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Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt: Index

Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt

Index

INDEX

Absenteeism, 47, 103, 153, 197 n.48. See also Discipline; Labor control

Accident rate, mine, 42, 49

Advancement, 24, 121–23, 136–38; The Dalgleish Commission, 122; four-way talks of 1954, 137; three-party conference of 1948, 123. See also Labor stabilization; Mines African Salaried Staff Association (MASA)

African Mineworkers’ Union (AMWU), 17, 24; branch elections (1954), 143; branch offices, 132–33; corporate attitude towards, 116, 120–24, 145, 149–50; demands for housing and compound, 130–31; early collective labor action, 124–25; establishment, 119–21, 201 n.42; and European Mineworkers’ Union, 127, 207 n.53; and Labor Department, 116, 124; membership, 120–21, 125, 130, 150, 154, 203 n.92, 208 n.88; politics, 128–29, 150; public meetings, 130–31; Recognition Agreement, 121; after rolling strikes, 151; solidarity, 131–32; structure, 121; and tribal representatives, 127–28. See also Political class consciousness

African National Congress, Northern Rhodesian (ANC), 17–18, 128–129, 133–34, 148, 151; Supreme Action Council, 128–29. See also Nkumbula, Harry; Political class consciousness

African nationalism: opposition to Federation, 128–29; rise of, 17–18; and trade unions, 134–35, 155–57. See also African National Congress; United National Independence Party; Zambia African National Congress

Agriculture, 26; government policy, 26–27; land reserves, African, 17; white farmers, 16. See also Federation; Northern Rhodesian government

American Metal Company (later American Metal Climax, Inc.), 20, 176 n.17

Anglo-American Corporation: establishment of, 20–21; headquarters, 25, 51; labor policy, 37–38, 81–82; paternalism, 138–43; response to AMWU, 112; worker contentment, 55. See also Bwana Mkubwa Mine Company; Copper mining companies; Mufulira Copper Mines; Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines; Rhokana Corporation

Bamba, 16; role in 1935 strike, 57–58

Beatty, Sir Alfred Chester, 20, 175 n. 11

Bedford, Rev. Frank, 85, 101. See also United Missions in the Copperbelt

Beer brewing, 42, 52, 77, 183, n.72, 185 n.131

Boss boys, 24, 42; boycott, Luanshya, 109–10; committees, 103–4, 106–9; early union leadership, 119; in 1940 strike, 83–84; relations with European miners, 199 n.83. See also Labor aristocracy; Labor, skill levels of; Labor stabilization

Bourgeoisie. See Classes

Boycott, Luanshya (1946), 109–10, 206 n.45. See also Boss boys

British Labor government, 105; trade union policy, 111–12. See also Colonial office

British South Africa Company, 13, 16–17, 178 n.50; mineral rights, 17, 19, 25–26. See also Rhodes, Cecil

Broken Hill Mine Company, 32, 40. See also Anglo-American Corporation

Bwana Mkubwa Mine Company, 19–20, 32. See also Anglo-American Corporation

Capital, 6–7; and the state, 8. See also Copper mining companies, profits

Capricorn Africa Society, 204 n.7

Chamber of Mines, Northern Rhodesian, 33, 99–100; relations with Northern Rhodesian government, 99–100, 104; response to AMWU, 114–15. See also Copper mining companies

Chapoloko, Jameson, 121, 128–29, 144, 205 n.28

Chingola. See Copperbelt

Chisata, John, 155, 209 n.109. See also Political class consciousness

Class: action, 4–8, 11, 162–63 (see also Labor action, collective); analysis, 3–4, 9–12, 162–63; consciousness, 4–8, 162; formation in Africa, 6, 9, 11; identity, 131; social, 5–6; structure, 4–7, 162–63; struggle, 4–5, 7–9, 173 n.13, 159–62 (see also Ideology; State, the)

Classes: bourgeoisie, 5; petty bourgeoisie (middle class), 5, 17, 137, 140, 148–49; proletariat (working class), 5, 159–63; relations between, 6, 162–63 (see also Class, struggle)

Clerks, mine, 24, 104, 108–9, 139–41, 182 n.55; early union leadership, 119; in 1935 strike, 55, 72; in 1940 strike, 84, 90. See also Labor aristocracy; Mines African Salaried Staff Association

Clothing, European-style, 63, 69, 189 n.70

Colonial Office: African advancement, 122; and African Mineworkers’ Union, 111–12; attitude towards companies, 26; and Federation, 18–19; financial self-sufficiency, 52; labor policy, 17, 27, 80–81, 100, 111–12; establishment of protectorate, 17; during World War II, 100–101

