References

Ackerman, Bruce. 1992. The Future of Liberal Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Alden, Chris. 2001. Mozambique and the construction of a New State: From Negotiations to Nation-Building. New York: Palgrave.

Alexander, Jeffrey C. 2006. The Civil Sphere. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Alie, Joe A. D. 2008. “Reconciliation and Traditional Justice: Tradition-Based Practices of the Kpaa Mende in Sierra Leone.” In Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Ed. Luc Huyse and Mark Salter. Stockholm: Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.

Ambos, Kai. 2007. “Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility.” Journal of International Criminal Justice, 1–25.

Amnesty International. 1995. “Policy Statement on Impunity.” In Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. Ed. Neil Kritz. Washington, DC: United States Peace Institute, 3 vols., 1: 219–221.

_____. 1996. “Peru: Amnesty Laws Consolidate Impunity for Human Rights Violations.” AI Index: AMR 46/003/1996 (February 23).

______. 2002. “Rwanda: Gacaca: A Question of Justice.” AI Index: AFR 47/007/2002 (December 17).

Amstutz, Mark. 2005. The Healing of Nations: The Promise and Limits of Political Forgiveness. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Annan, Kofi. 1999.“Seventh Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone.” United Nations doc. S/1999/836, para. 1.

Apter, David, ed. 1998. The Legitimization of Violence. New York: New York University Press.

Archdiocese of Guatemala City. 1998. “Guatemala: Never Again.” REMHI: Project for the Recovery of Historical Memory. Guatemala City, Guatemala.

Archdiocese of Saõ Paolo. 1985. Brasil: Nunca Mais. Archdiocese of Saõ Paolo: Saõ Paolo, Brazil.

Arendt, Hannah. 1963. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking.

______. 1989. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

______. 1993. “Truth and Politics.” Between Past and Future. New York: Penguin Books.

Argentine National Commission on the Disappeared. 1986. Nunca Más: Report of the Argentine National Commission on the Disappeared. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Ariko, Charles. 2008. “Ex-LRA men get Amnesty.” The New Vision: Uganda's Leading Website (January 21). Available at http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/607788. Accessed May 25, 2008.

Aristotle. 1984. Nicomachean Ethics. Grinell, IA: Peripatetic Press.

Aron, Raymond. 1967. Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations. New York: Praeger.

Asociación Nacional de Familiares de Secuestrados y Detenidos-Desaparecidos de Peru. 2002. “Análisis de la Situación Judicial en el Perú.” Lima, Perú.

Asociación pro Derechos Humanos. 2009. Available at http://www.aprodeh.org.pe/. Accessed February 23, 2009.

Aylwin, Patricio. 1995. “Chile: Statement by President Aylwin on the Report of the National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation.” In Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. Ed. Neil Kritz. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 171–172.

Baines, Erin K. 2007. “The Haunting of Alice: Local Approaches to Justice and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 1, no. 1: 91–114.

Baker, Bruce. 2005. “Who Do People Turn to for Policing in Sierra Leone?” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 23, no. 3 (September): 371–390.

Ball, Howard. 1999. Prosecuting War Crimes and Genocide: The Twentieth Century Experience. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.

Ballengee, Melissa. 2000. “The Critical Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Transitional Justice: A Case Study of Guatemala.” UCLA Journal of International Legal and Foreign Affairs 4 (Fall 1999/Winter 2000): 477–506.

Barahona de Brito, Alexandra. 1997. Human Rights and Democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile. New York: Oxford University Press.

______. 2001. “Truth, Justice, Memory and Democratization in the Southern Cone.” In The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies. Ed. Alexandra Barahona de Brito, Carmen González-Enríquez, and Paloma Aguilar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 127–131.

Barahona de Brito, Alexandra, Carmen González-Enríquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds. 2001. The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Barkan, Elazar. 2000. The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical In justices. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Bartoli, Andrea. 2001. “Forgiveness and Reconciliation in the Mozambican Peace Process.” In Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation. Ed. Raymond C. Helmick and Rodney Petersen. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 351–373.

Barton, Charles K. 1999. Getting Even: Revenge as a Form of Justice. Peru, IL: Open Court.

Bass, Gary. 2000. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Bassin, Ari S. 2006. “ ‘Dead Men Tell No Tales': Rule 92 Bis—How the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals Unnecessarily Silence the Dead.” New York University Law Review 81, (November).

Beah, Ishmael. 2008. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Becarria, Cesare. 1995. On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Benhabib, Seyla. 1996. “Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy.” In Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political. Ed. Seyla Benhabib. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 67–94.

______. 2002. Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Benjamin, Jessica. 1988. The Bonds of Love. New York: Pantheon Books.

______. 1995. “Recognition and Destruction: An Outline of Intersubjectivity.” In Like Subjects, Love Objects: Essays on Recognition and Sexual Difference. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 27–48

Bentham, Jeremy. 1995. The Principles of Morals and Legislation. New York: Prometheus Books.

Bhargava, Rajeev. 2001. “Restoring Decency to Barbaric Societies.” In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Ed. Robert Rotberg and Dennis Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Bird, Colin. 2004. “Status, Identity, Respect.” Political Theory 32, no. 2 (April): 207–232.

Boraine, Alex. 2001. “Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: The Third Way.” In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Ed. Robert Rotberg and Dennis Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Borneman, John. 1997. Settling Accounts: Violence, Justice and Accountability. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Bosnia and Herzegovina. n.d. The Courts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Available at http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/?jezik=e. Accessed April 23, 2009.

Botman, Russell H., and Robin Petersen. 1997. To Remember and to Heal: Theological and Psychological Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation. Cape Town: Thorold's Africana Books.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1995. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bowman, James. 1998. “Sorry about That.” New Criterion (May): 50.

