ABC News/Harris survey, 124
Abel I. W., 71, 72, 75–77, 132
Academics, influence of, 114–120
Access-to-medical-records rule, 179, 180, 194
Accidents, occupational (see also Hazards; Risks): blue-collar worker, 122–123; costs of, 43; impact of OSHA on, 2, 201–204; incidence, 20–21, 22–23, 61–64, 128, 202, 203–204; information on, 32; legal liability for, 28–29; worker-caused, 46–47, 83; and workers’ compensation system, 54–55
Ackley, Gardner, 88–89
Acrylonitrile standard, 139, 171, 180, 191, 268n
Activism, OSHA 181, 186–193, 196, 198
Activists, safety and health (see also Labor union(s); Radical reform; Reformers, middle-class): 1, 43, 65, 69, 70, 74–76, 82, 133
Administrative Procedure Act (1946), 163, 164
AFL-CIO, 48, 49, 52, 71, 73–76, 80, 139–141, 144, 250n
Aglietta, Michel, 63
AHA 44
AISI, 84–85
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers, 130
American Association for Labor Legislation, 42
American Enterprise Institute, 114
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, 75
American Society for Testing and Materials, 184
American Textile Manufacturers, 64
API, 44
Arsenic standard, 180, 190, 268n
Asbestos standard, 64, 77, 106, 113, 133, 169, 180, 184–185, 268n
Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, 250n
Assumption-of-risk doctrine, 42
ASV, 232–233
Atlantic Richfield Corporation, 125
Auchter, Thorne, 173, 193, 194, 196, 200
Austria, 36
Badaracco, Joseph, Jr., 246n
Benzene standard, 139, 171, 180, 190, 268n
Bingham, Eula, 134, 188–191, 194, 196, 200
Black Lake Conference Center, 133, 140
Black Lung Association, 70
Black lung disease, 71, 77, 215
Blacks, 126–127
Board of Standards Review, 45
Bolsheviks, 6
Bowles, Samuel, 63
Boyle, Tony, 52
Brickman, Ronald, et al., 246n
Budgets: OSHA 178, 216, 217–218; union health and safety, 130, 138–139
Buff, I. E., 77
Burlington Mills, 27
Business: alliance with academics, 114–120; confidence problem, 146–149, 154; lobbying, 13, 83–86, 89–90, 96–97, 100–114, 144, 177; in politics, 6–11, 207; and working conditions, 40–41, 97–98
Business Roundtable, 101–102, 108, 114
Califano, Joseph, 81–82, 87, 88, 256n
California, 57
Canada, 56
Capitalism, 4–11; challenges to, 101; cross-national comparison, 33–36; limits of market, 212–215; relegitimating, 111–114, 120; symbols of, 151–153; and workplace control, 20–22, 69, 97–98
Carcinogens policy, 2, 19, 64, 103, 124, 169, 171, 172, 179, 180, 185, 189–190, 191, 194, 199, 204, 247n, 268n
Carson, Rachel, 77
Carter, Jimmy, 13, 143, 146, 149–150, 152, 154–158, 164, 171, 173, 175, 188
Carter administration, 140, 157, 161, 163, 177–178, 189, 191, 192, 195–196, 217
CED, 85
Center for Law and Economics, 103
Center for Small Business, 102
Center for the Study of American Business, 115
Chamber of Commerce, 83, 84, 91–92, 102–103, 107, 110, 114
Chelius, James, 117
Chemical industry, 84, 96, 129, 173–174
Children employment of, 31
Clariton Works, 129
Claybrook, Joan, 188
Clean Water Act, 124
Coal Mine Health and Safety bill, 90
Coal Mine Safety Act (1969), 71
Coalition for Reproductive Rights of Women, 133
Codetermination, 35
COH, 44
Cohea Wilbur, 87
Coke-oven emissions, 71, 129, 139, 171, 172–173, 180, 186, 200, 222, 268n
Collective bargaining, 25, 32–33, 39, 51, 75–76; changes in, 138; health and safety in, 84–85, 110, 129–131, 137–141; laws governing, 49, 52–53; in social democracies, 231
Command-and-control regulation, 3–4, 12, 16, 17, 155, 211
Committee to Re-Elect the President, 185
“Consensus” standards, 45, 184
Conservatives, 14, 16, 154, 166–167, 242
Construction industry, 94, 140
Consumer product safety, 44, 69, 79, 81, 125–126
