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Reading Up: Middle-Class Readers and the Culture of Success in the Early Twentieth-Century United States: Index

Reading Up: Middle-Class Readers and the Culture of Success in the Early Twentieth-Century United States

Index

INDEX

Aeschylus, 162–63

aesthetics, language of, 1–3, 25, 56, 57–59, 63

African American readers, 215n4

Alcott, Louisa May, 10

Alden, Henry Mills, 62

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 206

Alger, Horatio, 4, 116, 212n5

Allen, James Lane, 81, 102, 117, 174, 206; The Choir Invisible, 102, 172, 186, 205, 209; Flute and Violin, 209

Andover Review, 61, 81, 83–84

Arena, 59

Arnold, Matthew, 206; Culture and Anarchy, 195; Essays in Criticism, 195

Atlantic Monthly, 13–14, 24, 29, 50, 62, 64, 69, 99, 105, 171, 174, 185, 195, 214n35, 217n44

Austen, Jane, 82, 102, 118; Northanger Abbey, 179–80

authorship: anxieties about misreading, 12–19; construction of, 14; intention and, 11; realism and, 14–15

Baedeker’s, 113

Balzac, Honoré de, 15–17, 206, 214n37; characters in, 17–18; Eugénie Grandet, 115; Père Goriot, 2, 15–17

Barrish, Phillip, 16

Baym, Nina, 126

Bell, Michael Davitt, 14, 116, 214n37

Bennett, Arnold, 170

Bennett, Emerson, 73–74

Bennett, Jesse Lee, What Books Can Do For You, 10

Bennett, Tony, 11–12

Bentley, Nancy, 223n14

Berkson, Dorothy, 47

Besant, Walter, 116

best-sellers, 48, 54, 137, 138, 166–67

The Bible, 205

biography, 41

Blackwood’s, 122

Bode, Carl, 212n5

Bok, Edward, 25–26, 29–33, 35, 38, 41, 63–64, 69–71, 77–80, 216n16, 216–17n24,

Bok Syndicate Press, 29

book clubs. See under literature

Book-of-the-Month Club, 5, 7, 8, 19, 197

(Boston) Literary World, 126

Bourdieu, Pierre, 155

Boyeson, Hjalmar Hjorth, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 219n33

Bridges, Robert, 32–35, 57, 216–17n24; “Droch” columns, 44 (see also “Droch”); “Heroines in Fiction,” 34–35

Brodhead, Richard, 176

Brontë sisters, 10

Brown, Bill, 214n37

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, The Last Days of Pompeii, 191

Burlingame, Edward, 163–64

Burnett, Frances Hodgson, Little Lord Fauntleroy, 31

Buzard, James, 113

Byron, George Gordon, “Manfred,” 113

Cable, George Washington, 21, 31, 81, 104, 117, 173, 184, 206; The Cavalier, 182; Doctor Sevier, 181; The Grandissimes, 102, 172, 181–86, 193, 205, 209, 224–25n19; 1907 edition, 183–84; genre of, 185; identification in, 184; illustrations in, 183–84; John March, Southerner, 181; as literary tourism, 185; “local color” in, 185; Old Creole Days, 81, 182, 205, 209; readership of, 184; as romance, 185

Cady, Edwin Harrison, 218n2

Campbell, Donna M., 174

canonicity, 84–85, 87

capital, 8, 20, 54–55. See also cultural capital

Carleton, Will, 31

Carlyle, Thomas, 206

Carter, Everett, 220n64

Cather, Willa, 188, 225n23

Cawelti, John G., 160

The Century, 24, 62, 186

Certeau, Michel de, 9, 149–50, 162

Cervantes, Miguel de, Don Quixote, 75

Channing, William Ellery, 54

characters, 17–18, 52–53, 59, 61, 83–84, 103, 123–26, 134, 175

Charles Scribner’s Sons, 29, 103, 163–64

Chautauqua movement, 195

Chicago Daily Tribune, 150

Chicago Evening Post, 119, 126

Chicago Tribune, 106, 120

Churchill, Winston: Coniston, 209; The Crisis, 186, 209; Mr. Crewe’s Career, 209; Richard Carvel, 186, 190–91, 192

Clarke, George, 59

Clarke, James Freeman, Self-Culture, 195

class, 26–27, 38, 149–56, 165, 177–78, 213–14n25, 215–16n10, 222n3. See also status; upward mobility

