dopolavoro, 117 .See also Fascism; Italians
Doriot, Jacques, 192
Doumergue, Gaston, 198
Dual labor market, 10, 218; 1920s, 149, 162–65, 187–88; post-1945, 224. See also Employers; Labor; Secondary labor market
Economic growth and immigration, 19, 119, 150, 162, 164, 213–14, 218. See also Immigration
Eight-hour day, 51, 82, 136, 146
Employers: competition for labor, pre-1914, 6, 12–13; competition for labor, 1920s, 72, 137; dismissals of immigrant workers in the 1930s, 196, 200; heavy industry in the 1920s, 71; hostility to alien business in the 1930s, 211; immigrants, role in reducing competition for labor, 220; immigration office, 1921, proposal for, 67; iron and coal mine immigration, policy compared, 137–38; opposition to immigration restrictions in the 1930s, 191, 194–96; organized recruitment of immigrants, pre-1914, 13; unregulated immigrants, use of, 128–42. See also Agriculture; Corporatism; Lorraine; Mines; Société générale d’immigration
Enclaves, police fears of immigrants, 66, 170, 217. See also Assimilation, enclaves, problem of
European foreign workers during World War I, treatment of, 39, 42
Expulsion: of communists and CGTU members, 182; justification of, 181; in the 1930s, 192, 196, 200–01, 207–08, 211–12; police use of, in the 1920s, 181–83. See also Interior, Ministry of; Repatriation
Farm labor: Belgians, 1920s, 75, 78; seasonal, 1920s, 74–76; Spanish, 1920s, 75, 127, 135
Fascism: emigration policy, 68, 112–19, 126; impact of emigrant policy, 116, 118–19; impact on organizing immigrants, 145. See also Commissariato generale dell’emigrazione; Italians; Mussolini; Opera Bonomelli
Fertility, labor reduction of, 6–7
Flandin, Pierre-Étienne, 198–201
Fontaine, Arthur, 43
Foreign Affairs, Ministry of, 14–15, 52–53, 67, 70, 215
Foreign Labor Service (Ministry of Labor): CGE, negotiating with, 1915, 28; during World War I, 27–28, 38–40, 48; manpower policy in the 1930s, 199–200, 202, 208–10; regulating entry of foreign labor in the 1920s, 52–53, 70, 149–52; restriction of immigrant entry in the 1930s, 189, 195–98; policy limiting competition between foreign and native labor in the 1920s, 149–52; merge with agricultural labor service, 1935, 200. See also Offices départementale du placement
Foreign labor systems in Europe, origins of, 4
Foreign publications, administrative controls over, 182. See also Expulsions; Police control
Foyer francais, Le, 175–76. See also Assimilation
Franc, revaluation of, 157
Frontaliers: pre-1914, 22, 29; 1920s, 127; opposition toward, 1930s, 188
General Commissariat of the plan, 221
General Immigration Society. See Société générale d’immigration
German immigration: pre-1914, 21, 144; in the 1920s, 114, 127–28. See also Frontaliers
Greek immigration, 1915–18, 38–39, 126
High Commission for Immigration and Naturalization, 173–74
Identity cards, origins and purpose, 40–41, 46; controlling immigrants, 1920s, 180–81, 183–84; in the 1930s, 189, 196, 201–02, 210–211. See also Interior, Ministry of; Work permits
Immigration: “Balkanization” of, 120; from border regions, 1920s, 131–32; compared with imperialism, 219; comparison of border and distant immigrations, 1920s, 132–34; comparison of legal conditions for entry, 1920s, 127; concentration in primary sector, 1920s, 160–65; concentration in working class, 1920s, 160–62, 165; criminality, 169–70; decline of border compared with distant migration, 1920s, 128; enclaves, 66, 87, 168–70, 173, 175, 184, 217; France compared to U.S.A., 166–67, 169, 173–74, 178, 183–34; impact on democracy, 225; impact on French occupational migration, 162–64; illegal, 125, 137, 141, 188–89; as internal colonialism, 219; manpower bias, 166, 177, 181, 183; organized vs. liberal, 4–6, 16, 18, 21; policy dilemmas, 166, 183; opposition to controls over, pre-1914, 32, into primary sector, 72, 161–62, 164; and population growth of France, 3; seasonal workers, pre-1914, 22, 24–25; social stability, general, 19, 164–65, 215–17, 218; social impact of organized immigration, 11–12, 154–65; tool of economic fine tuning, 52–53, 149–51, 213; Western Europe, post-1945, 221–25; unregulated, pre-1914, 5, 21
Indo-Chinese workers in France, 1914–18, 35
Intercontinental migration, 19th century compared with 20th century continental migration, 4
Interior, Ministry of: controlling immigration, 1914–18, 40–41; controlling immigration, 1920s, 125, 182; repatriation of colonial workers, 1919–20, 53. See also Expulsions; Identity cards; Police control
Irredentism, Italian, 170
