INDEX
Agamben, Giorgio: on bare life and state of exception, 60–61, 81, 200–206, 239; on neomort, 207–8, 223, 235; on Tiananmen, 239
An Tian, 23
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 57
Apted, Michael, 214
Asian American literature: Ha Jin and, 14, 117, 124, 132–33; Tiananmen’s impact on, 7, 241–42
Bataille, Georges, 243
Beijing Comrade, 20
Bell, William, 21
Benjamin, Walter: on afterlife, 12–13; on history and time, 201, 207–9; on mere life, 59–60
Berry, Michael, 2, 189, 244, 252–53n3, 253n5
bilingualism: Annie Wang and, 164–68, 171; Ha Jin and, 120, 124, 133–34
biopolitics: Agamben’s theory of, 60, 200–202, 239, 247; in Beijing Coma, 16–17, 188–209, 227–28; in contemporary China, 188, 239–40, 247; Foucault’s theory of, 192, 247; Hardt and Negri’s theory of, 240, 247
Bush, George, 4
cannibalism, 24–25, 103, 189–200, 243
Cao Guanlong, 189
capitalism: Aihwa Ong’s theory of, 178–79; in Beijing Coma, 193–201, 204–9, 239; in Lili, 147–64, 168–72, 178–82; Wang Hui’s theory of, 245–47
Castoriadis, Cornelius, 54, 251–52n11
Chai Ling: in Beijing Coma, 221–22, 228–32; criticisms of, 216–20, 229; in documentaries, 214–17; flight from China, 3; in Lili, 158, 183; post-Tiananmen life, 229–31; testimony, 209–10
Chang, Leslie, 182
Chen Ran, 27
Chin, Marilyn, 19
Chineseness: diaspora writers and, 42–44, 120–25; global discourses on, 42–44, 90; theories of, 7, 126–29, 174–75, 179; Tiananmen’s effects on, 6–7, 11, 129
Chow, Rey, 121–23, 173–75, 243
Clinton, Bill, 220
Conceison, Claire, 79
cosmopolitanism, theories of, 56–57
Cultural Revolution: Annie Wang and, 171–72; in Beijing Coma, 190–93; in The Crazed, 92, 96, 100–101; criticisms of diasporic literature on, 172–73; Gao Xingjian and, 35–36, 71, 79; Ha Jin and, 91, 92; in Lili, 168–71; Ma Jian and, 187
democracy, concept of, 162–63, 232–33
Democracy Wall movement, 3–4, 234
Deng Xiaoping: in fiction, 22; and liberalization, 2–3, 101, 154–55; role in Tiananmen, 72, 212
diaspora, theories of, 126–31, 253n8
Dirlik, Arif, 221
documentaries, 137–42, 214–20, 228–29. See also The Gate of Heavenly Peace; Moving the Mountain; The Tank Man
drama, 19, 21. See also Gao Xingjian, Taowang
English: Annie Wang and, 164–68, 176; Ha Jin and, 91, 116, 122–25, 132–34; as language of Chinese diaspora literature, 7; as language of Tiananmen literature, 31–33, 241–42; translations of Gao Xingjian in, 40, 64; translations of Ma Jian in, 242
Esherick, Joseph, 162–63, 232–34
exile: Arendt’s theory of, 58–60; Gao Xingjian and, 60–62, 83; gender differences on, 181; Ha Jin on, 103–4, 118–19; in international media on Tiananmen, 36–38, 90, 250n1; of student leaders, 3, 214–15, 228–30
Fanon, Frantz, 56
fiction, mainland China, 24–27
film, 28
Gao Xingjian: biography, 4, 35–37; Bus Stop, 61, 251n10, 252n16; essays, 44–55; and exile, 50–51, 60–62; and Nobel Prize, 36–44, 90; Taowang, 60–84; on Tiananmen, 53–55, 62–64, 67–74, 83–84; on women, 77–83
Gate of Heavenly Peace, The, 214–20, 229
globalization: Appadurai’s theory of, 169, 181; Gao Xingjian and, 40, 84; Ha Jin and, 123–24; in Lili, 143–56, 177–82; Tiananmen literature and, 8–9, 239–42; Wang Hui’s theory of, 245–47
Guo Xiaolu, 7
Ha Jin. See Jin, Ha
Han Hsiang-ning, 29
Hayot, Eric, 243
Hong Kong: Annie Wang in, 181; as Chinese diaspora, 7–8, 126; Ma Jian in, 4; as publishing site, 32, 166, 176, 255n1; Tiananmen controversy in, 217; Tiananmen works from, 2, 19, 22, 28, 250n9
Hong Ying, 5, 7, 23–24, 170, 189
Hou Dejian, 89, 159–60, 212, 233
human rights: Arendt’s theory of, 57–59; in Lili, 142, 157, 178; Ma Jian on, 188, 197; Tiananmen fictions and, 9, 11, 178
hunger strike: as biopolitical technique, 205–6; Chai Ling’s call for, 209, 232; of four gentlemen, 89; in Lili, 158–59, 161–63
Internet: as discussion forum on Tiananmen, 32, 238, 245; and Tiananmen art, 29–31; and Tiananmen literature, 20, 32; websites on Tiananmen, 218–19, 225, 236
Jameson, Fredric, 10
Jin, Ha: in America, 14, 112, 131–32; The Crazed, 93–116; criticisms of, 121–23, 132–33; English use, 86, 91, 107, 116, 123–24, 132–33; A Free Life, 90, 107, 117, 134–35; on intellectuals, 90, 93–104; self-perceptions as writer, 91–92, 98–99, 116–19; self-translation into Chinese, 133–34; on Tiananmen, 92–93, 111–20; and trauma, 14–15, 113–20; War Trash, 91, 133, 254n11