Communication: between compounds, 63; within compounds, 62–63, 86; about labor conditions, 31. See also Labor control; Newspapers; Race relations

Compensation, worker, 42, 59

Compounds, mine, 38–45, 64, 78; compound manager, 24, 39–40, 45–46, 181 n.54, 182 nn.56, 57 and 59; cooperation in, 66–67, 71–72; early conditions, 181 n.36; occupational divisions, 141–42; registration within, 142–43; reorganization in 1949, 123; South African system, 29–30, 39–40. See also Health conditions, mine; Housing; Labor control; Recreation; Welfare, mine

Comrie, William, 112, 115–17, 119–20, 130, 133, 200 n.16

Copper, Northern Rhodesian: discovery of, 19; flotation methods, 20; open-pit, 21; pricing, 21–22, 167; production, 21–22, 167; profitability, 21–23, 177 n.37, 204 n.2; and the Zambian political economy, 25. See also Copperbelt

Copper Exporters, Inc., 20

Copper mining companies, Northern Rhodesian: and the AMWU, 51, 114–16, 123–24, 140–41, 152; competition between, 33; cooperation, 33, 98–99 (see also Chamber of Mines, Northern Rhodesian); and Labor Department, 100; labor policy, 23, 38, 82, 138–39; London connections, 51, 77, 100; paternalism, 138–43; profits, 22–23; relations with Northern Rhodesian government, 51, 76–77, 81, 99–100; taxpayers, 25–26, 177 n.48. See also Anglo-American Corporation; Rhodesian Selection Trust

Copperbelt: Chingola, 13; geography of, 13; geology of, 13, 16; Kitwe, 13; Luanshya, 13, 42–43 (see also Boycott, Luanshya; Roan Antelope Copper Mines); Mufulira, 13; Ndola, 13; population of, 13

Cost of living, 69, 85, 107, 198 n.57

Creech Jones, Arthur, 100, 112

Cross, Rev. Arthur, 88, 91, 101. See also United Missions in the Copperbelt

Culture, working-class, 6, 9, 162–63. See also Ideology

Dalgleish Commission, The. See Advancement

Dancing: traditional, 62–63; European, 63, 69. See also Mbeni, traditional dancing

Depression, the, 17, 21, 46–52

Desertion on the mines, 47, 103, 188 nn.55–56. See also Absenteeism

Discipline, industrial, 49–50, 61, 81–82, 151; emergency powers of 1942, 99, 103; opposition to collective labor action, 70–71. See also Labor control

Dismissal, 49–50. See also Labor control

Elwell, Archibald, 102–3, 106, 109–10. See also Welfare, government

Ethnicity, 61; in 1935 strike, 56, 58; in 1940 strike, 87. See also Tribal representatives

European Mineworkers’ Union, 24, 82–83, 93; African branches, 110–11; cooperation with AMWU, 127; equal pay, 122, 123; impact on African strike (1940), 84–85, 93–94. See also Mineworkers, European; Williams, Ronald

False consciousness, 6. See also Labor aristocracy

Federation, 27–28, 128–29; and African advancement, 137–38; African middle-class as buffer group, 137, 140, 155; dissolution of, 156; economics of, 18–19; opposition to worker political action, 144, 149–50. See also Northern Rhodesian government; Settlers

Field, H. H., 33, 40, 90, 98, 124. See also Mufulira Copper Mines

Gabbitas, F., 40, 182 n.61. See also Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines

Geddes, Sir Auckland, 20, 176 n.20, 185 n.128. See also Anglo-American Corporation

General managers, copper mining companies: Frank Ayer, 50, 55, 94; David Irwin, 35, 42; R. M. Peterson, 35; J. D. Tallant, 48. See also Copper mines companies, labor policy

Goodwin, Brian, 93, 100, 115–16, 120, 123, 194 n.97. See also European Mineworkers’ Union

Gore-Browne, Sir Stewart, 87, 108, 111

Governors, Northern Rhodesian: Sir Ronald Storrs, 50; Sir Hubert Young, 50–51; Waddington, 111–12. See also Provincial Administration

Grades. See Labor, skill levels of

Gramsci, A., 5. See also Ideology

Greig, David, 92, 141, 142

Guillebaud Tribunal, 126–27, 132–33. See also Wages

Health conditions of mines, 41–42, 49

Historical background of Northern Rhodesia, 16–19

Hochschild, Harold, 20, 176 n. 17

Hochschild, Walter, 176 n. 17

Honeyman Commission, 154, 209 n.103. See also European Mineworkers’ Union

Housing, mine compound, 41, 79, 139, 184 n.105, 206 n.33; in the depression, 48. See also Compounds

