Abolition, Catholic thought on, 150
Accumulators, 76. See also Radicalism
Ahern, Eugene, 193
American Protestant Association, 129
American Republican party, 129–132, 140; bigotry of, 167; ideology of, 172–175; labor leaders in, 195; radical revivalist leaders, 185; social profile, 169–172
American Temperance Society, 80
American Temperance Union, 120
Ancient Rams song, 60–61
Anticapitalist radicalism, 68. See also New Radicalism and Radicalism
Apprentice indentures, 5
Arminian doctrine, 35–37, 39, 141. See also Presbyterianism
Artisan shop: characteristics of, 25–27; percentage of workers in, 17; owners, 26
Asbury, Francis, 37
Assembly of Associated Mechanics and Workingmen, 191–197
Association of Journeymen Hatters, 85
Association of Journeymen House Carpenters, 183–184
Association of Journeymen Tailors, 181
Bakers, firm size, 25
Baldwin, Matthias, 39, 40, 42, 49
Barnes, Albert, 35–37, 44, 89. See also Arminian doctrine
Bayne, James, 174
Beck, Jacob, 181
Bedford, John, 6–7
Bedford Street Mission, 143
Benevolent empire, 39. See also Arminian doctrine
Biddle’s Bank of the United States, 112
Blacksmiths: firm sizes, 14, 25; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Black workers: Irish actions against, 62–66, 124, 127, 155–158; lack of radical support of, 94; riots against, 62–66, 124, 127, 155–158
Blue laws. See Sabbatarianism
Blumin, Stuart, 48
Board of Trade and Commercial List, 107
Boston Associates, 16
Bottsford, John, 171, 174, 181, 192
Bouncers, 153. See also Street gangs
Breck, Samuel, 7
Bricklayers, 4
Buchanan, James, 112
Building and construction industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Building tradesmen, 4; strike, 183, 184
Burden, Jesse, 112
Bussey, Peter, 165
Butchers, firm size, 25
Butterworth, William, 165
California House riot, 156–157. See also Black workers
Campbell, John, 12, 165, 168, 192
Canals: development of, 7–9; effect on countryside, 8–10; effect on transportation costs, 8–9
Canfield, Russell, 81
Capital, scarcity of, 6
Capitalism, radical thought on, 76–78
Carey, Matthew, 7
Carpenters, 4; strike, 183–184
Carroll, William, 43
Catholic Herald, 128
Catholicism: abolition and, 150; bias against, 52, 128–131, 166; conservatism of, 150: growth of, 148–150; radical thought on, 81
Cedar Street Church, 116
Chartist League of Philadelphia, 165
Child labor law of 1848, 144–145
Child labor law of 1849, 146
Cholera epidemic of 1832, 67
Christian capitalism, 68
Clark, Hugh, 126–127, 128, 130
Class, concepts of, xi–xii
Class conflict, beginnings, 5–6
Clothing industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Clothing workers, 4. See also Tailors
Coachmakers’, Painters’, and Trimmers’ Union, 94
Cock-fighting, 55
Commons, John R., 6
Community-of-interest ideal, 174, 184, 187. See also Radical revivalism
Competition, radical thought on, 77
Condie, D. F., 169
Cook, William, 55
Coom be, Pennell, 117, 120, 140
Cooperation, 102–103, 193–194; carpenters, 184; printers, 186–187
Cooperatives, 100, 180, 184, 187. See also Radicalism
Cope, Thomas Pym, 7
Cornman, Oliver P., 174
Cramer, S. R., 131
Culture, concepts of, xi–xii. See also Working-class culture
Day laborers, 26–27; admission to General Trades’ Union, 98, 99; strike (1836), 99
Debating clubs, 70
Deists. See Free Thinkers and Radicalism
Demars, Solomon, 70, 162, 192, 195
Democratic party, 92, 195; factions in, 110; Irish immigrant support for, 152; policies on culture and political economy, 110; radicals and, 110–115; social profile, 169–170
Depression of 1837, 19. See also Panic of 1837
Discussion groups, 70
Donneybrook Fair, 57
Doores, William, 162
Doran, Judge Joseph, 127
Douay Bible, 128–129
Ebenezer Methodist Church, Southwark, 37, 72, 117
Elliot, H. H. K., 174
Elliott, William, 117
Ely, Ezra Styles, 79
Employer, compared to master, 77–78
English, William, 70, 71, 88, 94, 95, 111, 114
English immigrant, 163; ethnic thesis and, 200; political background, 164; position in labor force, 29; reasons for emigrating, 167
Entrepreneur, business practices, 5, 13
Equal Rights faction (1842), 115, 122
Erickson, Charlotte, 167
Ethnic thesis, 199–200
Evangelical crusade, 42–52. See also Arminian doctrine