Consumer Product Safety Act, 165
Continental Group, 125–126
Contributory-negligence doctrine, 42
Coors, Joseph, 103
Cooke, W. N, 204
COPE, 143
Corn, Morton, 113, 184, 186, 190
Corporatism (see also Neocorporatism), 219–224, 227
Cost of Government Regulation Study, 108
Cost-benefit tests, 108–109, 112–113, 115, 118–119, 165–167, 168–170, 172, 174, 177, 191, 193–194, 200, 216, 220–221, 226
Cost-effectiveness tests, 108–109, 118–119, 165, 172, 191, 193–194, 216–217, 221, 226
Costle, Douglas, 191
Costs (see also Cost-benefit tests; Cost-effectiveness tests; Economic review): of compensation, 43; minimization of, 23–24; OSHA regulatory, 100–104, 108–109, 112, 115–116, 151–153; worth of, 125
Cotton-dust standard, 133, 139, 169, 171, 180, 191, 193, 194, 200, 205, 217, 268n
Council for Small Business, 102
Courts, White House review programs and, 168–170
CWPS, 19, 157, 158, 160–161, 162, 172, 175, 222
Daniels, Dominick, 93
Decision making, worker participation in (see also Worker agency), 6–11, 15–16, 24–25, 31, 33–36, 67, 94–95, 98, 110, 122, 192, 197–198, 215, 223–225, 227, 230–235
“Defense of the system,” 103
Democratic party, 51, 78, 79–81, 90, 93–94, 143, 162, 167
Denison, Edward, 151–152
Dependency, worker, 8–9, 27, 111–112
Deregulation, 3, 4, 15, 133, 167, 193, 208; academic influence on, 114–120; business lobby and, 100–114; as economic policy, 154–156
Dickens, William T., 247n
Diseases, occupational (see also Hazard(s), health), 2, 11, 32, 55, 64–66, 128, 184, 200–201, 204
Division of Industrial Hygiene, 78
Division of Occupational Health, 72
DOL, 1, 56, 58, 59, 60, 64, 74, 76, 78, 81, 86–88, 91–93, 98, 171, 185, 193, 252n
Domestic Council Review Group, 149
Dominick, Peter, 96
Dow Chemical Company, 103, 105
Economic review (see also Cost-benefit tests; Cost-effectiveness tests), 115, 186, 191, 216, 219–224
Economism, 32–34, 37, 38, 51, 69, 105, 111–112, 121, 215; reproduction of, 136–142
EFFE, 132–133
Electrical safety standard, 171
Employers (see also Business; Capitalism): and change, 6–11; negligence, 66, 209, 211–212, 214; strategies toward work, 22–25; voluntary safety efforts, 26–28
Employment Act, 49
Enforcement, 35, 37, 68, 85; business lobby and, 89–90, 109–110; of OSHA standards, 177, 179–181, 182–183, 186–188, 193, 195–196, 198–201; provisions of OSH Act, 95–97; rationalizing, 216–222; in social democracies, 230–231; White House intervention in OSHA, 170–174; worker participation in, 122, 139
Engineering controls, 24, 189, 222–223
Environmental Defense Fund, 79, 133
Environmental movement, 4, 64, 69, 74–78, 79, 81, 162, 176, 243; alliance with labor, 122, 126, 132–133, 140
Environmental Sciences Laboratory, 65
EPA 108, 132, 156, 161, 165, 168, 191
Ethylene oxide standard, 180, 194–195, 269n
Factory legislation, 6, 30–32, 34, 37, 39, 67, 69, 97, 176
Feasibility, economic, 96, 106–107, 170, 184–186, 188–190, 194, 259n
Federal Employment Compensation Act, 59
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 165
Federal Labor Standards Act, 59
Federal program(s) (see also OSHA): 57–61; decision to make OSHA 86–89
Federal Republic of Germany See West Germany
Fellow-servant doctrine, 42
Florida, 76
Fluor, J. Robert, 103
Ford, Gerald, 13, 146, 150, 154, 157–158, 160, 162, 170, 174, 184
Ford administration, 186, 189, 192
Ford, Henry, II, 84
Ford Motor Company, 84
Friends of the Earth, 79
Frye Report, 72–73, 76, 86, 87, 89, 206, 259n
GAO, 159
Gardner, Joha 87
Gautschi, F. H., III, 204
Goldstein, David, 91
Gompers, Samuel, 48
Goodmaa Leo, 74
B. F. Goodrich Company, 185
Gordoa David, 63
Gray, Boydea 159