Brilmayer, Lea. 1991. “Secession and Self-Determination: A Territorial Interpretation.” Yale Journal of International Law 16: 177–202.

Brooks, Roy, ed. 1999. When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice. New York: New York University Press.

Brudholm, Thomas. 2008. Resentment's Virtue: Jean Améry and the Refusal to Forgive. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Burg, Steven, and Paul Shoup. 2000. The War in Bosnia Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe Press.

Burnet, Jennie E. 2008. “The Injustice of Local Justice: Truth, Reconciliation, and Revenge in Rwanda.” Genocide Studies and Prevention 3/2 (August): 173–194.

Buruma, Ian. 1994. The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in Germany and Japan. New York: Meridian.

Butler, Bishop Joseph. 1971 [1726]. Fifteen Sermons. London: Cashew Books.

Cambodia. 2004. “Law on the Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea.” Available at http://www.pict-pcti.org/courts/pdf/Cambodia/Cambodia_052203.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2008.

______. 2006. “Task Force for Cooperation with Foreign Legal Experts for the Preparation of the Proceedings for the Trial of Senior Khmer Rouge Leaders.” Available at http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/english/. Accessed September 12, 2008.

Campaign for Good Governance of Sierra Leone. 2009. Available at www.slcgg.org/Programmes.html. Accessed April 15, 2009.

Casarjian, Robin. 1992. Forgiveness: A Bold Choice for a Peaceful Heart. New York: Bantam Books.

Cassesse, Antonio. 1998. “Reflections on International Criminal Justice.” Modern Law Review, no. 60: 1–10.

Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales. 2009. Available at www.cels.org.ar. Accessed April 26, 2009.

Chakravarti, Sonali. 2008. “More than Cheap Sentimentality: Victim Testimony at Nuremberg, the Eichmann Trial, and Truth Commissions.” Constellations 15/2 (July): 223–235.

Cohen, Jean. 1999. “American Civil Society Talk.” In Civil Society, Democracy and Civil Renewal. Ed. Robert K. Fullinwider. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 55–88.

Cohen, Jean, and Andrew Arato. 1992. Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Cohen, Stanley. 2001. States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. London: Polity Press.

Comisión Andina de Juristas. 2009. Available at http://www.cajpe.org.pe/index.html. Accessed January 1, 2009.

Comisión de Derechos Humanos. 2009. Available at http://www.cndhch.org.ch. Accessed April 19, 2009.

Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico. 1999. Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio. Ciudad de Guatemala: CEH.

Comisión Nacional Sobre la Desaparición de Personas. 1984. Nunca Más: Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria.

Concannon, Brian, Jr. 2001. “Justice for Haiti: The Raboteau Trial.” The International Lawyer 35, no. 2 (Summer): 613–648.

Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos. 2009. Available at http://www.dhperu.org/. Accessed January 4, 2009.

Couper, David. 1998. “Forgiveness in the Community: Views From an Episcopal Priest and a Former Chief of Police.” In Exploring Forgiveness, Ed. Robert D. Enright and Joanna North. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 121–130.

Crocker, David. 1998. “Transitional Justice and International Civil Society: Towards a Normative Framework.” Constellations 5, no. 4: 492–517.

______. 1999. “Civil Society and Transitional Justice.” In Civil Society, Democracy and Civil Renewal. Ed. Robert K. Fullinwider. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 375–401.

______. 2000. “Truth Commissions, Transitional Justice, and Civil Society.” In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Ed. Robert Rot-berg and Dennis Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 99–121.

Dahl, Robert. 1991. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Damaska, Mirjan. 2008. “The Henry Morris Lecture: What Is the Point of International Justice?” Chicago Kent Law Review 329: 329–368.

Danner, Allison Marston and Jenny S. Martinez. 2005. “Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law.” California Law Review 93 (January): 77–170.

Darwall, Stephen. 1977. “Two Kinds of Respect.” Ethics 88, no. 1 (October): 36–49.

Das, Veena. 1997. “Language and Body: Transactions in the Construction of Pain.” In Social Suffering. Ed. Arthur Kleinman, Veena Das, and Margaret Lock. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Dawson, John. 2001. “Hatred's End: A Christian Proposal to Peace Making in a New Century.” In Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation. Ed. Raymond C. Helmick and Rodney Petersen. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 67–92.

De Greiff, Pablo. 2006. “Justice and Reparations.” In The Handbook of Reparations. Ed. Pablo De Greiff. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 451–477.

Delbo, Charlotte. 1968. None of Us Will Return. Boston: Beacon Press.

Dembour, Marie-Benedicte, and Emily Haslam. 2004. “Silencing Hearings? Victim-Witnesses at War Crimes Trials.” European Journal of International Law 15, no. 1: 151–177.

Derrida, Jacques. 2001. On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness. London: Routledge.

DeVito, Daniela. 2008. “Rape as Genocide: The Group/Individual Schism.” Human Rights Review 9, no. 3 (September): 361–387.

Diamond, Larry. 1995. Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. Washington, DC: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict.

______. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Digeser, Peter E. 2001. Political Forgiveness. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Dipardo, Elizabeth. 2008. “Caught in a Web of Lies: Use of Prior Inconsistent Statements to Impeach Witnesses Before the ICTY.” Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 277: 277–302.

Domingo, Pilar, and Rachel Sider, eds. 2001. The Rule of Law in Latin America: The International Promotion of Judicial Reform. London: University of London, Institute of Latin American Studies.

Dominguez Charneo, and Margaret Lilian. 1998. “La Importancia de la Sociedad Civil para la Transformación Democrática en el Perú.” Análisis 4: 23–34.