Clay, Bertha M., Dora Thorne, 2

Colby, Frank Moore, 23–24

Collier, P. F., 195, 197

consumer culture, 3–4, 6, 8–9, 12, 26, 60, 139–40, 143, 150, 172, 198

Cooke, Delmar Gross, William Dean Howells: A Critical Study, 66–67

Cooper, James Fenimore, 34, 50, 118, 206; The Deerslayer, 102; The Last of the Mohicans, 84, 102; The Spy, 206, 209

Copeland, Stephanie, 164

Cowley, Malcolm, 62

Crawford, F. Marion, 104, 127–36, 193, 206 (see also Crawford, F. Marion, works of); characterization and, 134; Corleone, 128; genre and, 135; literary marketplace and, 135; readership of, 130–31, 134; reading as leisure, 135–36; realism and, 134–35; resemblance and, 134; romance and, 134–35

Crawford, F. Marion, works of: Cecilia, 128; The Cigarette-Maker’s Romance, 128; The Novel: What It Is, 99, 134; A Roman Singer, 128; Saracinesca, 127, 128–34; Stradella, 128; Via Crucis, 128

The Critic, 174

critics/criticism: “genteel critics,” 36, 62; Mabie and, 43–44; professional status of, 14–15; realism and, 14–15. See also specific critics

cultural capital, 20, 40, 54–59

Cummins, Maria Susanna, The Lamplighter, 167

Curtis, Cyrus, 26, 29, 64, 216n16

Curtis Publishing Company, 25, 26, 64

Damon-Moore, Helen, 215–16n10

Dawson, Melanie, 165–66

Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe, 206

Deland, Margaret, 31, 206; The Awakening of Helena Ritchie, 167; Old Chester Tales, 209

De Morgan, William Frend, 206

Dickens, Charles, 10, 34, 102, 167, 206; David Copperfield, 81, 115, 172, 205; A Tale of Two Cities, 206

discipline, versus talent, 108–9

Dixon, Thomas, The Clansman, 167

Doyle, Arthur Conan, The Hound of the Baskervilles, 43

Dreiser, Theodore, 19; An American Tragedy, 201; Sister Carrie, 2–3, 15, 211–12n4, 214n37

“Droch,” 32–35, 37–38, 44, 57, 216–17n24. See also Bridges, Robert

“The Duchess,” 31

Dumas, Alexandre, 34; Pitou, Ange, 191

Dunlop, M. H., 211–12n4

Dunn, Martha Baker, 13, 15; “A Plea for the Shiftless Reader,” 13–14

economics, language of, 1–3, 20, 25, 56–59. See also capital

Edgworth, Maria, 118

“Edmunds, Frederica,” 190

education, 53–56, 86, 108–9. See also self-culture; self-education, 53–56

Eggleston, Edward, A Hoosier Schoolmaster, 209

Eliot, George, 102, 117–18, 206; Adam Bede, 117, 205; The Mill on the Floss, 115, 117, 205

elite culture. See highbrow culture

Eller, Jonathan R., 68, 219n23

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 50, 56, 206

empathy, 15–16, 217n32

escapism, 57, 59, 142, 161, 186, 192, 213n20

Everyman’s Library, 195

Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 198, 225–26n10

Fetterly, Judith, 217n32

Fish, Stanley, 11

Fiske, John, 206

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, The Great Gatsby, 201

Five-Foot Shelf of Books, 195–97

Foote, Marly Hallock, The Led-Horse Claim, 209

Ford, Paul Leicester, Janice Meredith, 191, 192

Forum, 186–88

Foucault, Michel, 199

Fox, John Jr., 206; The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come, 210

Franzen, Jonathan, 195; The Corrections, 197–204, 225–26n10; Freedom, 202–3

Fresh Air, 198

Galassi, Jonathan, 225–26n10

Garland, Hamlin, 127, 174, 206; Main Travelled Roads, 209

gender, reading and, 34–35, 48–49, 59, 70–71, 193, 199–200, 214n26, 215n4, 217n35

genre, 45, 50–51, 53, 135, 182. See also specific genres

Gibbon, Edward, 41

Gilder, Richard Watson, 62, 185

Gilmore, William J., 9

Gissing, George, 116

Gladstone, William, 116, 142, 172

Glasgow, Ellen, 173, 206

Glazener, Nancy, 14–15, 50, 214n35, 217n44

Glyn, Elinor, Three Weeks, 158, 223n25

Grant, Robert, Unleavened Bread, 210

Gras, Felix, Reds of the Midi, 191

Great American Novel, 201

Green, Anna Katharine, The Millionaire Baby, 167

Greenwood, Grace, 29–30

Griffith, D. W., Birth of a Nation, 167

Habermas, Jürgen, 213n20

Haggard, Rider, 136

Hamerton, Philip Gilbert, Intellectual Life, 195

Hamilton family, 10–11

Hardy, Thomas, 206; Far from the Madding Crowd, 117; Under the Greenwood Tree, 117