Evans, George Henry, 165
Evans, Oliver, 13
Factory: characteristics of, 15–20; owner origins, 16–18; percentage of workers in, 17
Federal Procession (1788), 3–4, 5
Feldberg, Michael, 126
Ferral, John, 70, 74, 88, 91–95, 109–113, 127, 159
Firemen. See Volunteer fire departments
First Presbyterian Church, 116
First Universalist Church, 70
Fisher, Sidney George, 107
Fitnam, Thomas, 113–114
Fletcher, Joshua, 111, 122, 171
Food industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Fort, Levi, 153
Franklin, Benjamin, 58
Franklin Hose Company, 151, 154, 155
Franklin Typographical Association, 184–186
Free agency, 141
Free Thinkers, 69–70, 166; decline of, 161–162; occupational profile of, 72; theology of, 69–70. See also Rationalist radicalism
“Friends of Ten Hours,” 145, 146, 165
Fulton, Alexander, 115, 122, 126, 142
Furniture industry: firm sizes, 14, 25; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Gangs. See Street gangs
General Trades’ Union of the City and County of Philadelphia, 85–104, 162, 191; benefit payments, 97; constituency, 88–92; cooperative activities, 102–103; educational activities, 100–102; founding and growth, 86–87; internal disagreements, 97–98; internal organization, 87; jurisdictional disputes, 97; leadership, 87–88, 92–97
German-American Workingmen’s Congress, 187
German immigrants, 163; ethnic thesis and, 200; participation in Trades’ Convention, 180; political background, 163–164; position in labor force, 29–30; radical social groups, 165–166; reasons for emigrating, 166–167
German Workingmen’s Union, 180
Gilmore, William, 93, 94, 114–115
Glorious Fourth celebration (1835), 89
Goldsmith, Oliver, 140
Graham, Sylvester, 56
Gray, John, 75; “Lecture on Human Happiness” (1825), 77
Green, William, 179–180
Halsey, A. O., 43
Hand loom weavers, 201; during Great Depression, 124–127, 130–131; strike attempts, 159; strikes, 98, 125–126; work environment, 24–25
Harrisburg, transportation convention (1825), 8
Hat and cap industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Heavy industry, work environment, 15
Heighton, William, 34, 70, 74, 75–79, 85, 86, 92, 177
Henderson, John, 185
Henry, Alexander, 40
Hersey, John, 140
Hershberg, Theodore, 157
Hogan, Thomas, 94
Hollenbeck, Joseph, 174
Hollingsworth, Joseph, 122
Hopkins, Samuel, 39
Hunter, William, 181
Immigrant: denied suffrage, 130; hostility toward, 140–141, 173, 181–182, 195, 199–203; position in labor force, 28–29. See also English immigrant; German immigrant; and Irish immigrant
Independents, 195–196
Industrial diversity, source of, 3–30
Industry: firm size, 13–14, 26; mechanization, 16; uneven growth of, 13–16. See also specific industries
International Typographical Union No. 2, 186, 187
International Workingmen’s Association, 180
Irish Catholics, life style, 151
Irish immigrants: ethnic thesis and, 199–200; Great Depression and, 124–131; peasant immigrants of 1840s, 147–148; position in labor force, 29, 30; radicalism and, 74, 147; traditionalism and, 147–159; work habits, 56–57
Iron industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
I.T.U. See International Typographical Union No. 2
Jefferson Temperance Hall, 174
John Hancock Temperance-Beneficial Society, 127, 185
Johnson, Paul E., 216n.7, 219n.41, 220nn.60, 67, 221n.69–70
Johnston, David, 165
Jones, Joel, 196
Journeyman Saddlers’ and Harnessmakers’ Union, 143
Journeyman Tailors’ Association, 86, 178
Journeymen: career mobility, 48; church membership, 46–47; evangelicalism and, 48–51, 115–119, 140–142; fire companies and, 58–59; Free Thought and, 72–74; Nativism and, 168–171; skills of, 22–24, 25–27; temperance and, 41, 119–122
Kelley, William D., 195–197
Kennedy, J., 38
Kenrick, Francis Patrick, 128–129
Kensington: anti-Catholic violence in, 131; fire department, 59; industrial development, 11, 16; political control in, 132; political preference, 93; population shifts in, 10; religion in, 33; Universalist church, 70
Killers of Moyamensing, 151, 154–158
King James Bible, 128–129
Knight, Bushrod W., 127–128
Knights of Labor, 97
Know Nothingism, 197. See also Nativism
