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Liberalism at Work: The Rise and Fall of OSHA: Index

Liberalism at Work: The Rise and Fall of OSHA

Index

Index

ABC News/Harris survey, 124

Abel I. W., 71, 72, 75–77, 132

Academics, influence of, 114–120

Access-to-medical-records rule, 179, 180, 194

Accidents, occupational (see also Hazards; Risks): blue-collar worker, 122–123; costs of, 43; impact of OSHA on, 2, 201–204; incidence, 20–21, 22–23, 61–64, 128, 202, 203–204; information on, 32; legal liability for, 28–29; worker-caused, 46–47, 83; and workers’ compensation system, 54–55

ACGIH, 46–47, 106, 199, 205

Ackley, Gardner, 88–89

Acrylonitrile standard, 139, 171, 180, 191, 268n

Activism, OSHA 181, 186–193, 196, 198

Activists, safety and health (see also Labor union(s); Radical reform; Reformers, middle-class): 1, 43, 65, 69, 70, 74–76, 82, 133

Administrative Procedure Act (1946), 163, 164

AEC, 71, 73–74

AFL, 43, 51, 54

AFL-CIO, 48, 49, 52, 71, 73–76, 80, 139–141, 144, 250n

Aglietta, Michel, 63

AHA 44

AIHA 47, 85–86

AIHC, 103, 108

AISI, 84–85

AMA 60, 85–86

Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers, 130

American Association for Labor Legislation, 42

American Enterprise Institute, 114

American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, 75

American Society for Testing and Materials, 184

American Textile Manufacturers, 64

ANSI, 44, 45, 52, 60, 92, 184

API, 44

Arsenic standard, 180, 190, 268n

Asbestosis, 65, 204, 214, 217

Asbestos standard, 64, 77, 106, 113, 133, 169, 180, 184–185, 268n

ASSE, 44, 85–86

Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, 250n

Assumption-of-risk doctrine, 42

ASV, 232–233

Atlantic Richfield Corporation, 125

Atomic energy, 71, 73–75

Auchter, Thorne, 173, 193, 194, 196, 200

Austria, 36

Auto industry, 103, 129

Badaracco, Joseph, Jr., 246n

BC, 85, 102

Benzene standard, 139, 171, 180, 190, 268n

Biemiller, Andrew, 71, 93

Bingham, Eula, 134, 188–191, 194, 196, 200

Black Lake Conference Center, 133, 140

Black Lung Association, 70

Black lung disease, 71, 77, 215

Blacks, 126–127

BLS, 20, 52, 202

Board of Standards Review, 45

BOB, 82, 87–89, 161–162

Bolsheviks, 6

BOSH, 60, 71, 87

Bowles, Samuel, 63

Boyle, Tony, 52

Brickman, Ronald, et al., 246n

Brodeur, Paul, 65, 253n

Budgets: OSHA 178, 216, 217–218; union health and safety, 130, 138–139

Buff, I. E., 77

Burlington Mills, 27

Bush, George, 155, 200

Business: alliance with academics, 114–120; confidence problem, 146–149, 154; lobbying, 13, 83–86, 89–90, 96–97, 100–114, 144, 177; in politics, 6–11, 207; and working conditions, 40–41, 97–98

Business Roundtable, 101–102, 108, 114

Califano, Joseph, 81–82, 87, 88, 256n

California, 57

Canada, 56

Capitalism, 4–11; challenges to, 101; cross-national comparison, 33–36; limits of market, 212–215; relegitimating, 111–114, 120; symbols of, 151–153; and workplace control, 20–22, 69, 97–98

Carcinogens policy, 2, 19, 64, 103, 124, 169, 171, 172, 179, 180, 185, 189–190, 191, 194, 199, 204, 247n, 268n