Dorff, Elliot. 2001. “The Elements of Forgiveness: A Jewish Approach.” In Dimensions of Forgiveness: Psychological Research and Theological Forgiveness. Ed. Everett L. Worthington, Jr. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 29–55.

Douglas, Lawrence. 2001. The Memory of Judgment. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Downie, R. S. 1965. “Forgiveness.” Philosophical Quarterly 15: 128–134.

Drumbl, Mark. 2007. Atrocity, Punishment and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dryzek, John. 2005. “Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia.” Political Theory 33, no. 2 (April): 218–242.

Du Bois-Pedain, Antje. 2007. Transitional Amnesty in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dugard, John. 1997. “Retrospective Justice: International Law and the South African Model.” In Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies. Ed. James McAdams. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 269–290.

Edwards, Bob, and Michael Foley. 2001. “Civil Society and Social Capital.” In Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective. Ed. Bob Edwards, Michael Foley, and Mario Diani. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1–16.

Ehrenberg, John. 1999. Civil Society: The Critical History of an Idea. New York: New York University Press.

Elster, Jon. 2004. Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

England, Harri. 2002. From War to Peace on the Mozambique-Malawi Borderland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Enright, Robert D., Suzanne Freedman, and Julio Rique. 1998. “The Psychology of Interpersonal Forgiveness.” In Exploring Forgiveness. Ed. Robert D. Enright and Joanna North. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 46–62.

Enright, Robert D., and The Human Development Study Group. 1994. “Piaget on the Moral Development of Forgiveness: Reciprocity or Identify?” Human Development 37: 63–80.

Etcheson, Craig. 2005. After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide. Westport, CT.: Praeger.

Fletcher, George. 2001. Rethinking Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fletcher, Laurel, and Harvey Weinstein. 2002. “Violence and Social Repair: Rethinking the Contribution of Justice to Reconciliation.” Human Rights Quarterly 24, no. 3: 586–591.

Fraser, Nancy. 1997. Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition. New York: Routledge.

______. 2000. “Rethinking Recognition.” New Left Review 3: 107–120.

______. 2001. “Recognition without Ethics?” Theory, Culture and Society 18, no. 2–3: 21–42.

______. 2003. “Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition and Participation.” In Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange. Ed. Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth. New York: Verso, 7–109.

Fraser, Nancy, and Axel Honneth. 2003. “Introduction.” In Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange. Ed. Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth. New York: Verso, 1–6.

Freeman, Mark. 2002. “Lessons Learned from Amnesties for Human Rights Crimes.” The 3rd Page: The Journal of Transparency International X, no. 9: 12–13.

______. 2006. Truth Commissions and Procedural Fairness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fuller, Lon. 1958. “Positivism and Fidelity to Law—A Reply to Professor Hart.” Harvard Law Review 71: 630–670.

Fullinwider, Robert K., ed. 1999. Civil Society, Democracy and Civil Renewal. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Gagnon, Valére Philip. 2005. The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Garretón, Manuel Antonio. 1992. “Fear in Military Regimes: An Overview.” In Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America. Ed. Juan Corradi, Patricia Weiss Fagen, and Manuel Antonio Garretón. Berkeley: University of California Press, 13–25.

Gellately, Robert. 2001. Backing Hitler. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gibney, Mark, and Erik Roxstrom. 2001. “The Status of State Apologies.” Human Rights Quarterly 23: 911–939.

Gibson, James L. 2004. Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Gill, Graeme. 2000. The Dynamics of Democratization: Elites, Civil Society and the Transition Process. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Emanuele Castano, Pablo Espinosa, and Rupert Brown. 2008. “Shame Expressions Reduce the Recipient's Insult from Outgroup Reparations.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44: 519–526.

Glover, Jonathan. 1970. Responsibility. London: Routledge.

Goffman, Erving. 1971. Relations in Public. London: Allen Lane Press.

Golding, Martin. 1985. “Forgiveness and Regret.” Philosophical Forum 16: 1984–1985.

Golsan, Richard A. 2000. Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.

Goodin, Robert. 1989. “Theories of Compensation.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 9: 56–79.

Govier, Trudy. 2002. Forgiveness and Revenge. London: Routledge.

Govier, Trudy, and Wilhelm Verwoerd. 2002. “The Promises and Pitfalls of Apology.” Journal of Social Philosophy 33, no. 1: 67–82.

Graybill, Lyn. 2001. “To Punish or Pardon: A Comparison of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” Human Rights Review 2, no. 4 (July-September 2001): 3–18.

Gross, Jan T. 2001. Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

______. 2006. Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland After Auschwitz. New York: Random House.

Gulu District NGO Forum. 2009. Available at http://www.ugandafund.org/Empowering_Gulu_NGO.htm. Accessed April 24, 2009.

Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Halbwachs, Maurice. 1992. On Collective Memory. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Hampshire, Stuart. 1989. Innocence and Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hampton, Jean. 1994. “Democracy and the Rule of Law.” NOMOS XXXVI: The Rule of Law. Ed. Ian Shapiro. New York: New York University Press, 13–45.

Harneit-Sievers, Axel, and Sydney Emezue. 2000. “Towards a Social History of Warfare and Reconstruction: The Nigerian/Biafran Case.” In The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice. Ed. Ifi Amadiume and Abdullah An-Na'im. London: Zed Books, 110–126.

Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. 1958. “Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals.” Harvard Law Review 71: 593–629.

Hartman, Geoffrey. 1994. “Introduction: Darkness Visible.” In Holocaust Remembrance: The Shape of Memory. Ed. Geoffrey Hartman. Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1–22.

Harvey, Jean. 1995. “The Emerging Practice of Institutional Apologies.” International Journal of Applied Philosophy 9, no. 2 (Winter/Spring): 57–65.