Labor theory of value, 75, 76–78, 108–109. See also Radicalism
Ladies’ Corders Union, 94
Land shortage, 9
Leather industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Leather workers, 4
“Lecture on Human Happiness” (Gray), 77
Levin, Lewis, 120, 122–123, 130, 131, 132, 174
Liberal Union, 162
Liebrich, T. C, 180
Locke, John, 75
Luther, Seth, 68
Lyceums, 70
Lynch, Thomas, 126
Machine tools industry: firm size, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Mahlke, Lewis, 180
Main Line, 8
Making of the English Working Class (Thompson), xii
Manayunk: fire department, 58; industrial development, 10–11, 17; political preference, 93; ten-hour movement and, 143–146
Mansure, Robert, 184
Manufactory: business practices, 21; characteristics of, 20–23; managerial practices, 21–22; owner origins, 20–21; percentage of workers in, 17
Market for local goods in Philadelphia (1788), 4–5
Mars Foundry, 13
Mass production, effect of, 13–14, 22
Master: compared to employer, 77–78; position in American Republican party, 169–171; radical opinions of, 76, 176–177
Mechanics’ and Workingmen’s Temperance Society, 42, 89
Mechanics’ Union of Trade Associations, 34, 85–87, 162, 191
Methodism, 37–38, 45–51; evangelical style, 45; factional split in, 37; membership, 38, 117–118; occupational mobility, 74; occupational profile of, 47–48, 72; property holding, 49. See also Revivalists
Mobility thesis, 198–199
Modell, John, 9
Montgomery, David, 4
Moyamensing: fire department, 59; industrial development, 11, 16; political preference, 93
Moyamensing Commission, 127
Moyamensing Hose Company, 151, 154
Mullen, William J., 196
National Charter Association, 165
National Laborer, 100
National Reform Association, 165
Native American, 131
Nativism, political party affiliations, 169–171, 195–197
Negative reference group theory, 200
Newkirk, Matthew, 40
New Radicalism, 168–177. See also Radical revivalism
New School Presbyterianism, 39–40, 44, 45; membership, 38, 117; members’ property holding, 49; moral reform of, 39–42; occupational profile, 47–48; Protestant work ethic of, 36–37; temperance activities of, 40–41, 120–121. See also Presbyterianism
Northern Liberties: industrial development, 11; political control in, 132; population shifts in, 10; religion in, 33–34; Universalist church, 70
O’Connell, Daniel, 150
Official labor, 76
Order of United American Mechanics, 174–176, 181; radical revivalist leaders, 185
Orr, Hector, 171
Outwork, 11, 14, 23, 212n.36; characteristics of, 24–25; life style and, 116; strikes, 91, 125–126, 178–179
Owen, Robert, 75–76
Packet line, coastal, 7
Paine, Thomas, commemorated, 71
Panic of 1837, 28, 34, 38, 97, 103–104, 107–133; as cultural watershed, 132–133; revivalist crusade during, 117–119; temperance movement during, 119–120; theological ferment during, 118–119
Panic of 1857, 18
Patterson, James, 33, 42, 43–44, 45, 50
Paynter, Lemuel, 111, 112, 169
Penniman, Edward, 88, 93, 111, 114
Pennsylvania Railroad, 8
Pennsylvania Society for Discouraging the Use of Ardent Spirits, 40, 41, 42
Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Internal Improvements, 7–8
Pennsylvania Temperance Society, 40
Philadelphia: immigrants in, 9; industrial growth, 10, 13–14; land use changes, 10; origins of elite, 11–12; percentage of tradesmen in labor force, 4; population growth, 9; redistribution of wealth, 11
Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 8
Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, 8
Philadelphia Conference (1841), 118
Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, 8
Philips, Robert, 185
Plan of Union (1801), 39
Porter, James, 118
Porter, John, 126
Poverty, revivalist thought on, 141–143
Presbyterianism, 35–52; doctrine, 35; factional split in, 37, 39; membership, 38; radical criticism of, 79–81. See also Arminian doctrine; New School Presbyterianism; and Revivalists
Presbytery, 44
Princeton Seminary, 42
“Principles of Aristocratic Legislation, The,” 34
Printers, role of radical revivalists among, 184–187. See also Cooperatives and Strike
Printers’ Union, 94
Printing industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16, 20; work environment, 15, 17