Carson, Rachel, 77

Carter, Jimmy, 13, 143, 146, 149–150, 152, 154–158, 164, 171, 173, 175, 188

Carter administration, 140, 157, 161, 163, 177–178, 189, 191, 192, 195–196, 217

CEA 49, 88, 157–158, 168

CED, 85

Center for Law and Economics, 103

Center for Small Business, 102

Center for the Study of American Business, 115

Chamber of Commerce, 83, 84, 91–92, 102–103, 107, 110, 114

Chelius, James, 117

Chemical industry, 84, 96, 129, 173–174

Children employment of, 31

Clariton Works, 129

Class system, 5–9, 63, 100

Claybrook, Joan, 188

Clean Air Act, 124, 165

Clean Water Act, 124

Coal Mine Health and Safety bill, 90

Coal Mine Safety Act (1969), 71

Coal mining, 77, 90, 215

Coalition for Reproductive Rights of Women, 133

Codetermination, 35

COH, 44

Cohea Wilbur, 87

Coke-oven emissions, 71, 129, 139, 171, 172–173, 180, 186, 200, 222, 268n

Collective action, 8–9, 10

Collective bargaining, 25, 32–33, 39, 51, 75–76; changes in, 138; health and safety in, 84–85, 110, 129–131, 137–141; laws governing, 49, 52–53; in social democracies, 231

Command-and-control regulation, 3–4, 12, 16, 17, 155, 211

Committee to Re-Elect the President, 185

“Consensus” standards, 45, 184

Conservatives, 14, 16, 154, 166–167, 242

Construction industry, 94, 140

Consumer product safety, 44, 69, 79, 81, 125–126

Consumer Product Safety Act, 165

Continental Group, 125–126

Contributory-negligence doctrine, 42

Coors, Joseph, 103

Cooke, W. N, 204

COPE, 143

Corn, Morton, 113, 184, 186, 190

Corporatism (see also Neocorporatism), 219–224, 227

COSH, 133–135, 141–142

Cost of Government Regulation Study, 108

Cost-benefit tests, 108–109, 112–113, 115, 118–119, 165–167, 168–170, 172, 174, 177, 191, 193–194, 200, 216, 220–221, 226

Cost-effectiveness tests, 108–109, 118–119, 165, 172, 191, 193–194, 216–217, 221, 226

Costle, Douglas, 191

Costs (see also Cost-benefit tests; Cost-effectiveness tests; Economic review): of compensation, 43; minimization of, 23–24; OSHA regulatory, 100–104, 108–109, 112, 115–116, 151–153; worth of, 125

Cotton-dust standard, 133, 139, 169, 171, 180, 191, 193, 194, 200, 205, 217, 268n

Council for Small Business, 102

Courts, White House review programs and, 168–170

CPSC, 132, 156, 161, 165

CWPS, 19, 157, 158, 160–161, 162, 172, 175, 222

Damages, 54, 60

Daniels, Dominick, 93

Davidson, Ray, 65, 253n

DBPC standard, 180, 190, 268n

Decision making, worker participation in (see also Worker agency), 6–11, 15–16, 24–25, 31, 33–36, 67, 94–95, 98, 110, 122, 192, 197–198, 215, 223–225, 227, 230–235

“Defense of the system,” 103

Democratic party, 51, 78, 79–81, 90, 93–94, 143, 162, 167

Denison, Edward, 151–152

Dependency, worker, 8–9, 27, 111–112

Deregulation, 3, 4, 15, 133, 167, 193, 208; academic influence on, 114–120; business lobby and, 100–114; as economic policy, 154–156

Dickens, William T., 247n

Diseases, occupational (see also Hazard(s), health), 2, 11, 32, 55, 64–66, 128, 184, 200–201, 204

Division of Industrial Hygiene, 78

Division of Occupational Health, 72

DOL, 1, 56, 58, 59, 60, 64, 74, 76, 78, 81, 86–88, 91–93, 98, 171, 185, 193, 252n

Domestic Council Review Group, 149

Dominick, Peter, 96

Dow Chemical Company, 103, 105

Du Pont, 64, 91

Economic review (see also Cost-benefit tests; Cost-effectiveness tests), 115, 186, 191, 216, 219–224

Economism, 32–34, 37, 38, 51, 69, 105, 111–112, 121, 215; reproduction of, 136–142

EFFE, 132–133

Electrical safety standard, 171

Employers (see also Business; Capitalism): and change, 6–11; negligence, 66, 209, 211–212, 214; strategies toward work, 22–25; voluntary safety efforts, 26–28

Employment Act, 49

Enforcement, 35, 37, 68, 85; business lobby and, 89–90, 109–110; of OSHA standards, 177, 179–181, 182–183, 186–188, 193, 195–196, 198–201; provisions of OSH Act, 95–97; rationalizing, 216–222; in social democracies, 230–231; White House intervention in OSHA, 170–174; worker participation in, 122, 139