Hatzfeld, Jean. 2008. Life Laid Bare: The Survivors of Rwanda Speak. London: Other Press.

Hayner, Priscilla. 2001. Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity: How Truth Commissions Around the World are Challenging the Past and Shaping the Future. New York: Routledge.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 1967. Philosophy of Right. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Helmick, Raymond C. 2008. “Seeing the Image of God in Others: The Key to the Transformation of Conflicts.” Human Development 29, no. 2 (Summer): 24–29.

Herman, Judith. 1997. Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence: From Domestic Abuseto Political Terror. New York: Basic Books.

Hilberg, Raul. 1993. Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933–1945. New York: Harper Perennial.

Hill, Thomas E. 1973. “Servility and Self Respect.” The Monist 57 (January): 87–104.

Him, Chanrithy. 2000. When Broken Glass Floats: Growing Up Under the Khmer Rouge, A Memoir. New York: Norton.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hodgkinson, Virginia, and Michael Foley, eds. 2003. The Civil Society Reader. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England.

Holmgren, Margaret. 1993. “Forgiveness and the Intrinsic Value of Persons.” American Philosophical Quarterly 30, no. 4 (October): 341–352.

Honneth, Axel. 1995. The Fragmented World of the Social: Essays in Social and Political Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press.

______. 1996. The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts. Cambridge, MA: Masssachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Horsbrugh, H. J. N. 1974. “Forgiveness.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 4: 269–289.

Human Rights Watch. 1995. “Policy Statement on Accountability for Past Abuses.” In Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. Ed. Neil Kritz. Washington, DC: United States Peace Institute, 3 vols., 1: 217–218.

______. 2006. “Algeria: New Amnesty Law Will Ensure That Atrocities Go Unpunished” (March 1). Available at http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/03/01/algeri12743.htm. Accessed May 23, 2008.

______. 2008. “Zimbabwe: End Crackdown on Peaceful Demonstrators” (October 18). Human Rights Watch News. Available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/10/28/zimbabwe-end-crackdown-peaceful-demonstrators. Accessed December 25, 2008.

Humphrey, Michael. 2002. The Politics of Atrocity and Reconciliation: From Terror to Trauma. London: Routledge.

Huntington, Samuel. 1993. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Huyse, Luc. 2008. “Tradition-Based Approaches in Peacemaking, Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Policies.” In Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Ed. Luc Huyse and Mark Salter. Stockholm: Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1–21.

Ignatieff, Michael. 1996. “Articles of Faith.” Index on Censorship 25, no. 5: 110–122.

______. 1998. The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. New York: Owl Books.

Igreja, Victor, and Beatrice Dias-Lambranca. 2008. “Restorative Justice and the Role of Magamba Spirits in Post-civil War Gorongosa, Central Mozambique.” In Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Ed. Luc Huyse and Mark Salter. Stockholm: Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 61–83.

Ikpeze, Nnaemeka. 2000. “Post-Biafran Marginalization of the Igbo in Nigeria.” In The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice. Ed. Ifi Amadiume and Abdullah An-Na'im. London: Zed Books, 90–109.

Ingelaere, Bert. 2008. “The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda.” In Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Ed. Luc Huyse and Mark Salter. Stockholm: Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 51–57.

Iraq. n.d. “Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal Statute.” Available at http://www.ictj.org/static/MENA/Iraq/iraq.statute.engtrans.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2008.

Jaspers, Karl. 1961. The Question of German Guilt. New York: Capricorn Books.

Johnson, Eric A. 1999. Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans. New York: Basic Books.

Johnson, James. 1998. “Arguing for Deliberation: Some Skeptical Considerations.” In Deliberative Democracy. Ed. Jon Elster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 161–184.

Johnston, Douglas, and Cynthia Sampson, eds. 1994. Religion: The Missing Dimension of Statecraft. New York: Oxford University Press.

Joinet, Louis. 1997. “Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity” (October 2). UN document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20. United Nations. Available at http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/Symbol/E.CN.4.sub.2.1997.20. Accessed September 23, 2008.

Jones, Adam. 2006a.”Why Gendercide? Why Root and Branch? A Comparison of the Vendee Uprising of 1793–94 and the Bosnian War of the 1990s.” Journal of Genocide Research 8, no. 1 (March): 9–25.

______. 2006b. “Straight as a Rule.” Men and Masculinities 8, no. 4 (April): 451–469.

Jung, Courtney. 2000. Then I Was Black: South African Political Identities in Transition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Kant, Immanuel. 1996. Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

______. 1998. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Keane, John, ed. 1988. Civil Society and the State. London: Verso.

Kelsall, Tim. 2005. “Truth, Lies, Ritual: Preliminary Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra Leone.” Human Rights Quarterly 27: 361–391.

Kelsen, Hans. 1947. “ Will the Judgment in the Nuremberg Trial Constitute a Precedent in International Law?” International Law Quarterly 1: 153–159.

Kiernan, Ben. 2007. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Kirchheimer, Otto. 1961. Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Kirkby, Coel. 2006. “Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: A Preliminary Critique.” Journal of African Law 50: 94–117.

Kiss, Elizabeth. 2001. “Moral Ambition within and Beyond Political Constraints.” In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Ed. Robert Rotberg and Dennis Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 68–98.

Kleinfeld Belton, Rachel. 2005. “Competing Definitions of the Rule of Law: Implications for Practitioners.” Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Carnegie Papers, Rule of Law Series. New York: Carnegie Council.

Korsgaard, Christine. 1996. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kritz, Neil, ed. 1995. Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes. Washington, DC: United States Peace Institute, 3 vols.

Krog, Antjie. 1998. Country of My Skull: Guilt, Sorrow, and the Limits of Forgiveness in the New South Africa. New York: Random House.