Producer ideology, 75–79, 82, 202–203. See also Radicalism
Productive labor, 76
Protestantism. See Methodism; Presbyterianism; Universalism; Radical revivalists; and Revivalists
Protestant work ethnic, criticism of, 89
Public Ledger (Philadelphia), 119, 128, 196; economic survey in 1842, 107
Public school system, 40, 41, 114; radicals and, 79; religious controversy in, 128–130
Pubs, role in traditionalist life style, 54–55
Putting-out system, 24; autonomy of workers in, 25, 56–57; workers in, 30. See also Outwork
Race riot of 1834, 62
Race riots. See California House riot and Riot
Racial violence, 62–66; causes of, 63–65, 156–157; during Great Depression, 124–125; in Moyamensing, 156
Radical, 67–83; life style, 71; occupational mobility, 73–74; occupational profile of, 72–73; political involvement, 110–115; response to panic of 1837, 108–115; role during hard times of 1837–1844, 108–115; socialism and, 78
Radicalism, 67–104, 108–115, 161–187, 191–203; attitudes on drinking, 71; changes in, 175–177; definition, 34; labor theory of value and, 75–78; organizational base, 70–72; organizing efforts after Great Depression, 177–187, 191–203; reasons for failure, 201; religious origins, 67–70; republicanism and, 81–82, 96; role of German and English immigrants in, 165–168; social basis, 74–83; trade unions and, 70; united and divided, 191–203; varieties of, 161–187. See also Radical revivalism and Radical revivalists
Radical Reformer, 100
Radical revivalism, 168–203
Radical revivalists, 168, 203; ethnic bigotry, 172–173; ideology of, 172–174; social mobility and, 199; strikes and organizations of, 177–187, 191–203
Railroad, development of, 8
Ramsey, William, 43, 44–45, 50, 116, 120, 140, 142
Rationalism: immigrants and, 164–165; social mobility and, 199
Rationalist radicalism. See Radicalism
Republicanism, 81–82, 96; different meanings of, 81–82. See also American Republican party
Revivalism: definition, 34; growth during Great Depression, 116–119; origins, 34–35
Revivalists, 33–52, 115–124, 139–147; acceptable occupations, 140–141; after Great Depression, 139–147; anti-radicalism of, 51–52, 101–102, 201–202; consciousness of, 51, 142; life style, 116–117; occupational mobility, 73–74; occupational profile of, 72–73; opinion on trade unions, 52; predecessor of new radicalism, 201–202; reactions to Assembly, 191; reactions to poverty, 141–142; religious leaders, 35–37, 42–46; role during Great Depression, 115, 124; social mobility, 46–52, 199; temperance crusade, 40–42; in ten-hour movement, 143–147; worker deference of, 200–201; work habits, 51. See also Methodism; Presbyterianism; New School Presbyterianism; and Radical revivalists
Ricardo, David, 75
“Rights of Freeborn Englishmen,” 96, 165
Riot: anti-Black, 61–66, 124–125, 155–158; anti-Catholic, 131. See also Street gangs and Volunteer fire departments
Robinson, Matthew W., 182, 183
Rockdale, study of, 68
Rood, Anson, 43
Rooke, Frederick M., 162
Rural-urban migrant: position in labor force, 28; role in evangelical crusade, 50–51; work habits, 56
Russell, A. H., 192
Russell, William G., 183
Ryan, John, 88
Saddlers’ and Harnessmakers’ Union, 94
St. Monday celebration, 33, 57
Savings and Cooperative Loan Fund, 102
Schuylkill Rangers, 151
Scott, Henry, 113
Second Universalist Church, 72, 76
Sewell, Benjamin T., 41, 56, 122, 143, 171
Sharpless, William, 185
“Sherman,” 97–98
Sherry, Bernard, 127
Shiffler Hose Company, 151, 153, 154–155
Shoe industry: firm sizes, 14, 25; mechanization, 16; owners, 21; work environments, 17
Sken Smith, Peter, 181
Skinner, Thomas, 44
Smith, Adam, 75
Smith, Joseph, 165
Social mobility: in antebellum Philadelphia, 48; evangelicalism and, 46–52; Free Thinkers and, 72–74; nativists and, 169. See also Mobility thesis
Social Reform Society, 165
Society of Free Enquirers, 71, 72, 162
Sons of Temperance, 144, 146, 196
Southwark: fire department, 59; industrial development, 11; moral state, 43; political control in, 132; political party profiles, 93, 169–170; population shifts in, 10; religion in, 34; Universalist church, 70
Southwark Fire Company, 154
Spinning industry, work environment, 15
Spirit of the Times, 130