Harland, Henry, 158

Harper’s Bazar, 46–47

Harper’s Monthly, 11, 174, 218n10, 219n33; Editor’s Study columns, 72, 219n31

Hart, James David, 224–25n19

Harte, Bret, Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Stories, 209

Hartman, Saidiya V., 10

Harvard Classics, 195–97

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 34, 50, 78, 102, 118, 206; The House of Seven Gables, 81, 168, 175, 206, 209; The Marble Faun, 49, 102, 112, 205; The Scarlet Letter, 84, 172, 182, 205

Hay, John, 119

Heine, Heinrich, 74, 75

Hendler, Glenn, 213n20, 217n35

Herrick, Robert: The Common Lot, 56, 210; The Memoirs of an American Citizen, 210

Herter, Albert, 184

Hichens, Robert Smythe, The Garden of Allah, 167

highbrow culture, 20, 139–40, 143, 151–56, 165, 171, 175, 213–14n25, 214–15n40, 217n44. See also upper class

high society. See upper class

historical fiction, 186–87, 189–92

Hochman, Barbara, 10, 16, 213n22, 223–24n32

Holmes, Joseph, 158

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 118, 206; Elsie Venner, 175

The Home Monthly, 188

Houghton Mifflin, 105

Howard, June, 9–10, 212–13n19

Howells, John Mead, 219n33

Howells, Mildred, 219n33

Howells, William Dean, 15, 18–20, 24, 49–50, 59, 118, 127, 171, 173, 176, 185–86, 193, 218n2, 219n23. See also Howells, William Dean, works of; biography of, 68–69; correspondence with Bok, 70–71; earnings of, 218n10, 218n11; as exemplary, 70–71, 80; family and, 70–73, 219n33; identification and, 18–19; imagination and, 219n31; James and, 100; The Ladies’ Home Journal and, 62, 63–98; lightness of, 82–84; literary marketplace and, 94; readership of, 74, 79, 85–86, 87–90; reading and, 70–71, 75–77, 80; realism and, 8, 68, 71, 73–74, 77–78, 97, 214n37, 214–15n40, 219n31, 220n64; on reviewing, 76–77; romance and, 95–96, 219n31; romanticism and, 74, 87; sentimentality and, 95–96; on Spanish literature, 75; success of, 70–71; sympathy and, 96; taste and, 214–15n40

Howells, William Dean, works of: autobiography of, 64; A Chance Acquaintance, 93; The Coast of Bohemia, 64, 65–68, 69, 80, 89–90, 93, 94, 218n10; Criticism and Fiction, 15–16, 134; Editor’s Study columns, 72, 219n31; A Hazard of New Fortunes, 20, 31–32, 63, 81, 83, 91, 93–97, 209, 220n64; The Kentons, 83–84, 93; The Lady of Aroostook, 20, 63, 81, 83, 91–93; A Modern Instance, 83; “My Book Friends” idea, 69, 77; My Literary Passions, 68–81, 218n10; The Rise of Silas Lapham, 16–17, 20, 22, 52, 55, 61–98, 102, 168, 171, 186, 205, 209; Mabie’s review of, 81–91; reading in, 85–86; realism of, 83–84; Their Wedding Journey, 32, 93

Howells, Winifred, 219n33

Hugo, Victor, 34

Hutner, Gordon, What America Read, 7

identification, 7–12, 15, 17, 46, 61, 72, 85–86, 166, 204, 212–13n19, 213n20; Cable and, 184; Howells and, 18–19; James and, 103, 111–12, 114; Jewett and, 174–81; readers and, 219–20n39; reading up and, 161–63; Wharton and, 162–63

imagination, 10, 212–13n19, 219n31

impressionism, 116

Independent, 169

Ingelow, Jean, 178–79; “The Days without Alloy,” 178–79; Mopsa the Fairy, 178

Ingersoll, Robert Sturgis, Open That Door!, 4

instrumentalism, 71

intentions, authorial, 11

interiority of characters, 18

interpretation. See also misreading: author anxieties about misreading, 12–19; interpretive communities, 11; interpretive violence, 12

Irving, John, The World According to Garp, 201

Irving, Washington, 34, 50, 206; Sketch Book, 181

Jacobson, Marcia, 116

James, Henry, 15, 19–21, 99–127, 136, 157, 171–73, 193, 206. See also James, Henry, works of; accessibility of, 100; on Balzac, 17, 18; characters and, 103, 106; Howells and, 100; identification and, 103, 111–12, 114; involvement with syndication, 100; literary status of, 100; pessimism of, 126; popularity and, 99–100; psychology and, 104; publication in periodicals, 99–100; readership of, 100, 120, 122–24, 221n9; realism and, 116, 214n37; romance and, 114–27; sympathy and, 106–14