June 4. See Tiananmen massacre
Kristeva, Julia, 118
Laughlin, Charles, 223
Lee, C. Y., 21
Lee, Mabel, 40–41, 63, 65–66, 79, 83
Li Lu, 3, 141, 214–15, 218, 225, 229
Liu Binyan, 3, 229, 232, 255n1
Liu Xiaobo, 87–90, 99–100, 188
Lou Ye, 28
Lu Xun: Gao Xingjian on, 49; Ha Jin on, 97–100, 103–4; “A Madman’s Diary,” 103, 112, 189
Ma Jian: Beijing Coma, 187–209, 220–36; on Beijing Olympics, 203–9, 227, 239; on China’s biopolitical history, 190–200; on cultural amnesia, 186–87, 198–99, 234–35; on Falun Gong, 202–3, 227; on student death, 221–24, 228, 231–32, 235–36
memory, historical: China’s forgetting, 19–20, 137–40, 185–88, 198–99, 234–35; global politics of, 140–42; Tiananmen literature and, 8–9, 111–12, 221, 244–45; world memory of Tiananmen, 8–9, 83–84, 124–25, 241. See also postmemory
migration: diaspora and, 10–11; Tiananmen’s effects on, 2–5
Munro, Robin, 112, 140, 211–13, 237
national allegory, 94–98, 103, 189, 193, 202, 233–34, 238
Nobel Prize: 2000 Literature Prize, 25–44, 250n1; 2010 Peace Prize, 87–90; China’s desire for Literature Prize, 121–22
Olympics, Beijing, 202–9, 227, 239
organ harvesting, 189, 194–97, 200, 207
orientalism: Annie Wang’s critique of, 143–54; charges of in Chinese diaspora literature, 172–73, 242–45; charges of in Ha Jin’s work, 122–23; theories of, 173–76
photography: Barthes’s theory of, 110–11; as medium of postmemory, 115–16, 186; and Tank Man image, 137–40, 186; Tiananmen art and, 28–29; of Tiananmen victims, 110, 225, 236
political theater, 162–64, 233–34
Qi, Shouhua, 5
Qiu Xiaolong, 5
responsibility, theories of, 50–62
Ruan Ming, 72
Said, Edward, 50–51, 53, 56–57, 90
Schell, Orville, 140, 199, 214, 228
Sham, John, 214
Sheng Qi, 28
Sheng Xue, 5
Sino-American relations, 220
Sinophone: Annie Wang and, 166–68; diaspora and, 7–8, 33; Gao Xingjian and, 40, 49, 251n4; Ha Jin and, 121–23, 133
soldiers, People’s Liberation Army. See Chen Guang
Song Dong, 29
student leaders: criticisms of, 215–20, 228–29; in documentaries, 214–17; flight from China, 3; post-Tiananmen life, 229–31. See also Chai Ling; Li Lu; Wang Dan; Wuer Kaixi; Zhang Boli
Summer Palace, 28
Taiwan: as Chinese diaspora, 7–8, 126; critiques of Ha Jin from, 122–23; as publishing site, 25, 32, 166; Tiananmen controversy in, 217; Tiananmen works from, 22
Tank Man: in documentaries, 137–40; in fictions, 22, 23, 26; as Tiananmen icon, 8, 137, 186, 205, 241
Tank Man, The, 137–42, 175, 185
television, 4–5, 12, 71, 84, 113–14
Tiananmen massacre: censorship of in China, 24, 31, 138–40, 165; controversies surrounding, 212–13, 217–20; effects on literature, 1–6; effects on migration, 2–5; eyewitness accounts of, 12, 209–13, 224–27, 255n2; final evacuation from Square, 209–13, 224–27; literature’s impact on legacy of, 8–10, 237–45. See also Liubukou; student leaders; Tiananmen Mothers; workers
Tiananmen Mothers, 185–86, 205, 225, 228
Tiananmen movements, 8
Tiananmen Papers, The, 31–32, 72–73, 212, 223–24, 226
totalitarianism: Arendt on, 58; Gao Xingjian on, 54–55, 70, 83–84; Ha Jin on, 92, 124–25; Ma Jian on, 231–35
translation. See English
transnationalism: Aihwa Ong’s theory of, 178–79; Annie Wang and, 136, 142–43, 166–82, 239; Tiananmen literature and, 2
trauma, theories of, 15, 115–16, 119, 131, 134
Tu Wei-ming, 7, 126–29, 131, 141
Wang, Annie: biography, 5, 12, 15, 136, 156–57, 167; diasporic women’s writing and, 170–76; language use, 164–67; Lili, 141–64, 175, 178–83; The People’s Republic of Desire, 19–20, 176–78, 254n4; and Tiananmen, 154–64
Wang Chaohua, 214
Wang, David Der-wei, 119–20, 134
Wang, Lulu, 7
Wasserstrom, Jeffrey, 162–63, 232–34
Wei Jingsheng, 214
Wong, Elizabeth, 21
workers, 162–63, 182–83, 212–13
Wu Hung, 164
Wuer Kaixi: criticisms of, 229; in documentaries, 141, 159, 214–15; in fictions, 22, 157; flight from China, 3
Xinran, 7
Yamauchi, Wakako, 19
Yan Geling, 5
Yang, Xiaobin, 253n5
Ying Chen, 5
Yue Minjun, 28
Zhang Boli, 3, 202, 229–31, 235