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Working People of Philadelphia, 1800–1850: Index

Working People of Philadelphia, 1800–1850

Index

Index

Abolition, Catholic thought on, 150

Accumulators, 76. See also Radicalism

Adair, Robert, 43, 46, 117

Ahern, Eugene, 193

American Protestant Association, 129

American Republican party, 129–132, 140; bigotry of, 167; ideology of, 172–175; labor leaders in, 195; radical revivalist leaders, 185; social profile, 169–172

American Temperance Society, 80

American Temperance Union, 120

Ancient Rams song, 60–61

Anticapitalist radicalism, 68. See also New Radicalism and Radicalism

Apprentice indentures, 5

Arminian doctrine, 35–37, 39, 141. See also Presbyterianism

Artisan shop: characteristics of, 25–27; percentage of workers in, 17; owners, 26

Asbury, Francis, 37

Assembly of Associated Mechanics and Workingmen, 191–197

Association of Journeymen Hatters, 85

Association of Journeymen House Carpenters, 183–184

Association of Journeymen Tailors, 181

Bakers, firm size, 25

Baldwin, Matthias, 39, 40, 42, 49

Barnes, Albert, 35–37, 44, 89. See also Arminian doctrine

Bayne, James, 174

Beck, Jacob, 181

Bedford, John, 6–7

Bedford Street Mission, 143

Benevolent empire, 39. See also Arminian doctrine

Biddle’s Bank of the United States, 112

Blacksmiths: firm sizes, 14, 25; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Black workers: Irish actions against, 62–66, 124, 127, 155–158; lack of radical support of, 94; riots against, 62–66, 124, 127, 155–158

Blue laws. See Sabbatarianism

Blumin, Stuart, 48

Board of Trade and Commercial List, 107

Boston Associates, 16

Bottsford, John, 171, 174, 181, 192

Bouncers, 153. See also Street gangs

Bradford, Vincent, 195, 196

Breck, Samuel, 7

Bricklayers, 4

Buchanan, James, 112

Building and construction industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Building tradesmen, 4; strike, 183, 184

Burden, Jesse, 112

Bussey, Peter, 165

Butchers, firm size, 25

Butterworth, William, 165

California House riot, 156–157. See also Black workers

Campbell, John, 12, 165, 168, 192

Canals: development of, 7–9; effect on countryside, 8–10; effect on transportation costs, 8–9

Caney, John, 70, 161–162

Canfield, Russell, 81

Capital, scarcity of, 6

Capitalism, radical thought on, 76–78

Carey, Matthew, 7

Carpenters, 4; strike, 183–184

Carroll, William, 43

Catholic Herald, 128

Catholicism: abolition and, 150; bias against, 52, 128–131, 166; conservatism of, 150: growth of, 148–150; radical thought on, 81

Cedar Street Church, 116

Chartist League of Philadelphia, 165

Child labor, 13, 144–145

Child labor law of 1848, 144–145

Child labor law of 1849, 146

Cholera epidemic of 1832, 67

Christian capitalism, 68

Clark, Hugh, 126–127, 128, 130

Class, concepts of, xi–xii

Class conflict, beginnings, 5–6

Clothing industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Clothing workers, 4. See also Tailors

Coachmakers’, Painters’, and Trimmers’ Union, 94

Cock-fighting, 55

Commons, John R., 6

Community-of-interest ideal, 174, 184, 187. See also Radical revivalism

Competition, radical thought on, 77

Condie, D. F., 169

Cook, William, 55

Coom be, Pennell, 117, 120, 140

Cooperation, 102–103, 193–194; carpenters, 184; printers, 186–187

Cooperatives, 100, 180, 184, 187. See also Radicalism

Cope, Thomas Pym, 7

Cornman, Oliver P., 174

Cramer, S. R., 131

Crossin, John, 92, 94

Culture, concepts of, xi–xii. See also Working-class culture

Dawley, Alan, xii, 202

Day laborers, 26–27; admission to General Trades’ Union, 98, 99; strike (1836), 99