James, Henry, works of: The Ambassadors, 101, 104; The American, 20, 21, 101, 104; “The Art of Fiction,” 52, 104; Bostonians, 81; Daisy Miller, 92; The Golden Bowl, 100, 101; Guy Domville, 116; A Hazard of New Fortunes, 115; “The Lesson of the Master,” 104; “The Lesson on Balzac,” 18; New York Edition, 20–21, 101, 103–6, 121–23, 126, 221n8; The Outcry, 101; The Passionate Pilgrim, 104; The Portrait of a Lady, 20–21, 66, 81, 100–105, 118–27, 128, 136, 160–61, 171–72, 182; as bildungsroman, 122; characterization in, 123–26; reception of, 119–23, 126; revisions of, 123–24; romance and, 118–27; success of, 126; The Princess Casamassima, 100, 103, 114–18, 126, 132; “The Real Thing,” 104; Roderick Hudson, 20–21, 100–114, 117–18, 126, 129, 171, 221n10; identification in, 114; publication of, 105; reviews of, 106; The Spoils of Poynton, 116; The Tragic Muse, 99; The Turn of the Screw, 100; What Maisie Knew, 116; The Wings of the Dove, 101, 104, 119, 126

James, William, 99

Jewett, Sarah Orne, 21, 45, 81, 168, 173–74, 184, 206. See also Jewett, Sarah Orne, works of; readership of, 177, 178

Jewett, Sarah Orne, works of: A Country Doctor, 175; The Country of the Pointed Firs, 175, 176, 177, 209; Deephaven, 102, 175–81; class in, 177–78; identification in, 175–81; reading in, 180–81; reception of, 175–76; sympathy in, 178; “The Dulham Ladies,” 177; The Queen’s Twin, 177; Tales of New England, 177; The Tory Lover, 47–48, 174, 175, 209

Johanningsmeier, Charles, 100

Johnson, Samuel, 40

Johnston, Mary, 173, 186

Kaplan, Amy, 165, 172

Keats, John, 34

King, Grace F., Balcony Stories, 210

Kingsley, Charles, Westward Ho, 181

Kinnicutt, Francis, 164

Kipling, Rudyard, 63–64, 206; Just-So Stories, 84

Lacayo, Richard, 225–26n10

Ladies’ Home Journal, 1, 5–8, 12, 19–20, 22–35, 45–46, 84, 171–75, 193, 195, 197, 216n16. See also under Mabie, Hamiliton Wright, works and columns of; African American readers and, 215n4; Books and Bookmaking column, 28–29, 30–31; circulation of, 25, 79; class and, 26, 215–16n10; columns in, 25; cost of, 215n6; eclecticism of, 65; as a family magazine, 25–26; female readership of, 215n4; Howells and, 62, 63–98; illustrations in, 66, 67, 82; impact of, 25; James and, 100–101, 123, 126; lack of inclusivity, 215–16n10; letters in, 143–44; Literary Leaves column, 29–31; Literary Talks column, 33; male readership of, 25–26, 215n3; reader letters in, 211n2; readership of, 2–3, 25–28, 35–38, 42–43, 47, 53–55, 70–71, 74, 79–87, 112, 121, 177, 184, 211n2; reading advice in, 28, 32–33, 37–44; as taste maker, 26–27; Wharton and, 139, 141, 144, 150, 169

Lamb, Charles, Essays of Elia, 181

Larned, J. N., Books, Culture, and Character, 4

Lathrop, George Parsons, 185

Lee, Hermione, 169

Lewis, Sinclair, 62, 218n3; Main Street, 212n12

Lidoff, Joan, 166

Lincoln, Abraham, 116

Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine, 116

literature. See also specific genres: as capital, 4; contemporary, 22; elite, 3, 4, 7–8; friendship with books, 75, 77–78; instrumentalism of, 71; literariness, 192; literary classification, 50–51, 53, 94–95; literary clubs, 31, 76–77, 172, 193; literary hierarchies, 13, 94–95; literary magazines, 172, 174; literary marketplace, 3, 19, 24, 40, 54, 94, 135, 140, 174, 198, 214n35; literary standards, 40; literary status, 3–4, 7–8, 13, 24, 33, 40, 42–43, 54–55, 64, 84–85, 94–95, 139–40; literary value, 1–2; marketing of, 140; as pleasurable, 33–34; popular, 138–39, 140, 147; Spanish, 75; utility of, 136