Kuper, Leo. 1981. Genocide. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Laclau, Ernesto. 1990. “Theory, Democracy and Socialism.” In New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time. New York: Verso.

______. 1996. Emancipation(s). New York: Verso.

Lahav, Pnina. 1992. “The Eichmann Trial, the Jewish Question, and the American-Jewish Intelligentsia.” Boston University Law Review 72: 559–561.

Langer, Lawrence. 1991. Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. 2002. “Building on Quicksand: The Collapse of the World Bank's Judicial Reform Project in Peru.” New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights.

Lederach, John Paul. 1999. Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

Lefort, Claude. 1986. The Political Forms of Modern Society. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Lehman, Paul. 1986. “Forgiveness.” In The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics. Ed. James Childress and John Macquerrie. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.

Lehning, Percy B., ed. 1998. Theories of Secession. London: Routledge.

Leo, John. 1997. “So Who's Sorry Now?” U.S. News and World Report (June 30): 17.

Lester, I. 2000. Comisiones de la Verdad y Reconciliatión Nacional. Santiago, Chile: Esperanza.

Levine, Robert A., and Donald Campbell. 1972. Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes and Group Behavior. New York: Wiley Press.

Lewis, Clive Staples. 1957. The Problem of Pain. London: Fontana Books. Lewis, Michael. 1980. “On Forgiveness.” Philosophical Quarterly 30: 236–245.

Lifton, Robert Jay. 1991. Death In Life: Survivors of Hiroshima. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Linden, Ian. 1994. “The Right to Truth: Amnesty, Amnesia and Secrecy.” Development in Practice 4, no. 2: 16–28.

Linz, Juan. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Lira, Elisabeth. 1997. “Guatemala: Uncovering the Past, Recovering the Future.” Development in Practice 7, no. 4: 54–64.

Llewellyn, Jennifer. 1999. “Justice for South Africa: Restorative Justice and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” In Moral Issues in Global Perspective. Ed. Christine Koggel. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview, 96–107.

Locke, John. 1983. A Letter Concerning Toleration. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.

Lomasky, Loren. 1991. “Compensation and the Bounds of Rights.” In NOMOS XXXIII: Compensatory Justice. Ed. John Chapman. New York: New York University Press, 13–44.

Loveman, Brian, and Elizabeth Lira. 2000. Las Ardientes Cenizas del Olvido: Vía Chilena de la Reconciliación Política 1932–1994. Santiago, Chile: LOM Ediciones.

Macedo, Stephen, ed. 2006. Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Mackintosh, L.R. 1927. The Christian Experience of Forgiveness. London: n.p.

Mamdani, Mahmood. 1998. “When Does a Settler Become a Native?” Electronic Mail and Guardian (May 26). Available at www.mg.co.za/mg/za/links/africa/DRC-all.html. Accessed April 27, 2009.

Mani, Rama. 2002. Beyond Retribution: Seeking Justice in the Shadows of War. London: Polity Press.

Manin, Bernard. 1987. “On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation.” Political Theory 15, no. 3 (August): 338–368.

Manning, Carrie. 2002. The Politics of Peace in Mozambique: Post Conflict Democratization. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Martínez, Javier. 1992. “Fear of the State, Fear of Society: On the Opposition Protests in Chile.” In Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America. Ed. Juan Corradi, Patricia Weiss Fagen, and Manuel Antonio Garretón. Berkeley: University of California Press, 142–160.

Marty, Martin. 1998. “The Ethos of Christian Forgiveness.” In Dimensions of Forgiveness: Psychological Research and Theological Forgiveness. Ed. Everett L. Worthington, Jr. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 9–28.

Mason, T. David, and James D. Meernik, eds. 2006. Conflict Prevention and Peace Building in Post-War Societies. London: Routledge.

McAdams, James A., ed. 2001. Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Meier, Charles. 1988. The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust and German National Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Méndez, Juan. 1997. “Derecho a la Verdad frente a Graves Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos.” In La Aplicación de los Tratados sobre los Derechos Humanos por los Tribunales Locales. Ed. Martin Abregú and Cristián Courtis. Buenos Aires: Editorial Del Puerto-CELS, 517–540.

_____, ed. 1999. The (Un)rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.

Mendus, Susan. 1998. Justifying Tolerance: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

_____, ed. 1999. The Politics of Toleration. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Menéndez-Carrión, Amparo, and Alfred Joignant, eds. 1999. La Caja de Pandora: El Retorno de la Transitión Chilena. Santiago, Chile: Planeta/Ariel.

Merwin, William. 1970. “Unchopping a Tree.” In The Miner's Pale Children. New York: Atheneum Books, 80–88.

Michnik, Adam. 1985. Letters from Prison and Other Essays. Berkeley: University of California.

Miller, Donald, and Lorna Touryan Miller. 1999. Survivors: An Oral History of the Armenian Genocide. Berkeley: University of California.

Minear, Richard. 2001. Victors’ Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

Minow, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon Press.

Moon, Claire. 2008. Narrating Political Reconciliation: South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Moses, A. Dirk. 2007. German Intellectuals and the Nazi Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mosse, George. 1991. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mouffe, Chantal. 1997. The Return of the Political. New York: Verso.

Moulian, Tomás. 1998. Chile Actual: Anatomía de un Mito. Santiago, Chile: LOM ARCIS.

Muller-Fahrenholz, Geiko. 1997. The Art of Forgiveness: Theological Reflections on Healing and Reconciliation. Geneva: WCC Publications.

Murphy, Jeffrie. 1995. “Getting Even: The Role of the Victim.” In Punishment and Rehabilitation. Ed. Jeffrie Murphy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 132–152.