Italians: attitudes toward work in France, 146: Catholic Church, influence on, 107; causes of emigration, 100–01; communists, relations with, 172; demand for labor of, 101; employer attitudes toward, 109–11; immigration, pre-1914, 21, 24–26, 29, 100; immigration, 1914–18, 37–40; immigration patterns, 1918–30, 55, 120, 135; immigration, 1930s, 188; immigration post-1945, 221–22; workers, reconstruction, 55. See also Commissariato generale dell’emigrazione; Fascism; Mussolini; Opera Bonomelli
Jews, immigrants in Paris, 130
Jouhaux, Léon, 49, 51, 69, 147, 207–08
Kindleberger, Charles, 14
Labor: competition between native and foreign, 1920s, 143, 149, 155, 157, 217; competition between native and foreign, 1930s, 192, 197; French conflicts with immigrants, pre-1914, 29–30; hostility of natives to foreigners, 1920s, 48, 65, 93–94, 136, 146; support of French for immigration controls, 1920s, 28–29, 31–32, 65; unionizing immigrants, 30–31, 74, 138. See also Confédération générale du travail; Confédération générale du travail unitaire; Depression, Discrimination; Italians; Poles
Labor tariff, 15, 20. See also Quotas
Law for the Protection of National Labor; 1926, 158; 1931, 193–98, 200
Liberated Regions, Ministry of, 54, 57
Livret, 180
Lorraine iron mines: employer demand for alien labor, 1906–14, 24–26; iron miners, immigrant, 1920s, 58, 138–41; working conditions in mines, 157–58. See also Comité des forges; Meurthe-et-Moselle; Moselle; Opera Bonomelli
Malthusianism, 7–8
Marseilles, 29, 107, 117, 126–27, 131, 137, 154, 170, 173, 188
Marshall, T. H, 8
Martial, René, 80
Mauco, Georges, x
Meline, Jules, 48
Meurthe-et-Moselle, 25, 131, 138
Millerand, Alexandre, 15, 33, 51, 64
Mines: company housing, 88–89; family policy, 89–90; opposition to Polish nationalism, 96–98; Polish workers, advantages, 83–86; Polish workers, problems, 86–88, 95–98; recruitment of aliens, pre-1914, 24–26; recruitment of Poles, 1919–30, 84–86; scarcity of labor, 1919–20, 82; social policy toward immigrants, 83, 86–91; impact of social policy toward immigrants, 93, 98; subsidizing Polish culture, 90–91
Modernizing economic sector, 6, 10
Mussolini, Benito, 112–14, 116
Napoleonic Code, 7
National Immigration Office, 19, 63–70
Nationalism: foreign opposition to French immigration policy, 158, 177; Italian, 106, 110–11, 170; Polish, 90–98. See also Fascism; Italians; Poles
Nationality, different origins of immigrants, 1920s, 169
Naturalization: comparison of American and French patterns, 178; comparison of Italians and Poles, 177–78; employer attitudes toward, 179; French aid for aliens, 175; law of 1927 and impact, 177–78; a middle-class phenomenon, 178; procedure before 1927, 177; revision of French law on, 1920s, 176–77
North Africans: immigration in the 1920s, 122–23, 139, 150, 216; immigration, 1914–18, 35, 37, 42–43; French communists, 172; treatment by Interior Ministry, Algerians, 1920s, 125
Offices départementals du placement (ODP); origins and functions, 43; control of immigration in the 1920s, 151–56; in the 1930s, 201–02, 208–09
Office national d’immigration, 1946–, 222–23
Office national de la main-d’oeuvre agricole (ONMA), 37–38, 42, 47. See also Agriculture
Opera Bonomelli, 107–09, 116–17. See also Fascism; Italians
Oualid, William, 174
Painlevé, Paul, 156–57
Paon, Marcel, 62
Paris: immigrant attraction to, 1914–18, 40; immigrant attraction to, 1920s, 127–31, 149, 154; immigrants before World War I, 22–24; immigrants, comparison of city and suburbs, 130; immigrant employment, 1920s, 129–31, 135, 137; immigrant enclaves, 168; native labor market, pre-1914, 11; Offices départementals du placement, role of, 154–55
Parity Commission, 43, 47–49, 153–56. See also Corporatism; Offices départementales du placement; Work permits
Pas-de-Calais, 80–82, 86–90, 96
Perrot, Michelle, 31
Petty bourgeoisie, immigrant penetration of, 95–96, 103, 132, 204. See also Italians; Poles
Pinot, Robert, 27, 110–11. See also Comité des forges
Poincaré, Raymond, 64–65