“local color,” 172, 173, 175, 176–77, 185

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 206

Lorimer, George C., What I Know about Books and How to Use Them, 4

Lowell, James Russell, 71

Mabie, Hamilton Wright, 1, 5–8, 11–13, 15, 19–60, 171–72, 174, 181–82, 193, 195, 216–17n24. See also Mabie, Hamilton Wright, works and columns of; advice of, 38–39; aesthetic goals of, 44; approach of, 38, 44–45, 56–57; on best-sellers, 48, 166–67; biography of, 23, 36, 37–38; Cable and, 185–86; on canonicity, 84–85, 205–7; character and, 175; columns of, 39, 100–101, 172–73 (see also specific columns); compared to Bridges’s “Droch” columns, 44–45; correspondence of, 36–37; Crawford and, 127–36; criticism and, 43–44; generic classifications and, 45, 50–51, 53, 182; historical fiction and, 187, 192; holiday books column, 55; Howells and, 61–98; James and, 100–127, 136, 221n9; Jewett and, 174–81; literary classification of, 50–51, 53; on magazines, 40–41; Mitchell and, 186–92; pessimism and, 126; philosophy of, 39–40; reader queries and, 114–15, 143–44, 186, 203, 221n9; readership of, 37–43, 53–55, 59–60, 78, 86–87, 91, 95, 102, 107, 112, 115, 118, 136–40, 173–74, 177–78, 182, 185–86; reading habit and, 141–45, 148, 212n12; reading up and, 197; realism and, 45–51, 53, 61, 63, 81–85, 91, 168, 173, 181–82, 193, 218n2; on reception, 50–51; regionalism and, 117, 169–70, 172–81; reviewing philosophy of, 39–44; romance and, 115, 117, 173, 186; romanticism and, 49, 97, 170; selection process of, 43–44; self-culture and, 195; “Self-Culture Is Possible through Books,” 53–54; sentimentality and, 175, 217n35; on sexual morality, 48; “six rules for those who read,” 144–45; on successful novels, 187–88; sympathy and, 110, 175, 181; terminological imprecision of, 45, 53; three tests of a good novel, 52; Wharton and, 138–44, 148, 150, 151–52, 167, 168–70

Mabie, Hamilton Wright, works and columns of: “The American Romance,” 115, 116; “Are the American Novelists Deteriorating?,” 49–50, 173; “Are the Best-Sellers Worth Reading?,” 48, 137, 166–67; “Are the Later Poets Worth Reading?,” 101; “A Beginning in the Best Fiction,” 105, 117, 175; “Best American Novels,” 105; “Books about Europe for Home Reading and Travel,” 128; Books and Reading; or, What Books Shall I Read and How Shall I Read Them?, 5; “Courses of Novel-Reading,” 51, 175; “Courses of Reading for Summer Moods,” 81; “How to Form the Reading Habit,” 141–42; “How to Live on 24 Hours a Day,” 57; “Living Novelists Best Worth Reading,” 101; March 1909 column, 187; Mr. Mabie Answers Some Questions, 39; “Mr. Mabie Comments on Books of the Season,” 42; “Mr. Mabie on Sunday-School Books,” 50; “Mr. Mabie on the Home as a School,” 108; Mr. Mabie’s Literary Talks, 39; “Mr. Mabie Suggests Courses for Private Reading,” 171, 193; “Mr. Mabie Tells about the Books,” 60; “Mr. Mabie Tells What to Read,” 39; “New Books Worth Reading,” 44; “New Novels of Incident,” 44; “Novels Descriptive of American Life,” 168, 209–10; “Novels for Summer Reading,” 84; “Novels of Realism,” 81; October 1905 column, 182; October 1908 column, 187; reading lists for women’s clubs, 193; “Read What You Like,” 40–41; “The Relation of Books and Wealth,” 55; “A Short Course in Fiction,” 81; “Should the Young Read Novels,” 161–62; “Should the Young Read Novels?,” 169; “Some Standard Novels” list, 175; “A Typical Novel,” 61–98; “When a Club Can Do Good Work,” 193; “Which Way Is Literature Going?,” 101, 169–70; writings in The Outlook, 45