Murphy, Jeffrie, and Jean Hampton. 1988. Forgiveness and Mercy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Narayan, Uma. 1998. “Forgiveness, Moral Reassessment and Reconciliation.” In Explorations of Value. Ed. Thomas Magnell. Atlanta: Rodopi Press, 169–178.

Nehushtan, Yossi. 2007. “The Limits of Tolerance: A Substantive-Liberal Perspective.” Ratio Juris 20/2 (June): 230–257.

Neier, Aryeh. 1998. War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror, and the Struggle for Justice. New York: Times Books.

Nersessian David L. 2002. “The Contours of Genocidal Intent: Troubling Jurisprudence from the International Criminal Tribunals.” Texas International Law Journal, 35–60.

Nesiah, Vasuki. 2006. “Truth v. Justice?: Commissions and Courts.” In Human Rights and Conflict: Exploring the Links between Rights, Law and Peacebuilding. Ed. Julie Mertus and Jeffrey W. Helsing. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 375–397.

Newey, Glen. 1999. Virtue, Reason and Tolerance. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1989. On the Genealogy of Morals. New York: Vintage Books.

______. 1997. “On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life.” Untimely Meditations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 57–124.

Nino, Carlos Santiago. 1996. The Constitution of Deliberative Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Nobles, Melissa. 2008. The Politics of Official Apologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nora, Pierre, ed. 1996. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. New York: Columbia University Press.

Nordstrom, Carolyn. 1997. A Different Kind of War Story: Ethnography of Political Violence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

North, Joanna. 1998. “The ‘Ideal’ of Forgiveness: A Philosopher's Exploration.” In Exploring Forgiveness. Ed. Robert D. Enright and Joanna North. Madison: University of Wiscons in Press, 15–34.

Norval, Aletta. 1998. “Memory, Identity and the (Im)possibility of Reconciliation: The Work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa.” Constellations 5, no. 2: 250–265.

Nossack, Hans Erich. 2004. The End: Hamburg 1943. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.

______. 1981. Philosophical Explanations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Nyatagodien, Ridwan Laher, and Arthur Neal. 2004. “Collective Trauma, Apologies and the Politics of Memory.” Journal of Human Rights 3, no. 4 (December): 465–475.

O'Donnell, Guillermo, Phillipe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 4 vols.

Ojera Latigo, James. 2008. “Northern Uganda: Tradition-Based Practices in the Acholi Region.” In Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Ed. Luc Huyse and Mark Salter. Stockholm: Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 85–122.

Okin, Susan. 1999. Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Orentlicher, Diane. 1990. “Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime.” Yale Law Journal 100: 2537–2614.

Orr, Wendy. 2000. “Reparation Delayed Is Healing Retarded.” In Looking Back, Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. Ed. Charles Villa-Vicencio and Wilhelm Verwoerd. London: Zed Books, 34–60.

Osiel, Mark. 1997. Mass Atrocity, Collective Memory, and the Law. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Paris, Erna. 2001. Long Shadows: Truth, Lies and History. New York: Bloomsbury.

Parliament of Australia, Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee. 2000. Healing: A Legacy of Generations: The Report into the Federal Government's Implementation of the Recommendations Made by the Human Rights and Equal Commission in Bringing Them Home (November). Sydney: Government of Australia.

Perelli, Carina. 1992. “Youth, Politics and Dictatorship in Uruguay.” In Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America. Ed. Juan Corradi, Patricia Weiss Fagen, and Manuel Antonio Garretón. Berkeley: University of California Press, 212–235.

Perkumpulan Hak. 2008. “The Hak Association Timor-Leste.” Available at http://www.yayasanhak.minihub.org/eng. Accessed September 12, 2008.

Peru. 1995. “Ley N° 26479(7).” El Peruano (June 14). Lima, Peru.

______. 2003. “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Peru. Final Report.” Available at www.cverdad.org.pe. Accessed January 12, 2009.

Petersen, Rodney L. 2001. “A Theology of Forgiveness: Terminology, Rhetoric, and the Dialectic of Interfaith Relationships.” In Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation. Ed. Raymond C. Helmick and Rodney Petersen. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 175–196.

Philip, Mark. 2008. “Peacebuilding and Corruption.” International Peacekeeping 15, no. 3 (June): 310–327.

Plunkett, Mark. 1998. “Reestablishing Law and Order in Peace-Maintenance.” Global Governance 4, no. 1: 63–82.

Polonsky, Antony, and Joanna Michlic, eds. 2004. The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Post, Robert. 1993. “Managing Deliberation: The Quandary of Democratic Dialogue.” Ethics 103, no. 4 (July): 654–678.

Prosecutor v. Blaški. 2004. Judgment, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-95–14-A. (July 29). International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

Prosecutor v. Krsti. 2004. Judgment, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-98-33-A (April 19). International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

Prunier, Gerard. 1997. The Rwanda Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press.

Putnam, Robert. 1995. “Bowling Alone: America's Declining Capital.” Journal of Democracy (January): 65–78.

Ramji, Jaya. 2000. “Reclaiming Cambodian History: The Case for a Truth Commission.” The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs Journal 24: 137–156.

Rassi, Christopher. 2007. “Lessons Learned from Saddam Trial: Lessons Learned from the Iraqi High Tribunal: The Need for an International Independent Investigation.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 215: 219–235.

Rawls, John. 2005. Political Liberalism. Expanded Edition. New York: Columbia University Press.

Reno, William. 2008. “Anti-Corruption Efforts in Liberia: Are They Aimed at the Right Targets?” International Peacekeeping 15, no. 3 (June): 387404.

Richards, Norvin. 1988. “Forgiveness.” Ethics 99: 77–97.

Ristchl, Albrecht. 1900. The Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation. London: n.p.: 3 vols.

Robertson, Geoffrey. 2000. Crimes against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice. London: New Press.