Engineering controls, 24, 189, 222–223

Environmental Defense Fund, 79, 133

Environmental movement, 4, 64, 69, 74–78, 79, 81, 162, 176, 243; alliance with labor, 122, 126, 132–133, 140

Environmental Sciences Laboratory, 65

EOP, 149, 157, 158

EPA 108, 132, 156, 161, 165, 168, 191

Ethylene oxide standard, 180, 194–195, 269n

Europe, 12, 224

Experience ratings, 30, 218

Factory legislation, 6, 30–32, 34, 37, 39, 67, 69, 97, 176

Farmworkers, 133, 195

Feasibility, economic, 96, 106–107, 170, 184–186, 188–190, 194, 259n

Federal Employment Compensation Act, 59

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 165

Federal Labor Standards Act, 59

Federal program(s) (see also OSHA): 57–61; decision to make OSHA 86–89

Federal Republic of Germany See West Germany

Fellow-servant doctrine, 42

Finland, 30, 36

Florida, 76

Fluor, J. Robert, 103

Ford, Gerald, 13, 146, 150, 154, 157–158, 160, 162, 170, 174, 184

Ford administration, 186, 189, 192

Ford, Henry, II, 84

Ford Motor Company, 84

France, 30, 36

Friends of the Earth, 79

Frye Report, 72–73, 76, 86, 87, 89, 206, 259n

FTC, 156, 161

GAO, 159

Gardner, Joha 87

Gary, Judge, 41, 250

Gautschi, F. H., III, 204

Goldstein, David, 91

Gompers, Samuel, 48

Goodmaa Leo, 74

B. F. Goodrich Company, 185

Gordoa David, 63

Gray, Boydea 159

Great Britain, 30, 31, 228–229, 234

Great Depression, 40, 49, 57

Great Society, 16, 69, 80, 86–87, 239–240

Growth, economic, 13, 15, 49, 104–105, 119, 151, 155; crisis, 146–148, 205

Guenther, George, 185

Harris surveys, 124–125

Hazard(s) (see also Accidents, occupational Injury): categorized by substance, 190, 199; chemical, 173–174; costs, 112–114, 151–153; crisis, 61–66; differences between jobs, 209–211, 213, 215, 220–222; -driven lobbying, 139–140; to health, 64, 73–75, 126–127, 169–170, 184–186, 188–192, 200–201, 204–205, 210; information about, 27, 55, 72, 122, 173–174; and OSHA standards, 178–181; radiation, 73–74; rates, by industry, 21, 22–23, 123; and safety, 44–47, 180–181

Hazard control before OSHA 11, 17, 71, 73–75; costs of, 19–20, 24, 27; Progressive era, 41–43; and public health, 36; voluntary, 27

Health and safety committees, 35–36, 47, 83, 197, 225, 227, 228–229

Health clinics, 31, 33, 35, 83, 197

HEW, 64, 65, 76, 78, 82, 86–87, 204

Highway Safety Act, 81

Hodgson, John, 92, 93, 106

Hoover Institute, 104

HRG, 130, 133, 139, 140, 185

IAGLO, 56, 60

IAIABC, 60

IAM, 130, 133, 139

Ideology, new business, 101, 103–111, 144

IHF, 44

IIS, 149, 157, 186

IMA, 84, 91

Inflation, 147, 149, 151, 153, 160

Injury (see also Accidents, occupational; Hazards): blue-collar worker, 122–123; cyclical influences on, 62; legal liability for, 28–29; rates, 61–64, 128, 202, 203–204; and workers’ compensation system, 54–55

Injury tax, 193, 218, 222

In-plant programs, 35, 36, 41, 47–48, 66, 88, 128, 197

Inspections, 34, 38, 59, 65, 68, 85; business lobby and, 109–110; OSHA, 179–181, 182–183, 186–188, 192–193, 195–196, 198–201, 204; penalty-based, 88, 175, 198, 206, 225; provisions of OSH Act, 95–97