Mabie, Jeanette, 36

Machor, James L., 11; Readers in History, 8

Macmillan, 105

magazines. See periodicals; specific magazines

Mailloux, Steven, 11

Marden, Orison Swett, Pushing to the Front, 4

Marvel, Ik, 74; Tears, Idle Tears, 87–88

mass culture. See consumer culture

mass-market magazines, 6, 7, 8, 24–25

Matthews, Brander, 174, 186–88; His Father’s Son, 210

McCutcheon, George Barr: Beverly of Graustark, 84, 167; Graustark, 84

men. See gender, reading and

Meredith, George, 34

Michaels, Walter Benn, 223n14

middlebrow culture, 3, 5, 7–8, 19, 165–66, 167, 213–14n25

middle class, 3, 4, 5, 7–12, 19, 26, 38

Middleton, George, 192

Milton, John, 79–80; “Il Penseroso,” 79; “Ode on Christ’s Navitity,” 79–80; Paradise Lost, 79

misreading, 11, 12–21, 160, 162–63, 171. See also interpretation

Mitchell, S. Weir, 173, 206; dismissal from the Society of Friends, 189; Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker, 172, 186–92, 205, 210; as genre-bending, 188; as historical fiction, 187; as a metaphor for the new nation, 189–90; realism in, 188

modernism, 53, 62, 172

Modern Library, 197

Modjeska, Helena, 6

Montgomery, Maureen, 155

Morse, Edwin W., 36

Mott, Frank Luther, 215n3, 224–25n19

The Mount, 164

Murfree, Mary Noailles, 117; The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains, 102

Murray, John, Guide to Rome, 113–14

National Public Radio, 198

naturalism, 13, 14–15, 48, 50, 51, 53, 101, 116, 170, 172

newspapers. See periodicals; specific newspapers

New Thought theology, 199

New York Daily Tribune, 150–51

New York Globe, 23–24

New York Herald, 106, 120, 122

New York Public Library, 137

New York Times, 119, 120, 122–23, 164, 169, 187–92, 196, 203. See also New York Times Book Review

New York Times Book Review, 21, 155–59, 163, 189–92, 196–97, 223n18

New York Tribune, 119–20

Norris, Frank, 49–51, 62, 118, 127; The Octopus, 50, 168, 170, 209; The Pit, 50, 168, 170, 209; “A Plea for Romantic Fiction,” 49

North, Mrs. E. D., 37, 38, 59

The North American Review, 43, 139, 171, 174

Norton, Charles, 164

novels of manners, 17, 20

Ohmann, Richard M., 5, 212n7

Oliphant, Margaret, 122

Oprah, 22, 197–204

Oprah.com message boards, 199–203

Oprah’s Book Club, 22, 197–204

Osgood, J. R., 105

O: The Oprah Magazine, 198

The Outlook, 37, 45, 62

Oxley, J. Macdonald, “Literary Improvement Clubs,” 76–77

Page, Thomas Nelson, 81, 117, 206; Red Rock, 81, 206, 209; short stories of, 209

Paul R. Petrie, 176

periodicals, 6–8, 40–41, 196. See also specific periodicals; elite, 24, 172, 175; literary, 11, 172, 174; literary content of, 40–41; literary magazines, 172, 174; literary status of, 40–41; mass-market, 6, 7, 8, 24–25; as medium of literary fineness, 40; newspapers, 196; readership of, 40–41, 172

Philadelphia Times, 216n16

Poe, Edgar Allan, 34, 103, 206

Porter, Noah, Books and Reading; or, What Books Shall I Read and How Shall I Read Them?, 4, 7, 195

professionalism, 5, 12

Prose, Francine, 198

Pryse, Marjorie, 217n32

psychological novels, 17

psychology, 17, 104

publishers, 3, 4, 13. See also specific publishers

Puskar, Jason, 220n64

Radway, Janice, 3, 7, 8, 19

Ramsey, A. R. (Annie), 28–32, 38, 216n16

Rascoe, Burton, 62

“Rborja76,” 200

readers, 2–3, 18, 24, 134, 159, 204, 219–20n39. See also under specific authors and works; African American, 215n4; ambitious, 142–43; born, 146–47; elite, 143; female, 34–35, 48–49, 59, 70–71, 193, 214n26, 215n4; identification and, 219–20n39; male, 215n4; mechanical, 13, 139–48, 159, 164; middle-class, 3–5, 7–12, 38, 140–43, 149–50, 165–66; misreading by, 12–22; orientation of, 136; “sense-of-duty,” 138–40; upwardly mobile, 85–86, 148, 149–56