Roht-Arriaza, Namomi. 2002. “Civil Society in Processes of Accountability.” In Post-Conflict Justice. Ed. M. Cherif Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational, 97–114.

______. 2004. “Reparations Decisions and Dilemmas.” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 27 (Winter): 157–219.

Roth, Kenneth. 1999. “Human Rights in the Haitian Transition to Democracy.” In Human Rights in Political Transition: Gettysburg to Bosnia. Ed. Carla Hesse and Robert Post. New York: Zone Books, 93–134.

Roth, Kenneth, and Alison Des Forges. 2002. “Justice or Therapy?” Available at http://bostonreview.net/BR27.3/roth_desforges.php. Accessed April 30, 2009.

Rummel, Rudolph J. 1997. Statistics of Democide, Genocide, and Mass Murder Since 1900. Charlottesville: Center for National Security Law, University of Virginia.

Rwanda. 2008. “National Service of the Gacaca Courts.” Available at www.inkiko-gacaca.gov.rw. Accessed May 10, 2008.

Samuels, Kirsti. 2006. Rule of Law Reform in Post-Conflict Countries: Operational Initiatives and Lessons Learnt. Washington, DC: World Bank (October).

Sandel, Michael. 1998. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Savage, Kirk. 1994. “The Savage Politics of Memory: Black Emancipation and the Civil War Monument.” In Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Ed. John Gillis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 127–149.

Scanlon, Thomas. 2003. The Difficulty of Tolerance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Scarry, Elaine. 1987. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schaap, Andrew. 2005. Political Reconciliation. London: Routledge.

Schabas, William. 2004. “A Synergistic Relationship: The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone.” In Truth Commissions and Courts: The Tension Between Criminal Justice and the Search for Truth. Ed. William Schabas and Shane Darcy. Berlin: Springer, 3–54.

Scheler, Max. 1973. Ressentiment. New York: Noonday Books.

Scher, Steven, and John Darley. 1997. “How Effective Are the Things That People Say to Apologize? Effects of the Realization of the Apology Speech Act.” Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 26: 127–140.

Scheuerman, William. 1994. Between the Norm and the Exception: The Frankfurt School and the Rule of Law. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Schreiter, Robert J. 1997. Reconciliation. Maryknoll, NY: BTI/Orbis Books.

Schwan, Gesine. 1998. “Political Consequences of Silenced Guilt.” Constellations 5, no. 3: 472–491.

Searle, John. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books.

Seré Association for Promoting Memory and Life. 2008. Available at http://www.sere.org.ar. Accessed May 24, 2008.

Shklar, Judith. 1964. Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Short, Damien. 2008. Reconciliation and Colonial Power: Indigenous Rights in Australia. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.

Shriver, Donald, Jr. 1997. An Ethic for Enemies: Forgiveness in Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sierra Leone. 2008. “Campaign for Good Governance.” Available at http://www.slcgg.org/. Accessed September 9, 2008.

______. 2004. “Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Final Report.” 2 vols. Available at http://trcsierraleone.org/drwebsite/publish/index.shtml. Accessed September 24, 2008.

Smith, Nick. 2008. I Was Wrong: The Meaning of Apologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, R. H., J. M. Webster, W. G. Parrott, and H. L. Eyre. 2002. “The Role of Public Exposure in Moral and Nonmoral Shame and Guilt.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 138–159.

Snyder, Jack, and Leslie Vinjamuri. 2004. “Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice.” International Security 28/3 (Winter): 5–44.

Solomon, Robert C. 1990. A Passion for Justice: Emotions and the Origins of the SocialContract. New York: Addison-Wesley Books.

South Africa. 1995. “Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act.” Available at http://wwwr.doj.gov.za/trc/legal/act9534.htm. Accessed April 20, 2009.

South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 1995. South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Final Report. New York: Grove's Dictionaries, 5 vols.

Soyinka, Wole. 1999. The Burden of Memory, the Muse of Forgiveness. Oxford: Oxford: University Press.

Special Court for Sierra Leone. 2003. Available at http://www.sc-sl.org/. Accessed September 12, 2008.

Sriram, Chandra Lekha. 2005. Globalizing Justice for Mass Atrocities: A Revolution in Accountability. London: Routledge.

Staub, Ervin. 1989. The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Steel, Ronald. 1998. “Sorry About That.” The New Republic (April 20): 9.

Stover, Eric. 2005. The Witnesses: War Crimes and the Promise of Justice in The Hague. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Streich, Gregory. 2002. “Constructing Multicultural Democracy: To Deliberate or Not to Deliberate.” Constellations 9, no. 1: 127–153.

Suchocki, Marjorie. 1994. The Fall to Violence: Original Sin in Relational Theology. New York: Continuum.

Summerfield, Derek. 1995. “Addressing Human Response to War and Atrocity: Major Challenges in Research and Practices and the Limitations of Western Psychiatric Models.” In Beyond Trauma: Cultural and Societal Dynamics. Ed. Rolf J. Kleber, Charles R. Figley, and Bertolhold P. R. Gersons. New York: Plenum Press, 18–40.

Szymusiak, Moldya (formerly Buth Keo). 1999. The Stones Cry Out: A Cambodian Childhood, 1975–1980. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Taft, Lee. 2000. “Apology Subverted: The Commodification of Apology.” Yale Law Journal 109: 1135–1160.

Tajfel, Henri, and John Turner. 1986. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Ed. Stephen Worchel and William Austin. Chicago: Nelson Hall.

Tavuchis, Nicholas. 1991. Mea Culpa: A Sociology of Apology and Reconciliation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Taylor, Charles. 1989. Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

______. 1994. “The Politics of Recognition.” In Multiculturalism. Ed. Amy Gutmann and Charles Taylor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Taylor, John G. 1999. East Timor: The Price of Freedom. London: Zed Books.