Great Britain, 30, 31, 228–229, 234
Great Society, 16, 69, 80, 86–87, 239–240
Growth, economic, 13, 15, 49, 104–105, 119, 151, 155; crisis, 146–148, 205
Guenther, George, 185
Harris surveys, 124–125
Hazard(s) (see also Accidents, occupational Injury): categorized by substance, 190, 199; chemical, 173–174; costs, 112–114, 151–153; crisis, 61–66; differences between jobs, 209–211, 213, 215, 220–222; -driven lobbying, 139–140; to health, 64, 73–75, 126–127, 169–170, 184–186, 188–192, 200–201, 204–205, 210; information about, 27, 55, 72, 122, 173–174; and OSHA standards, 178–181; radiation, 73–74; rates, by industry, 21, 22–23, 123; and safety, 44–47, 180–181
Hazard control before OSHA 11, 17, 71, 73–75; costs of, 19–20, 24, 27; Progressive era, 41–43; and public health, 36; voluntary, 27
Health and safety committees, 35–36, 47, 83, 197, 225, 227, 228–229
Health clinics, 31, 33, 35, 83, 197
HEW, 64, 65, 76, 78, 82, 86–87, 204
Highway Safety Act, 81
Hoover Institute, 104
IAIABC, 60
Ideology, new business, 101, 103–111, 144
IHF, 44
Inflation, 147, 149, 151, 153, 160
Injury (see also Accidents, occupational; Hazards): blue-collar worker, 122–123; cyclical influences on, 62; legal liability for, 28–29; rates, 61–64, 128, 202, 203–204; and workers’ compensation system, 54–55
In-plant programs, 35, 36, 41, 47–48, 66, 88, 128, 197
Inspections, 34, 38, 59, 65, 68, 85; business lobby and, 109–110; OSHA, 179–181, 182–183, 186–188, 192–193, 195–196, 198–201, 204; penalty-based, 88, 175, 198, 206, 225; provisions of OSH Act, 95–97
Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group, 161
Interagency Task Force on Workplace Safety and Health, 171, 193
International Chemical Workers, 130
International markets, 15, 100–101, 104, 107, 143
International Union of Electrical Workers, 75
Intervention, forms of state, 21, 28–32, 34
Investment, capital, 13, 21–22, 31, 111, 122, 147, 238
Italy, 36
IUD v. Hodgson, 106–107
Javits, Jacob, 96
Javits-Ayers bill, 92–93
Job(s), 8–9, 23–24, 26, 27, 106, 112, 144; risk, by occupation, 123; safety, 61–64, 209–211, 213, 215, 221–222
Johns Manville (Manville Corporation), 51, 64, 214
Johnson, Lyndon, 76, 79–82, 88–90
Johnson administration, 86, 90–91
Joint Regulation of Working Life Act (Sweden), 231
Jones, Charles O., 256n
Judicial review, White House review programs and, 168–170
Kalecki, Michal, 246n
Kelman, Steven, 247n, 256n, 274n
Kerr, Lorin, 77
Labeling standard, 171, 173, 179, 180, 194, 200, 223
Labor Committee for Safe Energy and Full Employment, 132–133
Labor Management Relations Act, 2
Labor markets: limits of, 212–215; and social welfare, 209–212
Labor-oriented social reform, 224–235; neocorporatism, 224–229; social democratic approach, 229–231, 233–235; in Sweden, 231–233
Labor union(s), 1, 4, 10–11, 16, 27, 37, 43, 63, 69; budgets for health and safety, 130, 138–139; and corporatism, 219–224, 227; decline of, 142–144, 240; and Democratic party, 80–81; divisions within, 51; -environment coalition, 122, 126, 132–133, 140; lobbying, 137–142; militance, 41, 70–71, 143; and neocorporatism, 226–229; organizing, 40; postwar accord, 48–53; reactions to OSH Act, 121–144; staff for health and safety, 131, 138–139; and standard setting, 139–140; strategies toward work, 32; and workplace reform, 71–77, 84–85, 98, 243–244
Landrum-Griffin Act (1959), 2
Laxalt, Paul, 167
Lazarus, Simon, 152–153
Lead standard, 139, 171, 190, 193, 268n
Lee, Phillip, 87
Legality, of White House intervention, 161–166
Lenin, V. I., 6–7
Liability law, 28–29, 42, 66, 210, 214
Liberal, 34, 167; defined, 4; regulatory reform approach, 225–226, 235–236, 238