Reader’s Subscription, 197

reading, 8, 10–11, 75–76, 154; benefits of, 193–94; books vs. newspapers, 196; friendly, 75, 77–78; as information, 46, 47; as information gathering, 7; as leisure, 135–36; leisured, 75–76; middlebrow, 7–12; phenomenology of, 149; as pleasurable, 46, 47; popularization of, 24; self-interested, 76–77; sentimentality and, 47; success and, 196–97; sympathy and, 161–62, 166; utility of, 135–36

reading advice, 2–5, 24–25, 28, 32–33, 37–44, 140–41, 165–66

reading culture, Victorian, 10–11

reading formations, 11–12

reading habit, 139–48, 212n12

reading manuals, 4–7, 59, 140, 154, 165–66

reading up, 2–4, 19–20, 38, 40, 44, 57, 63, 85, 107, 129, 136, 148–56, 161–62, 171, 193–94, 196–97, 204; contemporary literature, 22; identification and, 161–62

realism, 170, 172–73, 203, 214n35, 214n37, 217n44, 218n2, 219n31, 220n64; as advice manual, 71; aesthetics of, 12; authorship and, 14–15; Crawford and, 134–35; critics and, 14–15; critics/criticism and, 14–15; as cultural capital, 20; high, 173, 182, 193, 195, 203; Howells and, 8, 63, 68, 71–74, 77–78, 83–84, 97, 116, 214n37, 214–15n40, 219n31, 220n64; James and, 116, 134–36, 214n37; Mabie and, 8, 10, 17, 19–20, 24, 33, 35, 44–53, 60–61, 63, 81–85, 91, 168, 173, 181–82, 193, 218n2; mass culture and, 3–4; Mitchell and, 188; realist criticism, 15; transition to, 181

reception, 7–12, 44, 50–51, 146–47

regionalism, 20–22, 46, 47, 53, 102, 115, 117, 169–70, 172–81, 209–10, 217n32

Repplier, Agnes, 195

respectability, 6–7

Revolutionary War novels, 189–90, 191

Rice, Alice Hegan, Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch, 84

Riis, Jacob: How the Other Half Lives, 33; Making of an American, 142

Ringe, Donald A., 185

romance, 12, 14–15, 17, 19–20, 22, 35, 44–47, 49–50, 52–53, 60, 182, 186–92, 219n31; American, 116; Cable and, 185; of chivalry, 115; comforts of, 171–74; Crawford and, 128, 134–35; Howells and, 63–64, 74, 90, 95–97, 219n31; James and, 114–27; Mabie and, 115, 116, 117, 173, 186; transcendentalist, 102; of the workshop, 115

romanticism, 51, 60, 62, 71–72, 103, 169–70, 171–94, 214n35; Howells and, 74, 87; Mabie and, 49, 97, 170

Romines, Ann, 179

Rooney, Kathleen, 199

Roscoe, William, Leo the Tenth, 112

Rose, Jonathan, 9

Ross, Albert, Moulding a Maiden, 2

Rossetti, Christina, 178

Rowson, Susanna, Charlotte Temple, 167

Rubin, Joan Shelley, 3, 196; The Making of Middlebrow Culture, 7, 28

Rudin, Scott, 225–26n10

Ruskin, John, 178

Santayana, George, 62

Saturday Evening Post, 25

Scanlon, Jennifer, 215–16n10

Scherman, Harry, 8

Scott, Walter, 10, 13–14, 17, 34, 50, 102, 117–18, 167, 206; Ivanhoe, 81, 117, 205; Quentin Durward, 49, 115; Waverly, 117

Scribner’s [Monthly] Magazine, 29, 32, 33, 164, 185, 216–17n24

self-culture, 53–54, 56, 59, 82, 107, 118, 161, 172, 182, 195

self-education, 53–56

self-help books, 4

self-possession, 57, 59

sentimentality, 9–12, 14–15, 17, 19–20, 30, 46–49, 52–53, 173, 192, 203, 213n20; Howells and, 63, 90, 95–96; Mabie and, 175, 217n35; reading and, 47; Wharton and, 154

Shakespeare, William, 34, 74, 78, 206

Shuman, Edwin L., How to Judge a Book, 154

Sicherman, Barbara, 10–11, 19, 214n26

Sienkiewicz, Henryk, Quo Vadis, 191

Simms, William Gilmore, The Partisan, 209

Sinclair, May, 53

Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle, 167

Sismondi, J.-C.-L. Simonde de, History of Italian Republics, 112

Smith, Adam, 10

Smith, F. Hopkinson, 82, 206, 212–13n19; The Fortunes of Oliver Horn, 209; Kennedy Square, 169

Spiro, Lisa, 219–20n39

Staël, Madame (Anne Louise Germaine) de, 112; Corrine, 112

status, 2–3, 6–8, 13, 24, 26–27, 33. See also class; literary status

Stendhal, 17

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 28–29; Treasure Island, 81, 205