Insurance industry, 85, 88

Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group, 161

Interagency Task Force on Workplace Safety and Health, 171, 193

International Chemical Workers, 130

International markets, 15, 100–101, 104, 107, 143

International Union of Electrical Workers, 75

Intervention, forms of state, 21, 28–32, 34

Investment, capital, 13, 21–22, 31, 111, 122, 147, 238

Italy, 36

IUD v. Hodgson, 106–107

Javits, Jacob, 96

Javits-Ayers bill, 92–93

Job(s), 8–9, 23–24, 26, 27, 106, 112, 144; risk, by occupation, 123; safety, 61–64, 209–211, 213, 215, 221–222

Johns Manville (Manville Corporation), 51, 64, 214

Johnson, Lyndon, 76, 79–82, 88–90

Johnson administration, 86, 90–91

Joint Regulation of Working Life Act (Sweden), 231

Jones, Charles O., 256n

Judicial review, White House review programs and, 168–170

Kalecki, Michal, 246n

Kelman, Steven, 247n, 256n, 274n

Kerr, Lorin, 77

Labeling standard, 171, 173, 179, 180, 194, 200, 223

Labor Committee for Safe Energy and Full Employment, 132–133

Labor Management Relations Act, 2

Labor markets: limits of, 212–215; and social welfare, 209–212

Labor-oriented social reform, 224–235; neocorporatism, 224–229; social democratic approach, 229–231, 233–235; in Sweden, 231–233

Labor union(s), 1, 4, 10–11, 16, 27, 37, 43, 63, 69; budgets for health and safety, 130, 138–139; and corporatism, 219–224, 227; decline of, 142–144, 240; and Democratic party, 80–81; divisions within, 51; -environment coalition, 122, 126, 132–133, 140; lobbying, 137–142; militance, 41, 70–71, 143; and neocorporatism, 226–229; organizing, 40; postwar accord, 48–53; reactions to OSH Act, 121–144; staff for health and safety, 131, 138–139; and standard setting, 139–140; strategies toward work, 32; and workplace reform, 71–77, 84–85, 98, 243–244

Landrum-Griffin Act (1959), 2

Laxalt, Paul, 167

Lazarus, Simon, 152–153

Lead standard, 139, 171, 190, 193, 268n

Lee, Phillip, 87

Legality, of White House intervention, 161–166

Lenin, V. I., 6–7

Liability law, 28–29, 42, 66, 210, 214

Liberal, 34, 167; defined, 4; regulatory reform approach, 225–226, 235–236, 238

Liberalism, 10, 12, 34, 36–38, 69; future of, 240–241; limits of, 16–18; and state intervention, 16–18, 205–206, 243

Linowitz, Sol, 84

LO, 232, 234

Lobbying, 14, 32, 44, 72, 78; business, 83–86, 89–90, 96–97, 100–114, 144, 177; COSHs, 134; of labor unions, 49, 121–144

Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, 58

LSB, 58–59, 60, 65, 71–72

Lung disease, 64, 172, 214

MacAvoy, Paul, 159

McCaffrey, David, 204, 246n

Manufacturing, 40, 101, 143; occupational illness and injury rates in, 22–23, 62–63

Manufacturing Chemical Association, 64

Maritime Safety Act, 59

Market capitalism, 212–215

Market conservatism, social reform and, 208–215, 235; and social welfare, 209–212