Liberalism, 10, 12, 34, 36–38, 69; future of, 240–241; limits of, 16–18; and state intervention, 16–18, 205–206, 243
Linowitz, Sol, 84
Lobbying, 14, 32, 44, 72, 78; business, 83–86, 89–90, 96–97, 100–114, 144, 177; COSHs, 134; of labor unions, 49, 121–144
Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, 58
MacAvoy, Paul, 159
Manufacturing, 40, 101, 143; occupational illness and injury rates in, 22–23, 62–63
Manufacturing Chemical Association, 64
Maritime Safety Act, 59
Market capitalism, 212–215
Market conservatism, social reform and, 208–215, 235; and social welfare, 209–212
Marx, Karl, 5–6
Mendeloff, John, 204
Middle class. See Reformers, middle class
Mills, Hawley, 77
Minimum-wage law, 57–58
Mining industries, 40, 41, 73–75
Morrall, John F., Ill, 247n–248n
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 65
Muckraking, 41
Muskie, Edmund, 163
Nader, Ralph, 77, 78–79, 93, 255n
Narick, Emil, 75
National Commission on Workers’ Compensation, 88
National Consumers League, 79, 140
National Environmental Protection Act (1969), 157, 165
National Federation of Independent Business, 102
National Fire Protection Association, 92
National Foundations on the Arts and the Humanities Act, 58, 59
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 156, 188
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 60
National Labor-Management Relations Act, 51
National People’s Action, 133
National Resource Defense Council v. Schultze, 164
National Wildlife Federation, 140
Nation’s Business, 83
Natural Resources Defense Fund, 79
NCF, 41–42
NCFE, 132
NCLC, 103
Negligence: employee, 29, 31, 42–43, 54; employer, 66, 209, 211–212, 214
Nelson, Norton, 259n
Neoclassical reform. See Market conservatism, and social reform
Neocorporatism, 12, 35, 37, 224–227; antidemocratic tendencies in, 227–229
Netherlands, 30
New Federalism, 89
“New institutionalism,” 246n
New Left, 134
New Republican Majority, The, 90
New Yorker. 65
Nixon, Richard, 83, 89–91, 94, 148–149
Nixon administration, 89–94, 139, 148, 184
NLCPI, 103
“No-fault” system, 30, 42, 54, 208–209
Noise standard, 28, 139, 171, 180, 194, 268n, 274n
Norway, 36
NSC, 26, 44, 45, 52, 56, 58, 91, 250n
OCAW, 65, 71, 72, 75, 139, 140, 185
Occupational Safety and Health Improvement bill, 192–193
O’Hara-Yarborough bill, 89, 90, 94
Oil industry, 103
OMB, 148–149, 151, 154, 156–167, 174–175, 193, 200–201, 217, 223
Omnibus Regulatory Reform bill, 167
Operating Engineers, 52
OSH Act, 12, 34, 67, 68–98; amendments to, 177, 192–193; and business, 83–86, 100–114; designing, 86–94; and labor unions, 71–77, 121–144; limits, 97–98; and middle-class reformers, 77–79; penalties authorized by, 187–188; public policy before, 53–61; as radical liberal reform, 94–97; rights under, 1–3, 15–16, 94–95, 122, 213–214, 221–222; and voluntarism, 181–185, 193–196; White House interest in, 79–82, 145–175
OSHA activism, 186–193, 196; budgets, 178; business opposition to, 13, 14, 83–86, 100–114; challenges to standards set by, 105–111; costs of regulations, 151–153; and the courts, 168–170; designing, 86–94; enforcement, 13, 68, 85, 179–183, 186–188, 193, 195–196, 201; impact of, 201–205; and liberalism, 16–17, 205–206; major health standards, 178–180; overview, 177–183; policy failure, 196–201;staffing, 179; standardsetting approaches, 181–196, 199–201; and voluntarism, 181–188, 193–196, 197–198; White House intervention in, 170–174, 186–187
OSH A/Environmental Network, 133
OSHRC, 95–96
Papermakers Union, 51–52
Paperwork Reduction Act (1980), 158, 162