Spring Garden, political control in, 132
Stevenson, Samuel, 111
Street gangs, 151–158; as surrogate unions, 157–158
Strike: of building tradesmen, 183, 184; of day laborers, 99; of dock workers, 157–158; of hand loom weavers, 98, 125–126; of journeymen, 5, 7; of journeyman bookbinders, 98; of printers, 186–187; of shoemakers, 91, 177–179; of tailors, 178–180; for ten-hour day, 90–91, 143, 200; of textile operatives, 19, 145
Sutherland, Joel, 112
Sweatshop: characteristics of, 23–24; owners, 24; percentage of workers in, 17
Swift, John, 99
Tasker, Thomas, 49
Taverns, role in traditionalist life style, 54–55
“Teetotal Mill,” 123
Temperance: Arminian doctrine and, 36–37; Catholic thought on, 150; Methodist church and, 37–38, 118; New School Presbyterians and, 36–37, 116–117; radicalism and, 71–72, 79; social control and, 39, 40–41; traditionalism and, 55–57
Temperance Advocate and Literary Repository, 122
Temperance-Beneficial Associations, 120–122, 127, 174
Temperance crusade, 40–42, 119–124
“Temperance Strike, The,” 90
Tenant farming, 9
Ten-hour movement, 90–91, 143–147, 200
Textile industry: business practices, 21; development in Manayunk, 10–11; firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16–20; work environment, 15, 17
Textile manufacturers, instability, 16–18
Textile operatives: housing, 19–20; strike, 19, 145; wages, 20; work life, 18–20, 21
Thernstrom, Stephan, 159
Thompson, E. P., xi, xii, 45, 96
Thompson, Samuel, 114
Thompson, William, 70, 88, 111
Tobacco industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Trades’ Convention (1847), 180–181, 192
Trades’ Union. See General Trades’ Union of the City and County of Philadelphia
Trade unions: decline, 162–163; revivalist opinion on, 52
Trade societies, beginnings, 5–6
Traditionalism, definition, 34
Traditionalists, 53–66, 124–133, 147–159; anti-Black feelings, 65–66; anti-radicalism of, 150; attitudes on drinking, 54; Catholicism and, 148–151; class consciousness of, 66, 158–159, 200–201; in 1840s, 147–159; ethnic consciousness of, 159, 200; fire companies and, 58–62, 152–155: life style, 116; local influences on, 57–61; manliness and, 60–61; reaction to Assembly, 191; role during Great Depression, 124–133; social mobility and, 199; street gangs and, 151–158; worker deference of, 201; work habits, 53, 56–57
Traditional metals industry: firm sizes, 14, 25; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17
Transatlantic packet line, 7
Transportation revolution, 7, 9
Turner, George F., 174, 182, 183, 184
Twelfth Church, 116
U.A.M. See Order of United American Mechanics
Union Beneficial Society of Cordwainers, Ladies’ Branch, 95
Union Beneficial Society of Journeymen Cordwainers, Men’s Branch, 178, 180
Union Temperance Society, 40
United Brotherhood of Tailors, 179, 181
Universalists, 69; decline, 162; occupational mobility, 73–74; occupational profile of, 72; radicalism of, 75; religious toleration of, 80; social composition of, compared with Methodists, 72–74
Unskilled labor, 26–27
Urban-born worker, position in labor force, 28
Utopian socialism, 192
Van Buren, Martin, 109, 110, 113
Vaughan, John, 42
Volunteer fire departments, 58–61; ethnic homogeneity in, 151; ethnic violence and, 153–155
Wallace, Anthony F. C., 68, 143
Walter, Henry L., 185
Watson, John Fanning, 4–5
Weaving industry, work environment, 15
Weccacoe Engine Company, 151, 153
Weccacoe Hose Company, 153
Wellington, William, 186
Wharton Street church, 117
Whigs, 195
Wise, Thomas, 70
Women: occupational restrictions, 13; radical thought on, 94–95; role in evangelical crusade, 49–50; tailors’ trade association and, 86; wage differential, 20; as working wives, 12–13
Work environment, 15–27. See also Artisan shop; Factory; Manufactory; Outwork; Sweatshop; and specific industries
Working-class culture: effect of Great Depression on, 107–133; forging of, 33–104
Workingmen’s Convention (1839), 113
Working Men’s party, 85–86, 92, 177
Workingmen’s Republican party, 194–197
Workplace: cultural development and, 50–51, 56–57, 74–75; workers’ link to, 27–30
Young Men’s Institute, 162
Young Men’s Temperance Society, 40
Zabiensky, Adolph, 192