Debating clubs, 70

Deists. See Free Thinkers and Radicalism

Demars, Solomon, 70, 162, 192, 195

Democratic party, 92, 195; factions in, 110; Irish immigrant support for, 152; policies on culture and political economy, 110; radicals and, 110–115; social profile, 169–170

Depression of 1837, 19. See also Panic of 1837

Diamond, Joseph, 127, 169

Discussion groups, 70

Doherty, Robert, 39, 48, 49

Donneybrook Fair, 57

Doores, William, 162

Doran, Judge Joseph, 127

Douay Bible, 128–129

Ebenezer Methodist Church, Southwark, 37, 72, 117

Elliot, H. H. K., 174

Elliott, William, 117

Ely, Ezra Styles, 79

Employer, compared to master, 77–78

English, William, 70, 71, 88, 94, 95, 111, 114

English immigrant, 163; ethnic thesis and, 200; political background, 164; position in labor force, 29; reasons for emigrating, 167

Entrepreneur, business practices, 5, 13

Equal Rights faction (1842), 115, 122

Erickson, Charlotte, 167

Ethnic thesis, 199–200

Evangelical crusade, 42–52. See also Arminian doctrine

Evans, George Henry, 165

Evans, Oliver, 13

Factory: characteristics of, 15–20; owner origins, 16–18; percentage of workers in, 17

Faler, Paul, xii, 37

Federal Procession (1788), 3–4, 5

Feldberg, Michael, 126

Ferral, John, 70, 74, 88, 91–95, 109–113, 127, 159

Finney, Charles, 35, 43

Firemen. See Volunteer fire departments

First Presbyterian Church, 116

First Universalist Church, 70

Fisher, Sidney George, 107

Fitnam, Thomas, 113–114

Fletcher, Joshua, 111, 122, 171

Food industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Fort, Levi, 153

Franklin, Benjamin, 58

Franklin Hose Company, 151, 154, 155

Franklin Typographical Association, 184–186

Free agency, 141

Free Thinkers, 69–70, 166; decline of, 161–162; occupational profile of, 72; theology of, 69–70. See also Rationalist radicalism

“Friends of Ten Hours,” 145, 146, 165

Fuller, Zelotes, 67, 79

Fulton, Alexander, 115, 122, 126, 142

Furniture industry: firm sizes, 14, 25; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Gangs. See Street gangs

General Trades’ Union of the City and County of Philadelphia, 85–104, 162, 191; benefit payments, 97; constituency, 88–92; cooperative activities, 102–103; educational activities, 100–102; founding and growth, 86–87; internal disagreements, 97–98; internal organization, 87; jurisdictional disputes, 97; leadership, 87–88, 92–97

German-American Workingmen’s Congress, 187

German immigrants, 163; ethnic thesis and, 200; participation in Trades’ Convention, 180; political background, 163–164; position in labor force, 29–30; radical social groups, 165–166; reasons for emigrating, 166–167

German Workingmen’s Union, 180

Gihon, John, 80, 81

Gilmore, William, 93, 94, 114–115

Glorious Fourth celebration (1835), 89

Goldsmith, Oliver, 140

Graham, Sylvester, 56

Gray, John, 75; “Lecture on Human Happiness” (1825), 77

Green, William, 179–180

Grover, Thomas, 111, 112, 169

Halsey, A. O., 43

Hand loom weavers, 201; during Great Depression, 124–127, 130–131; strike attempts, 159; strikes, 98, 125–126; work environment, 24–25

Harrisburg, transportation convention (1825), 8

Hat and cap industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Heavy industry, work environment, 15

Heighton, William, 34, 70, 74, 75–79, 85, 86, 92, 177

Heilig, George W., 182, 192

Henderson, John, 185

Henry, Alexander, 40

Hersey, John, 140

Hershberg, Theodore, 157

Hogan, Thomas, 94

Hollenbeck, Joseph, 174

Hollingsworth, Joseph, 122

Hopkins, Samuel, 39

Hunt, Thomas, 41, 57

Hunter, William, 181

Immigrant: denied suffrage, 130; hostility toward, 140–141, 173, 181–182, 195, 199–203; position in labor force, 28–29. See also English immigrant; German immigrant; and Irish immigrant