Marshall, Ray, 171, 175, 189

Marx, Karl, 5–6

Mazzochi, Anthony, 72, 255n

Meany, George, 71, 76, 140

Media 77, 116, 255n

Mendeloff, John, 204

Middle class. See Reformers, middle class

Miller, James, 160, 167

Mills, Hawley, 77

Minimum-wage law, 57–58

Mining industries, 40, 41, 73–75

Morrall, John F., Ill, 247n–248n

Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 65

Muckraking, 41

Muskie, Edmund, 163

Nader, Ralph, 77, 78–79, 93, 255n

NAM, 43, 102

Narick, Emil, 75

National Commission on Workers’ Compensation, 88

National Consumers League, 79, 140

National Environmental Protection Act (1969), 157, 165

National Federation of Independent Business, 102

National Fire Protection Association, 92

National Foundations on the Arts and the Humanities Act, 58, 59

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 156, 188

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 60

National Labor-Management Relations Act, 51

National People’s Action, 133

National Resource Defense Council v. Schultze, 164

National Wildlife Federation, 140

Nation’s Business, 83

Natural Resources Defense Fund, 79

NCF, 41–42

NCFE, 132

NCLC, 103

Negligence: employee, 29, 31, 42–43, 54; employer, 66, 209, 211–212, 214

Nelson, Norton, 259n

Neoclassical reform. See Market conservatism, and social reform

Neocorporatism, 12, 35, 37, 224–227; antidemocratic tendencies in, 227–229

Netherlands, 30

New Deal, 48, 50, 73, 166

New Federalism, 89

“New institutionalism,” 246n

New Left, 134

New Republican Majority, The, 90

New Yorker. 65

Nichols, Albert, 117, 217

NIOSH, 92, 95, 193, 199, 204

Nixon, Richard, 83, 89–91, 94, 148–149

Nixon administration, 89–94, 139, 148, 184

NLCPI, 103

NLRB, 50, 143

“No-fault” system, 30, 42, 54, 208–209

Noise standard, 28, 139, 171, 180, 194, 268n, 274n

Norway, 36

NRDC, 133, 140, 164, 168

NSC, 26, 44, 45, 52, 56, 58, 91, 250n

NYCOSH, 134, 141

OCAW, 65, 71, 72, 75, 139, 140, 185

Occupational Safety and Health Improvement bill, 192–193

O’Hara-Yarborough bill, 89, 90, 94

Oil industry, 103

OIRA 150, 156–158, 201

OMB, 148–149, 151, 154, 156–167, 174–175, 193, 200–201, 217, 223

Omnibus Regulatory Reform bill, 167

Operating Engineers, 52

OSH Act, 12, 34, 67, 68–98; amendments to, 177, 192–193; and business, 83–86, 100–114; designing, 86–94; and labor unions, 71–77, 121–144; limits, 97–98; and middle-class reformers, 77–79; penalties authorized by, 187–188; public policy before, 53–61; as radical liberal reform, 94–97; rights under, 1–3, 15–16, 94–95, 122, 213–214, 221–222; and voluntarism, 181–185, 193–196; White House interest in, 79–82, 145–175

OSHA activism, 186–193, 196; budgets, 178; business opposition to, 13, 14, 83–86, 100–114; challenges to standards set by, 105–111; costs of regulations, 151–153; and the courts, 168–170; designing, 86–94; enforcement, 13, 68, 85, 179–183, 186–188, 193, 195–196, 201; impact of, 201–205; and liberalism, 16–17, 205–206; major health standards, 178–180; overview, 177–183; policy failure, 196–201;staffing, 179; standardsetting approaches, 181–196, 199–201; and voluntarism, 181–188, 193–196, 197–198; White House intervention in, 170–174, 186–187

OSH A/Environmental Network, 133

OSHA Watch, 140, 144

OSHRC, 95–96

OTA 199, 222–203, 204

Papermakers Union, 51–52

Paperwork Reduction Act (1980), 158, 162

Participation, worker (see also Worker agency), 6–11, 15–16, 24–25, 31, 33–34, 36–37, 67, 93–95, 98, 110, 122, 127, 192, 197–198, 215, 223–225, 227, 230–235

PATCO, 143

PEL, 172, 184–185, 186, 189, 191, 199

Penalties, OSHA, 180–183, 186–188, 191–193, 195, 201

Pension plans, 52

Performance standards, 216, 218, 222, 272n

Perkins, Carl, 93, 96

Pesticide standard, 171

Peterson, Esther, 74, 88, 258n

Petroleum industry, 94, 169

PHILAPOSH, 134–136

Phillips, Kevin, 90

PHS, 60–61, 64, 72–74, 87, 204, 257n

Plastics industry, 105–106

Polls, opinion, 124–126, 240

Pollution control, 17, 64, 76, 77, 79, 81, 87, 116, 126, 132, 152, 218

Postwar accord, 48–53, 70, 79, 122, 132, 251n

PPD, 24, 189, 223

Presidential Conferences on Occupational Safety, 58

Profits, corporate, 21–22, 24, 26, 62–63, 100–101, 146

Progressive Alliance, 140

Progressive era, 31, 54, 57; reforms, 41–43

“Protecting Eighty Million Workers,” 72

Public Citizen, 79

Public health programs, 36, 66, 77, 97, 250n

Public interest: industry as serving, 104–111, 120; movements, 69, 77, 78, 81, 127, 140, 188