Participation, worker (see also Worker agency), 6–11, 15–16, 24–25, 31, 33–34, 36–37, 67, 93–95, 98, 110, 122, 127, 192, 197–198, 215, 223–225, 227, 230–235
PATCO, 143
PEL, 172, 184–185, 186, 189, 191, 199
Penalties, OSHA, 180–183, 186–188, 191–193, 195, 201
Pension plans, 52
Performance standards, 216, 218, 222, 272n
Pesticide standard, 171
Peterson, Esther, 74, 88, 258n
PHILAPOSH, 134–136
Phillips, Kevin, 90
PHS, 60–61, 64, 72–74, 87, 204, 257n
Plastics industry, 105–106
Pollution control, 17, 64, 76, 77, 79, 81, 87, 116, 126, 132, 152, 218
Postwar accord, 48–53, 70, 79, 122, 132, 251n
Presidential Conferences on Occupational Safety, 58
Profits, corporate, 21–22, 24, 26, 62–63, 100–101, 146
Progressive Alliance, 140
Progressive era, 31, 54, 57; reforms, 41–43
“Protecting Eighty Million Workers,” 72
Public Citizen, 79
Public health programs, 36, 66, 77, 97, 250n
Public interest: industry as serving, 104–111, 120; movements, 69, 77, 78, 81, 127, 140, 188
Public opinion (see also Polls, opinion), 1, 4, 70, 77, 124–126, 141, 240
Public policy before OSHA federal programs, 57–61; health and safety, 53–61; state programs, 55–57; workmen’s compensation, 54–55
Public Service Contracts Act, 59
QES, 128
“Quality-of-life” issues, 75, 81–82, 121, 123
RA, 150
Radical reform: COSH, 134–136, 142; OSH Act and, 94–97; social democratic, 235
RARG, 149, 150, 157, 158, 160–161, 175
Reagan, Ronald, 13, 115, 116, 146, 150–151, 153–155, 158, 160, 167, 171, 184, 196
Reagan administration, 3, 118, 154, 170, 196, 217
Recession, economic, 148
Reform, approaches to regulatory, 15, 16, 206–236; future of, 241–244; labor-oriented, 224–235, 236; liberal, 235–236; market conservative, 208–215, 235; rationalizing, 215–224, 235; social democratic, 229–235, 236
Reformers, middle class, 41, 69, 77–79, 97, 243–244
Regulation, 167
Regulatory Flexibility Act, 198
Regulatory Summit Meetings, 149
Republican party, 79, 90, 154, 181
Reuther, Walter, 76
“Right-to-know” movement, 173–174, 179, 194, 223
Risk by Choice, 221
Risk premiums, 27, 117, 119, 209, 248n
Risks: by occupation, 123; wages and, 117, 118–119, 128–129, 209–211, 213, 215, 220–222, 248n
Rockefeller, David, 101
Rogers, Joel, 245n
Rogers, Paul, 163
SAF, 232–233
Safety (see also Hazard control Health and safety committees; OSH Act, rights under; Risks): crisis, 61–64; public policy, 53–61; standards, 44–47, 180–181
Scalia, Anthony, 167
Schultze, Charles, 155, 159, 168, 171, 191, 218, 257n–258n
Self-regulation. See Voluntarism
Selikoff, Irving J., 65, 77, 253n
Sellars, Gary, 93
Service Contracts Act, 58, 59, 252n
Settle, Russell, 113
Sheehan, John J., 72, 76, 93, 259n
Sierra Club v. Costle, 164
“Significant risk” doctrine, 170, 194
“Silent majority,” 90
Silent Spring, 11
Silicosis, 214
Smith, Robert, 62, 117, 204, 208, 211, 214
Social democracies, 35, 229–235; contradictions of, 234–235; in Sweden, 231–233
Social Democratic party (Sweden), 231
Social regulation, 4, 15, 16, 51, 73, 79–82; business ideology and, 101–114; cycle, 239–241; future of, 241–244, 245n and labor, 121–144, 224–235, 236; and liberalism, 17, 235–236; market-conservative approaches to, 208–215, 235; public support for, 69, 124–126; rationalizing, 215–24, 235; social democratic, 229–235, 236; White House intervention in, 79–82, 147–175
Social welfare, labor markets and, 209–212
SPI, 106
Staff: OSHA, 179; union health and safety, 131, 138–139
Standard setting, 52, 60, 67, 88; activist, 188–193; challenges to OSHA, 105–111, 199; corporate control over, 43–47, 85–86; and the courts, 168–170; provisions of OSH Act, 89, 95–97; rationalizing, 216–222; in social democracies, 230–233; tripartite, 225–226, 232; and voluntarism, 181–185, 193–196, 197–198; White House intervention in, 170–174