Teitel, Ruti. 2002. Transitional Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Timerman, Jacobo. 2002. Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number. Madison: University of Wisconsin.

Torpey, John C. 2006. Making Whole What Has Been Smashed: On Reparations Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. 2009. Available at www.tuolsleng.com/. Accessed April 23, 2009.

Turner, Victor. 2001. From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play. New York: PAJ.

Tutu, Desmond. 1998. “Without Forgiveness There Is No Future.” In Exploring Forgiveness. Ed. Robert D. Enright and Joanna North. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

______. 1999. No Future without Forgiveness. New York: Doubleday.

Ung, Loung. 2000. First They Killed My Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers. New York: Harper Collins.

Unger, Roberto. 1998. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative. New York: Verso.

United Nations. 1948. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. United Nations: General Assembly of the United Nations, Resolution 2670 (December 9).

______. 1968. Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. United Nations: General Assembly of the United Nations, Resolution 2391 XXIII (November).

______. 1999. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. C.N.604.1999 Treaties-18 (July 12). Available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/. Accessed August 12, 2008.

United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 2005. Resolution 2005/66 “Right to Truth” (April 20).

United Nations Human Rights Council. 2008. Resolution A/HRC/9/L.23 “On the Right to Truth” (September 28).

United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo. 2001. Appointment and Removal from Office of International Judges and International Prosecutors, UN Doc. UNMIK/REG/2000/6. (January 12).

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor. 2000. Organization of Courts in East Timor, UN Doc. UNTAET/REG/2000/11 (March 6).

United States. 1992. Torture Victim Protection Act. United States Code. Section 1350.

Van Boven, Theo. 1993. United Nations Commission on Human Rights: Study Concerning the Right to Restitution, Compensation, and Rehabilitation for Victims of Gross Human Rights Violations and Fundamental Freedoms: Final Report. UN doc. E/CN.4/1990/10, 1990. United Nations: July 8, 1993 (final report).

Van Roermund, Bert. 2001. “Rubbing Off and Rubbing On: The Grammar of Reconciliation.” In Lethe's Law: Justice, Law and Ethics in Reconciliation. Ed. Emilios Christodoulidis and Scott Veitch. Oxford: Hart.

Verdeja, Ernesto. 2000. Interviews (July-August). Santiago, Chile.

______. 2004. “Derrida and the Impossibility of Forgiveness.” Contemporary Political Theory 3, no. 1 (April): 23–47.

______. 2006. “A Normative Theory of Reparations in Transitional Democracies.” Metaphilosophy 37, no. 3/4: 449–468.

______. 2007. Interviews (July). Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

______. 2008. “A Critical Theory of Reparative Justice.” Constellations 15, no. 2: 208–222.

______. 2009a. “Repair and Justice in Latin America.” In State Violence and Genocide in Latin America. Ed. Marcia Esparza. New York: Routledge.

______. 2009b. “Official Apologies in the Aftermath of Political Violence.” Metaphilosophy, forthcoming.

Vergara, Ana Cecilia. 1994. “Justice, Impunity and the Transition to Democracy: A Challenge for Human Rights Education.” Journal of Moral Education 23, no. 3: 273–284.

Villa-Vicencio, Charles, and Wilhelm Verwoerd. 2001. “Constructing a Report: Writing Up the Truth.” In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Ed. Robert Rotberg and Dennis Thompson. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 279–294.

Volf, Miroslav. 2001. “Forgiveness, Reconciliation, and Justice: A Christian Contribution to a More Peaceful World.” In Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation. Ed. Raymond C. Helmick and Rodney Petersen. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 27–50.

Volkhart, Heinrich. 2001. “The Role of NGOs in Strengthening the Foundations of South African Democracy.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Non-profit Organizations 12/1 (March): 1–15.

Waldorf, Lars. 2006. “Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice.” Temple Law Review 79: 1–87.

Waldron, Jeremy. 1992. “Superseding Historic Injustice.” Ethics 103 (October): 4–28.

Walker, Margaret Urban. 2006. Moral Repair: Reconstructing Moral Relations After Wrongdoing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Walzer, Michael. 1992. Regicide and Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press.

______. 1995. “The Idea of Civil Society.” In Toward a Global Civil Society. Ed. Michael Walzer. Providence, RI: Bergham Books.

______. 1997. On Toleration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Warnke, Georgia. 2000. “Feminism and Democratic Deliberation.” Philosophy and Social Criticism 26, no. 3: 61–74.

Warren, Kay. 1998. Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Weber, Max. 1958. “Politics as a Vocation.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Ed. Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 77–128.

Weschler, Lawrence. 1997. A Miracle, A Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Whitmann, Rebecca. 2006. Beyond Justice: The Auschwitz Trials. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wilke, Christiane. 2007. “The Shield, the Sword, the Party: Vetting the East German Public Sector.” In Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies. Ed. Alexander Mayer-Rieckh and Pablo de Greiff. New York: Social Science Research Council, 348–401.

Wilson, Richard A. 2001. The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Winter, Jay. 1995. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

World Bank. 2005. Engaging Civil Society Organizations in Conflict-Affected and Fragile States: Three African Case Studies. Report No. 32538-GLB. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Young, Iris. 1996. “Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy.” In Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political. Ed. Seyla Benhabib. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Zimbabwe Human Rights Forum. 2008. “Political Violence Reports.” Available at http://www.hrforumzim.com. Accessed November 26, 2008.

Zimbardo, Philip G. 2004. “A Situationist Perspective on the Psychology of Good and Evil.” In The Social Psychology of Good and Evil. Ed. Arthur G. Miller. New York: Guilford Press, 21–50.