Public opinion (see also Polls, opinion), 1, 4, 70, 77, 124–126, 141, 240

Public policy before OSHA federal programs, 57–61; health and safety, 53–61; state programs, 55–57; workmen’s compensation, 54–55

Public Service Contracts Act, 59

QES, 128

“Quality-of-life” issues, 75, 81–82, 121, 123

RA, 150

Radiation exposure, 71, 73–75

Radical reform: COSH, 134–136, 142; OSH Act and, 94–97; social democratic, 235

RARG, 149, 150, 157, 158, 160–161, 175

RC, 149–150, 157

Reagan, Ronald, 13, 115, 116, 146, 150–151, 153–155, 158, 160, 167, 171, 184, 196

Reagan administration, 3, 118, 154, 170, 196, 217

Recession, economic, 148

Recovery, economic, 150, 177

Reform, approaches to regulatory, 15, 16, 206–236; future of, 241–244; labor-oriented, 224–235, 236; liberal, 235–236; market conservative, 208–215, 235; rationalizing, 215–224, 235; social democratic, 229–235, 236

Reformers, middle class, 41, 69, 77–79, 97, 243–244

Regulation, 167

Regulatory Flexibility Act, 198

Regulatory Summit Meetings, 149

Republican party, 79, 90, 154, 181

Reuther, Walter, 76

“Right-to-know” movement, 173–174, 179, 194, 223

Risk by Choice, 221

Risk premiums, 27, 117, 119, 209, 248n

Risks: by occupation, 123; wages and, 117, 118–119, 128–129, 209–211, 213, 215, 220–222, 248n

Rockefeller, David, 101

Rogers, Joel, 245n

Rogers, Paul, 163

Rubber industry, 129, 139

SAC, 184, 269n

SAF, 232–233

Safety (see also Hazard control Health and safety committees; OSH Act, rights under; Risks): crisis, 61–64; public policy, 53–61; standards, 44–47, 180–181

Scalia, Anthony, 167

Schultze, Charles, 155, 159, 168, 171, 191, 218, 257n–258n

Self-regulation. See Voluntarism

Selikoff, Irving J., 65, 77, 253n

Sellars, Gary, 93

Service Contracts Act, 58, 59, 252n

Settle, Russell, 113

Sheehan, John J., 72, 76, 93, 259n

Shultz, George, 92, 93

Sierra Club, 132, 140, 168

Sierra Club v. Costle, 164

“Significant risk” doctrine, 170, 194

“Silent majority,” 90

Silent Spring, 11

Silicosis, 214

Smith, Robert, 62, 117, 204, 208, 211, 214

Social democracies, 35, 229–235; contradictions of, 234–235; in Sweden, 231–233

Social Democratic party (Sweden), 231

Social regulation, 4, 15, 16, 51, 73, 79–82; business ideology and, 101–114; cycle, 239–241; future of, 241–244, 245n and labor, 121–144, 224–235, 236; and liberalism, 17, 235–236; market-conservative approaches to, 208–215, 235; public support for, 69, 124–126; rationalizing, 215–24, 235; social democratic, 229–235, 236; White House intervention in, 79–82, 147–175

Social security, 49, 58

Social welfare, labor markets and, 209–212

Socialism, 20, 21

SPI, 106

Staff: OSHA, 179; union health and safety, 131, 138–139

Standard setting, 52, 60, 67, 88; activist, 188–193; challenges to OSHA, 105–111, 199; corporate control over, 43–47, 85–86; and the courts, 168–170; provisions of OSH Act, 89, 95–97; rationalizing, 216–222; in social democracies, 230–233; tripartite, 225–226, 232; and voluntarism, 181–185, 193–196, 197–198; White House intervention in, 170–174

Stans, Maurice, 92

State intervention: constraints on, 7–9, 12; factory legislation 30–32; legal liability, 28–29; workers’ compensation, 29–30