Stans, Maurice, 92
State intervention: constraints on, 7–9, 12; factory legislation 30–32; legal liability, 28–29; workers’ compensation, 29–30
State-level programs, 55–57, 69, 96–97; financing, 58–60
Steel industry, 40, 41, 84, 94, 96, 103, 129, 139, 265n
Steiger, William, 92–93
Stellman, Jeanne, 133
Stender, John, 269n
Stevenson, Adlai, 80
Stop OSHA campaign, 103
Stress, work-induced, 123–124, 126, 127
Strikes, 26, 27, 32, 33, 39, 49, 70, 143
Substances, hazardous, by category, 190, 199
Survey of Working Conditions, 70
Swankin, David, 258n
Sweden, 30, 231–233, 234, 247n, 274n
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 2, 51, 76, 80
TCO, 232
Teamsters Union, 52
Technology, 24, 26, 37, 50, 122, 123, 189, 200, 208
Textile industry, 40, 51, 139, 169–170
Toxic Substances Control Act, 165
Truman, Harry, 80
TUC, 234
UAW, 28, 51, 52, 74, 76, 129–130, 132, 133, 137, 139–140, 142–143
UEC, 132
Uhlmann, Michael, 103
Unemployment, 143, 147–149, 151, 203
Unemployment insurance, 52, 143
Unions. See Labor union(s)
United Nuclear Fuels, 75
U.S. Bureau of Mines, 74
U.S. Congress, White House review programs and, 166–167
U.S. Department of the Interior, 74
U.S. Supreme Court, 166, 168–170, 171, 193, 200
USASI, 44
USWA 52, 71, 72, 75–76, 93, 129–130, 132, 137, 139–140, 141, 142–143
Vietnam war, 62–64
Vinyl chloride industry, 105–106, 180, 185, 205, 268n
Violations of OSHA standards, 180–183, 186–188, 191–193, 195, 201
Viscusi, W. Kip, 118, 200, 201, 221, 247n, 270n
Voluntarism, 39, 48, 56, 60, 110; as OSHA approach to standard setting, 181–196, 197, 200
Voluntary Accident Relief Program, 41
Wages, 32–33, 50, 52, 57–58, 75, 142–143; and risks, 26, 117–119, 128–129, 209–211, 213, 215, 220–222
Wagner Act (1935), 2
Walkaround-pay rule, 192
Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act (1936), 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 74, 252n
Washington Post 154
Weidenbaum, Murray, 115–116, 150–151, 159–160
Weisskopf, Thomas, 63
West Germany, 30, 31, 35, 36, 229, 234
West Virginia, 70
White House review programs, 13, 145–175; and Congress, 166–168; consolidation of, 156–161; and the courts, 168–170; economic crisis influencing, 146–148; interventions in OSHA rulemaking, 170–174, 186–187; legal challenges to, 161–166; major events of, 150; and regulatory environment, 79–82, 174–175; as social regulation oversight, 148–161
White House Task Force on Regulatory Relief, 150–151, 155, 157–160
White Lung Association, 133
Wildavsky, Aaron, 119–120
Williams, G. James, 103
Williams-Steiger Act, 93–94
Wilson, Graham K., 246n
Wilson, James Q., 245n
Winpisinger, William, 133
Wirtz, W. Willard, 74, 82, 88, 104, 256n, 258n
Wolfe, Sidney, 133
Women’s Occupational Health Resource Center, 133
Work Environment Act (Sweden), 232
Worker(s) (see also Labor unions): as class, 239; dependency, 8–9, 27, 111–112; education, 47; ignorance of hazards, 55, 122–123, 127, 173–174, 223; and labor unions, 48–53; militance, 10, 41, 70, 143; negligence, 29, 31, 42–43, 54; participation in decision making, 6–11, 15–16, 24–25, 31, 33–37, 67, 98, 192, 215, 223–225, 227, 230–235; political party, 9–11; rights under OSH Act, 94–95, 97–98, 110, 122, 127, 129–130, 179, 213–215, 221–222; strategies toward work, 32–33
Worker agency, 239–241
Workers’ compensation system, 28–30, 39, 41–43, 54–55, 85, 86, 88, 97, 117, 193, 208, 218
Working class: Democratic party and, 90; Republican party and, 80–81, 126
Works councils, 33, 35, 227, 229, 274n
Xerox Corporation, 84