Independents, 195–196

Industrial diversity, source of, 3–30

Industry: firm size, 13–14, 26; mechanization, 16; uneven growth of, 13–16. See also specific industries

International Typographical Union No. 2, 186, 187

International Workingmen’s Association, 180

Irish Catholics, life style, 151

Irish immigrants: ethnic thesis and, 199–200; Great Depression and, 124–131; peasant immigrants of 1840s, 147–148; position in labor force, 29, 30; radicalism and, 74, 147; traditionalism and, 147–159; work habits, 56–57

Iron industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

I.T.U. See International Typographical Union No. 2

Jefferson Temperance Hall, 174

John Hancock Temperance-Beneficial Society, 127, 185

Johnson, Paul E., 216n.7, 219n.41, 220nn.60, 67, 221n.69–70

Johnston, David, 165

Jones, Joel, 196

Journeyman Saddlers’ and Harnessmakers’ Union, 143

Journeyman Tailors’ Association, 86, 178

Journeymen: career mobility, 48; church membership, 46–47; evangelicalism and, 48–51, 115–119, 140–142; fire companies and, 58–59; Free Thought and, 72–74; Nativism and, 168–171; skills of, 22–24, 25–27; temperance and, 41, 119–122

Kelley, William D., 195–197

Kennedy, J., 38

Kenrick, Francis Patrick, 128–129

Kensington: anti-Catholic violence in, 131; fire department, 59; industrial development, 11, 16; political control in, 132; political preference, 93; population shifts in, 10; religion in, 33; Universalist church, 70

Killers of Moyamensing, 151, 154–158

King James Bible, 128–129

Knight, Bushrod W., 127–128

Knights of Labor, 97

Know Nothingism, 197. See also Nativism

Labor theory of value, 75, 76–78, 108–109. See also Radicalism

Ladies’ Corders Union, 94

Land shortage, 9

Leather industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Leather workers, 4

“Lecture on Human Happiness” (Gray), 77

Levin, Lewis, 120, 122–123, 130, 131, 132, 174

Liberal Union, 162

Liebrich, T. C, 180

Locke, John, 75

Luther, Seth, 68

Lyceums, 70

Lynch, Thomas, 126

Machine tools industry: firm size, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Mcllroy, Peter, 181, 192

McShane, James, 181, 192

Mahlke, Lewis, 180

Main Line, 8

Making of the English Working Class (Thompson), xii

Manayunk: fire department, 58; industrial development, 10–11, 17; political preference, 93; ten-hour movement and, 143–146

Mansure, Robert, 184

Manufactory: business practices, 21; characteristics of, 20–23; managerial practices, 21–22; owner origins, 20–21; percentage of workers in, 17

Market for local goods in Philadelphia (1788), 4–5

Mars Foundry, 13

Mass production, effect of, 13–14, 22

Master: compared to employer, 77–78; position in American Republican party, 169–171; radical opinions of, 76, 176–177

Mechanics’ and Workingmen’s Temperance Society, 42, 89

Mechanics’ Free Press, 80, 86

Mechanics’ Union of Trade Associations, 34, 85–87, 162, 191

Methodism, 37–38, 45–51; evangelical style, 45; factional split in, 37; membership, 38, 117–118; occupational mobility, 74; occupational profile of, 47–48, 72; property holding, 49. See also Revivalists

Miller, Joseph T., 162, 181

Mobility thesis, 198–199

Modell, John, 9

Montgomery, David, 4

Moyamensing: fire department, 59; industrial development, 11, 16; political preference, 93

Moyamensing Commission, 127

Moyamensing Hose Company, 151, 154

Mullen, William J., 196

National Charter Association, 165

National Laborer, 100

National Reform Association, 165

Native American, 131

Nativism, political party affiliations, 169–171, 195–197

Negative reference group theory, 200

Newkirk, Matthew, 40

New Radicalism, 168–177. See also Radical revivalism

New School Presbyterianism, 39–40, 44, 45; membership, 38, 117; members’ property holding, 49; moral reform of, 39–42; occupational profile, 47–48; Protestant work ethic of, 36–37; temperance activities of, 40–41, 120–121. See also Presbyterianism