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 118; Minister’s Wooing, 175; Oldtown Folks, 175; Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 48–49, 102, 167, 172, 187, 205

success, 70, 108, 136, 142, 161, 196–97; morality and, 91; success culture, 24, 54, 57

Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver’s Travels, 73

sympathy, 9–10, 15–17, 22, 59, 72, 96, 219n31; Howells and, 96; James and, 106–14; Jewett and, 178; Mabie and, 110, 175, 181; reading and, 161–62, 166

talent, discipline and, 108

Tarkington, Booth, 7–8, 52–53, 206; Conquest of Canaan, 167

taste, 15, 40, 56–57, 94–95, 214–15n40; culture of, 4–5, 10–11, 26–27; education and, 86; language of, 20; taste-making ventures, 197

Tennyson, Alfred, 34, 206; Idylls of the King, 181

Tennyson, Alfred Lord, In Memoriam, 205

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 18, 34, 74, 102, 167, 193, 206; Henry Esmond, 74, 115, 205; Vanity Fair, 20, 63, 81–82, 115, 186, 205; The Virginians, 187, 191

Thanet, Octave: Heart of Toil, 209; Stories of a Western Town, 209

Thurston, Katherine Cecil: The Masquerader, 43–44, 167, 205; Max, 43–44

Time magazine, 225–26n10

Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenina, 205

Trachtenberg, Alan, 218n2

transportation, public, 142–43

Travis, Trysh, 199

Trollope, Anthony, Barchester Towers, 81

Twain, Mark, 127, 173, 206; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 102, 121, 206

upper class, 151–56, 158, 165, 178. See also highbrow culture

upward mobility, 2, 4, 19, 57, 60, 171, 193–94, 196–97. See also reading up; Howells and, 81, 85; James and, 103, 107; Wharton and, 137, 140–41, 148–56, 161–62

Van Dyke, Henry, 206

“Veritas,” 192

Virgil, Georgics, 79

Waid, Candace, 162–63, 223n14, 224n34

Ward, Mrs. Humphry, 118, 168, 206; Eleanor, 112; Robert Elsmere, 29

Warner, Charles Dudley, 174

Warner, Susan, The Wide, Wide World, 167

Washington, Booker T., Up from Slavery, 142

Watts, Mary, 173

Wharton, Edith, 15, 19, 20, 53, 171, 173, 193, 206. See also Wharton, Edith, works of; on Balzac, 17–18; on born readers, 146–47; correspondence of, 163–64; criticism of society journalists, 155; identification and, 18–19; marketing and, 140; on the “mechanical reader,” 140, 145–46, 147, 159; misreading of, 140; popularity and, 147–48; publication and, 148; readerly hierarchies and, 146–47; readership of, 21, 137–48, 149, 155, 159, 163; on reception, 146–47; Sanctuary, 168–69

Wharton, Edith, works of: A Backward Glance, 165; Custom of the Country, 223n14; Ethan Frome, 169, 170, 172; The House of Mirth, 21, 81, 94, 137–70, 171–72, 206, 210, 223–24n32, 224n34; controversy over, 189–90; ending of, 139; identification in, 162–63; letters to Wharton about, 163–64; misreading of, 150–51, 160; negative reviews of, 150; popularity of, 137–38, 150–51, 164; readership of, 164–65, 166, 222n3; reading in, 153–54, 160–61; reception of, 155–59, 223n18; sales of, 222n3, 222–23n6,; success and, 161, 222n3, 222–23n6; tableau vivant scene in, 152–54, 223n14; The Valley of Decision, 168; “The Vice of Reading,” 13, 21, 43, 139–40, 142–43, 145–48; The Writing of Fiction, 17

Whittier, John Greenleaf, 206; “Snow-Bound,” 181

Wiggin, Kate Douglas, 100, 193, 206

Wilkins Freeman, Mary E., 21, 46, 53, 81, 168, 174, 176, 184, 206; The Heart’s Highway: A Romance of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, 174; A New England Nun, 45, 209; Pembroke, 102, 209; The Portion of Labor, 45–47, 174

Wilson, Christopher P., 12, 212n12

Winfrey, Oprah, 5, 22, 195

Wister, Owen, 173, 206; Lady Baltimore, 205, 209; The Virginian, 168, 172, 186, 205, 209

women, 34–35, 48–49, 59, 70–71, 193, 214n26, 215n4; education of, 212n6; reading and, 214n26; women’s clubs, 172, 193; working, 26, 215–16n10

Woodberry, George E., 206

Wright, Mary Tappan, 82

Zagarell, Sandra A., 176, 177, 178

Zola, Émile, 48, 49, 51, 101, 170

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