State-level programs, 55–57, 69, 96–97; financing, 58–60

Steel industry, 40, 41, 84, 94, 96, 103, 129, 139, 265n

Steiger, William, 92–93

Stellman, Jeanne, 133

Stender, John, 269n

Stevenson, Adlai, 80

Stockman, David, 153–154, 201

Stop OSHA campaign, 103

Stress, work-induced, 123–124, 126, 127

Strikes, 26, 27, 32, 33, 39, 49, 70, 143

Substances, hazardous, by category, 190, 199

Survey of Working Conditions, 70

Swankin, David, 258n

Sweden, 30, 231–233, 234, 247n, 274n

Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 2, 51, 76, 80

Taylor, George, 72–74, 76

TCO, 232

Teamsters Union, 52

Technology, 24, 26, 37, 50, 122, 123, 189, 200, 208

Textile industry, 40, 51, 139, 169–170

TLV, 47, 106, 179, 199

Tort law, 28, 43, 54

Toxic Substances Control Act, 165

Truman, Harry, 80

TUC, 234

UAW, 28, 51, 52, 74, 76, 129–130, 132, 133, 137, 139–140, 142–143

UEC, 132

Uhlmann, Michael, 103

UMW, 51, 70, 130, 133

Unemployment, 143, 147–149, 151, 203

Unemployment insurance, 52, 143

Unions. See Labor union(s)

United Nuclear Fuels, 75

Uranium mining, 71, 73, 76

URW, 52, 129, 139

U.S. Bureau of Mines, 74

U.S. Congress, White House review programs and, 166–167

U.S. Department of the Interior, 74

U.S. Steel, 41, 44, 45

U.S. Supreme Court, 166, 168–170, 171, 193, 200

USASI, 44

USWA 52, 71, 72, 75–76, 93, 129–130, 132, 137, 139–140, 141, 142–143

Vietnam war, 62–64

Vinyl chloride industry, 105–106, 180, 185, 205, 268n

Violations of OSHA standards, 180–183, 186–188, 191–193, 195, 201

Viscusi, W. Kip, 118, 200, 201, 221, 247n, 270n

Vogel, David, 245n, 260n

Voluntarism, 39, 48, 56, 60, 110; as OSHA approach to standard setting, 181–196, 197, 200

Voluntary Accident Relief Program, 41

Wages, 32–33, 50, 52, 57–58, 75, 142–143; and risks, 26, 117–119, 128–129, 209–211, 213, 215, 220–222

Wagner Act (1935), 2

Walkaround-pay rule, 192

Wallick, Frank, 65, 253n

Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act (1936), 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 74, 252n

Washington Post 154

Weidenbaum, Murray, 115–116, 150–151, 159–160

Weisskopf, Thomas, 63

Welfare state, 80, 83, 213

West Germany, 30, 31, 35, 36, 229, 234

West Virginia, 70

White House review programs, 13, 145–175; and Congress, 166–168; consolidation of, 156–161; and the courts, 168–170; economic crisis influencing, 146–148; interventions in OSHA rulemaking, 170–174, 186–187; legal challenges to, 161–166; major events of, 150; and regulatory environment, 79–82, 174–175; as social regulation oversight, 148–161

White House Task Force on Regulatory Relief, 150–151, 155, 157–160

White Lung Association, 133

Wildavsky, Aaron, 119–120

Williams, G. James, 103

Williams-Steiger Act, 93–94

Wilson, Graham K., 246n

Wilson, James Q., 245n

Winpisinger, William, 133

Wirtz, W. Willard, 74, 82, 88, 104, 256n, 258n

Wolfe, Sidney, 133

Women, 31, 126–127, 133

Women’s Occupational Health Resource Center, 133

Work Environment Act (Sweden), 232

Worker(s) (see also Labor unions): as class, 239; dependency, 8–9, 27, 111–112; education, 47; ignorance of hazards, 55, 122–123, 127, 173–174, 223; and labor unions, 48–53; militance, 10, 41, 70, 143; negligence, 29, 31, 42–43, 54; participation in decision making, 6–11, 15–16, 24–25, 31, 33–37, 67, 98, 192, 215, 223–225, 227, 230–235; political party, 9–11; rights under OSH Act, 94–95, 97–98, 110, 122, 127, 129–130, 179, 213–215, 221–222; strategies toward work, 32–33

Worker agency, 239–241

Workers’ compensation system, 28–30, 39, 41–43, 54–55, 85, 86, 88, 97, 117, 193, 208, 218

Working class: Democratic party and, 90; Republican party and, 80–81, 126

Works councils, 33, 35, 227, 229, 274n

World War II, 48, 49, 58

Xerox Corporation, 84

Zeckhauser, Richard, 117, 217

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