Northern Liberties: industrial development, 11; political control in, 132; population shifts in, 10; religion in, 33–34; Universalist church, 70

O’Connell, Daniel, 150

Official labor, 76

Order of United American Mechanics, 174–176, 181; radical revivalist leaders, 185

Orr, Hector, 171

Outwork, 11, 14, 23, 212n.36; characteristics of, 24–25; life style and, 116; strikes, 91, 125–126, 178–179

Owen, Robert, 75–76

Packet line, coastal, 7

Paine, Thomas, commemorated, 71

Panic of 1837, 28, 34, 38, 97, 103–104, 107–133; as cultural watershed, 132–133; revivalist crusade during, 117–119; temperance movement during, 119–120; theological ferment during, 118–119

Panic of 1857, 18

Pastors’ Association, 43, 44

Patterson, James, 33, 42, 43–44, 45, 50

Paynter, Lemuel, 111, 112, 169

Penniman, Edward, 88, 93, 111, 114

Pennsylvania Railroad, 8

Pennsylvania Society for Discouraging the Use of Ardent Spirits, 40, 41, 42

Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Internal Improvements, 7–8

Pennsylvania Temperance Society, 40

Philadelphia: immigrants in, 9; industrial growth, 10, 13–14; land use changes, 10; origins of elite, 11–12; percentage of tradesmen in labor force, 4; population growth, 9; redistribution of wealth, 11

Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 8

Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, 8

Philadelphia Conference (1841), 118

Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, 8

Philips, Robert, 185

Plan of Union (1801), 39

Porter, James, 118

Porter, John, 126

Poverty, revivalist thought on, 141–143

Power, Edward, 165, 168, 192

Presbyterianism, 35–52; doctrine, 35; factional split in, 37, 39; membership, 38; radical criticism of, 79–81. See also Arminian doctrine; New School Presbyterianism; and Revivalists

Presbytery, 44

Princeton Seminary, 42

“Principles of Aristocratic Legislation, The,” 34

Printers, role of radical revivalists among, 184–187. See also Cooperatives and Strike

Printers’ Union, 94

Printing industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16, 20; work environment, 15, 17

Producer ideology, 75–79, 82, 202–203. See also Radicalism

Productive labor, 76

Protestantism. See Methodism; Presbyterianism; Universalism; Radical revivalists; and Revivalists

Protestant work ethnic, criticism of, 89

Public Ledger (Philadelphia), 119, 128, 196; economic survey in 1842, 107

Public school system, 40, 41, 114; radicals and, 79; religious controversy in, 128–130

Pubs, role in traditionalist life style, 54–55

Putting-out system, 24; autonomy of workers in, 25, 56–57; workers in, 30. See also Outwork

Race riot of 1834, 62

Race riots. See California House riot and Riot

Racial violence, 62–66; causes of, 63–65, 156–157; during Great Depression, 124–125; in Moyamensing, 156

Radical, 67–83; life style, 71; occupational mobility, 73–74; occupational profile of, 72–73; political involvement, 110–115; response to panic of 1837, 108–115; role during hard times of 1837–1844, 108–115; socialism and, 78

Radicalism, 67–104, 108–115, 161–187, 191–203; attitudes on drinking, 71; changes in, 175–177; definition, 34; labor theory of value and, 75–78; organizational base, 70–72; organizing efforts after Great Depression, 177–187, 191–203; reasons for failure, 201; religious origins, 67–70; republicanism and, 81–82, 96; role of German and English immigrants in, 165–168; social basis, 74–83; trade unions and, 70; united and divided, 191–203; varieties of, 161–187. See also Radical revivalism and Radical revivalists

Radical Reformer, 100

Radical revivalism, 168–203

Radical revivalists, 168, 203; ethnic bigotry, 172–173; ideology of, 172–174; social mobility and, 199; strikes and organizations of, 177–187, 191–203