Poles: agricultural workers, 1920s, 57–58, 77–81; agricultural workers, pre-1914, 25; assimilation, 175–76; attitudes toward work in French mines, 146; church attempts to stabilize immigrants, 81, 91, 96–97; compared with Italians in France, 99, 108–09, 116; consuls attempt to stabilize Polish emigrants, 80; government reduction of emigration to France, 120; labor in France, 1931, 122; middle class in mining districts, 95–97; middle class, French opposition to, 96; miners, pre-1914, 25; miners, 1920s, 57–58, 81–98, 145–56, 172; Nationalism, 82, 88, 91–98; in Paris, 1920s, 130; reaction to recruitment, 62; reduced dependence on emigration to France, 119; repatriation, in the 1930s, 201; repatriations, post-1945, 221; replace French labor pool in mines, 83–86, 88–91; supplement to border migrants, 132, 134, 140; of Westphalian origin, 58, 91–92. See also Agriculture; Assimilation; Bilateral Immigration Treaties; Comités d’aide et de protection polonaises; Confédération générale du travail; Confédération générale du travail unitaire; Communists; Enclaves; Expulsions; Foreign publications; Immigration; Nationalism; Naturalization; Nord; Pas-de-Calais; Société des ouvriers polonais; Société générale d’immigration; Turnover; Warren, Edouard de
Police controls over immigrants, 31, 167. See also Expulsion; Foreign publications; Refoulement
Popular Front: employers attitude toward immigration policy, 210; immigration policy, 207–10; origins, 207
Portuguese: immigration, 1914–18, 37–40; immigration, 1920s, 137; immigration, post-1945, 222
Preselection of immigrants, 173–74, 183. See also Americanization, model of immigration policy, 173–74, 183
Pronatalists, 177. See also Assimilation; Congrès de Natalité
Pyrénées-Orientales, 131, 133–34
Quotas, on alien employment, 193–98, 200, 214. See also Law for the Protection of National Labor, 1931
Racism: during World War I, 42; French, toward North Africans, 126, 168. See also Chauvinism; Xenophobia
Radical Socialist Party, proposal to restrict immigrants, 1931, 193. See also Assimilation; Herriot, Edouard
Ramadier, Paul, 193
Recession: of 1921, 70, 149, 216; of 1927, 70, 150, 152, 157, 216. See also Depression, 1930s
Reconstruction, foreign labor role in, 54–57, 103, 149
Refoulement, 180–82. See also Expulsion; Interior, Ministry of
Refugees, 216. See also Armenians, Greek immigration
Regularization, 151
Repatriation: in the 1920s, 149; in the 1930s, 196, 200–02, 204. See also Depression; Discrimination; Expulsion
Repopulation, post-1945, 221
Rousiers, Paul de, 47
Ruhr, 25
Rural exodus, post-1918, 47, 73. See also Agriculture
Russian immigration, 1920s, 122, 126, 130, 140
Salengro, Roger, 208
Sauvy, Alfred, 7
Secondary labor market: immigration into, pre-1914, 9, 12; immigrants restricted to, 1920s, 168–69, 180–81. See also Dual labor market
Seine. See Paris
Service de la main-d’oeuvre étrangère, post-1918. See Foreign Labor Service
Service d’organisation des travailleurs coloniaux (SOTC), 34–36
Social integration, 166. See also Assimilation
Social mobility, 7–8
Socialists: immigration policy, pre-1914, 32; immigration policy, 1920s, 65, 68; immigration policy, 1930s, 208–10; immigration proposal for restricting, 1931, 193. See also Confédération générale du travail; Blum, Léon; Popular Front
Société des ouvriers polonais, Zwiazek Rabotnikow Polskich (ZRP), 92–94, 97. See also Nationalism
Société générale d’immigration, 215–16; in the depression, 191, 200; opposition to assimilation, 174; origins, 46, 56–58; recruiting in Poland, 59–62, 77; subsidizing Polish organizations, 91; as a transnational corporation, 63. See also Employers; Poles
Southwest France, depopulation and immigration, 81, 104, 176
Spanish: immigrants, pre-1914, 21–22, 29; immigration, 1914–18, 37–39; immigration in the 1920s, 127–28, 131–32, 135; immigration, post-1945, 222; Republican exiles, 212
State: as bargaining agent of employers, 14–15; and economic sectors, 220; regulation of foreign labor, pre-1914, 12, 15, 19, 32–33. See also Foreign Affairs, Ministry of; Foreign Labor Service; Offices départementales du placement
Tilly, Charles, 30
Traditional economic sector, 6, 10
Traditional (primary) sector, immigration into, 1920s, 72, 161–62, 164. See also Dual labor market
Trempé, Roland, 88
Turnover of alien labor: 1914–18, 39–40; Polish farm workers, 1920s, 79–81; Polish miners, 1920s, 87–91, 94; in the reconstruction, 1920–24, 55; in the unregulated immigration, 1920s, 137–41
Umanitaria, 107
Unstables, 135–56
Unions, prohibitions against foreign leadership, 31
Union sacrée, 33, 43, 48, 50, 214–15
Warren, Edouard de, 59–60, 109
Welfare State, 224
Weil, Lucien, 34–36
Work permits, 151–54, 157, 180, 188, 200–01. See also Identity cards; Offices départementales du placement; Regularization
World War I: corporatism in, 41–44; foreign labor in, 33–42; as a transition to organized immigration, 15, 19, 214–15; shortage of native manpower in, 3–4
World War II, 31
Xenophobia: in the 1920s, 20, 64, 159, 168; in the 1930s, 187, 189–93, 197–98. See also Chauvinism; Depression; Discrimination; Law for the protection of national labor