Railroad, development of, 8

Ramsey, William, 43, 44–45, 50, 116, 120, 140, 142

Rationalism: immigrants and, 164–165; social mobility and, 199

Rationalist radicalism. See Radicalism

Republicanism, 81–82, 96; different meanings of, 81–82. See also American Republican party

Revivalism: definition, 34; growth during Great Depression, 116–119; origins, 34–35

Revivalists, 33–52, 115–124, 139–147; acceptable occupations, 140–141; after Great Depression, 139–147; anti-radicalism of, 51–52, 101–102, 201–202; consciousness of, 51, 142; life style, 116–117; occupational mobility, 73–74; occupational profile of, 72–73; opinion on trade unions, 52; predecessor of new radicalism, 201–202; reactions to Assembly, 191; reactions to poverty, 141–142; religious leaders, 35–37, 42–46; role during Great Depression, 115, 124; social mobility, 46–52, 199; temperance crusade, 40–42; in ten-hour movement, 143–147; worker deference of, 200–201; work habits, 51. See also Methodism; Presbyterianism; New School Presbyterianism; and Radical revivalists

Ricardo, David, 75

“Rights of Freeborn Englishmen,” 96, 165

Riot: anti-Black, 61–66, 124–125, 155–158; anti-Catholic, 131. See also Street gangs and Volunteer fire departments

Ripka, Joseph, 18, 93, 145

Robinson, Matthew W., 182, 183

Rockdale, study of, 68

Rood, Anson, 43

Rooke, Frederick M., 162

Rural-urban migrant: position in labor force, 28; role in evangelical crusade, 50–51; work habits, 56

Russell, A. H., 192

Russell, William G., 183

Ryan, John, 88

Sabbatarianism, 80, 150, 187

Saddlers’ and Harnessmakers’ Union, 94

St. Monday celebration, 33, 57

Savings and Cooperative Loan Fund, 102

Schuylkill Rangers, 151

Scott, Henry, 113

Second Universalist Church, 72, 76

Sewell, Benjamin T., 41, 56, 122, 143, 171

Sharpless, William, 185

Shedden, John, 180, 192, 193

“Sherman,” 97–98

Sherry, Bernard, 127

Schiffler, George, 131, 151

Shiffler Hose Company, 151, 153, 154–155

Shoe industry: firm sizes, 14, 25; mechanization, 16; owners, 21; work environments, 17

“6 to 6” motto, 90, 91, 137

Sken Smith, Peter, 181

Skinner, Thomas, 44

Small, William F., 111, 144

Smith, Adam, 75

Smith, Joseph, 165

Social mobility: in antebellum Philadelphia, 48; evangelicalism and, 46–52; Free Thinkers and, 72–74; nativists and, 169. See also Mobility thesis

Social Reform Society, 165

Society of Free Enquirers, 71, 72, 162

Sons of Temperance, 144, 146, 196

Southwark: fire department, 59; industrial development, 11; moral state, 43; political control in, 132; political party profiles, 93, 169–170; population shifts in, 10; religion in, 34; Universalist church, 70

Southwark Fire Company, 154

Spinning industry, work environment, 15

Spirit of the Times, 130

Spring Garden, political control in, 132

Stevenson, Samuel, 111

Stingers, 154, 155

Street gangs, 151–158; as surrogate unions, 157–158

Strike: of building tradesmen, 183, 184; of day laborers, 99; of dock workers, 157–158; of hand loom weavers, 98, 125–126; of journeymen, 5, 7; of journeyman bookbinders, 98; of printers, 186–187; of shoemakers, 91, 177–179; of tailors, 178–180; for ten-hour day, 90–91, 143, 200; of textile operatives, 19, 145

Strike of 1835, 21, 25

Sutherland, Joel, 112

Sweatshop: characteristics of, 23–24; owners, 24; percentage of workers in, 17

Swift, John, 99

Tailors, 4; strike, 178–180

Tasker, Thomas, 49

Taverns, role in traditionalist life style, 54–55

“Teetotal Mill,” 123

Temperance: Arminian doctrine and, 36–37; Catholic thought on, 150; Methodist church and, 37–38, 118; New School Presbyterians and, 36–37, 116–117; radicalism and, 71–72, 79; social control and, 39, 40–41; traditionalism and, 55–57

Temperance Advocate and Literary Repository, 122

Temperance-Beneficial Associations, 120–122, 127, 174

Temperance crusade, 40–42, 119–124

“Temperance Strike, The,” 90

Tenant farming, 9

Ten-hour movement, 90–91, 143–147, 200

Textile industry: business practices, 21; development in Manayunk, 10–11; firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16–20; work environment, 15, 17

Textile manufacturers, instability, 16–18

Textile operatives: housing, 19–20; strike, 19, 145; wages, 20; work life, 18–20, 21

Thernstrom, Stephan, 159

Thomas, Abel, 67, 68, 79

Thompson, E. P., xi, xii, 45, 96

Thompson, Samuel, 114

Thompson, William, 70, 88, 111

Tobacco industry: firm sizes, 14; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Trades’ Convention (1847), 180–181, 192

Trades’ Union. See General Trades’ Union of the City and County of Philadelphia

Trade unions: decline, 162–163; revivalist opinion on, 52

Trade societies, beginnings, 5–6

Traditionalism, definition, 34

Traditionalists, 53–66, 124–133, 147–159; anti-Black feelings, 65–66; anti-radicalism of, 150; attitudes on drinking, 54; Catholicism and, 148–151; class consciousness of, 66, 158–159, 200–201; in 1840s, 147–159; ethnic consciousness of, 159, 200; fire companies and, 58–62, 152–155: life style, 116; local influences on, 57–61; manliness and, 60–61; reaction to Assembly, 191; role during Great Depression, 124–133; social mobility and, 199; street gangs and, 151–158; worker deference of, 201; work habits, 53, 56–57

Traditional metals industry: firm sizes, 14, 25; mechanization, 16; work environments, 17

Transatlantic packet line, 7

Transportation revolution, 7, 9

Turner, George F., 174, 182, 183, 184

Twelfth Church, 116

U.A.M. See Order of United American Mechanics

Union Beneficial Society of Cordwainers, Ladies’ Branch, 95

Union Beneficial Society of Journeymen Cordwainers, Men’s Branch, 178, 180

Union Temperance Society, 40

United Brotherhood of Tailors, 179, 181

United States Gazette, 91, 95

Universalists, 69; decline, 162; occupational mobility, 73–74; occupational profile of, 72; radicalism of, 75; religious toleration of, 80; social composition of, compared with Methodists, 72–74

Unskilled labor, 26–27

Urban-born worker, position in labor force, 28

Utopian socialism, 192

Van Buren, Martin, 109, 110, 113

Vaughan, John, 42

Volunteer fire departments, 58–61; ethnic homogeneity in, 151; ethnic violence and, 153–155

Walker, Mack, 163, 166

Wallace, Anthony F. C., 68, 143

Walter, Henry L., 185

Watson, John Fanning, 4–5

Weaving industry, work environment, 15

Weccacoe Engine Company, 151, 153

Weccacoe Hose Company, 153

Wellington, William, 186

Wharton Street church, 117

Whigs, 195

Wise, Thomas, 70

Women: occupational restrictions, 13; radical thought on, 94–95; role in evangelical crusade, 49–50; tailors’ trade association and, 86; wage differential, 20; as working wives, 12–13

Work environment, 15–27. See also Artisan shop; Factory; Manufactory; Outwork; Sweatshop; and specific industries

Working-class culture: effect of Great Depression on, 107–133; forging of, 33–104

Workingmen’s Convention (1839), 113

Working Men’s party, 85–86, 92, 177

Workingmen’s Republican party, 194–197

Workplace: cultural development and, 50–51, 56–57, 74–75; workers’ link to, 27–30

Young, Israel, 70, 111

Young Men’s Institute, 162

Young Men’s Temperance Society, 40

Zabiensky, Adolph, 192

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