Ideology, 5, 8–9, 172 n. 11

Irwin, David. See General managers, copper mining companies

Johannesburg Conference, 144. See also Copper mining companies

Kaluwa, Simon, 120–21. See also African Mineworkers’ Union

Katilungu, Lawrence, 115, 120–21, 125–26, 144, 148, 150; loss of union presidency, 155; and political action, 128–29, 133–34, 148; and stabilization, 131. See also African Mineworkers’ Union

Kaunda, Kenneth, 19, 155. See also United National Independence Party

Kazembe (Luapula region), 16

Kitwe. See Copperbelt

Labor, married, 47–48, 77–78, 97, 118, 138, 165, 180 n.32, 184 n.99, 190 n.10, 200 n.27; Nkana and Nchanga, 36–37; Roan, 36. See also Labor stabilization, life-style

Labor, migrant, 32, 66; consciousness, 10, 159–61; foreign recruitment, 32–33; mobility before depression, 31–32; outside Northern Rhodesia, 76. See also Southern Rhodesia, white miners from; Union Miniere du Haut Katanga

Labor, skill levels of (grades), 23–25, 98, 121, 184 n.98; early years, 30–31; relation to orebodies, 30; technical demands of industry, 23–24; union membership, 130. See also Boss boys; Wages

Labor action, collective, 65–66, 70; and the compound, 71–72; and consciousness, 160–63; in the 1940 strike, 91

Labor aristocracy, 5, 10, 161, 163, 174, n.29. See also Classes; Mines African Salaried Staff Association

Labor control, 44–46, 98–99, 101–3; paternalism, 138–43; registration (citupas), 44. See also, Compounds; Discipline; Welfare, mine

Labor Department, Northern Rhodesian: attitude towards AMWU, 111–12, 115–17; control of unions, 116, 123; establishment of, 100; trade union officer (see Comrie); on union politics, 133–34. See also Northern Rhodesian government, labor policy

Labor enclave, 152–57. See also Paternalism

Labor policy. See Colonial Office, labor policy; Copper mining companies, labor policy; Northern Rhodesian government, labor policy

Labor recruitment, 26, 32–34, 47, 76, 180 n.19

Labor reserve, 16

Labor stabilization, 53; at Anglo-American Company, 37; before depression, 34–37; early leaders, 118–19; length of employment, 24, 36–37, 77–78, 88–94, 97, 117–18, 138, 152, 166, 180 n.33, 184 n.100; life-style, 63, 69, 89; the 1935 strike, 72–74; the 1940 strike, 91, 94–95; Rhodesian Selection Trust, 36; and the union, 118–21, 131; without urbanization, 77, 97; and worker representation, 98–99. See also Boss boys; Labor, married; Mines African Salaried Staff Association

Labor supply, 24, 30–34, 47, 66, 183 n.80, 189 n.77; before depression, 30–34; and discipline, 50; rationalization, 34, 69, 103, 152; shortage, 75–77. See also Labor recruitment

Languages: Chilapalapa, 62; Town Bemba, 62. See also Communication; Compounds

Law, P.J., 103, 109, 116. See also Labor Department

Legislative Council, Northern Rhodesian, 17, 26, 122, 137; attitude towards African unions, 111. See also Northern Rhodesian government

Lewanika, Godwin, 194 nn.92–93. See also Welfare, mine

Loafers in mine compounds, 142–43, 206 n.41. See also Labor control

Lozi, 16

Luanshya. See Copperbelt

Luyt, Richard, 108. See also Labor Department

Maybank, Frank, 110, 115, 120, 127, 203 n.93. See also European Mineworkers’ Union

Mbeni, 155–56; traditional dancing, 67, 73, 186 n.6. See also Dancing

Middle class, African. See Classes, petty bourgeoisie

Mines African Salaried Staff Association (MASA), 25, 140–46, 148–52; special housing, 152; and United Mineworkers’ Union, 155–56. See also Classes, petty bourgeoisie; Labor aristocracy

Mines Official Salaried Staff Association, 137

Mineworkers, African, 17. See also Race relations

Mineworkers, European, 30–31, 39; influence on African workers, 109; initial conditions for, 30; population, 17–18, 30. See also European Mineworkers’ Union; Race relations; Settlers

Monckton Commission, 155

Moore, Rev. R. J. B., 80, 92, 101–2. See also United Missions in the Copperbelt

Mufulira. See Copperbelt

Mufulira Copper Mines, 21; orebodies, 30; labor policy 35–36. See also Copper mining companies

Mwendapole, Matthew, 132

Native Industrial Labor Advisory Board, 77

Native Labor Association, 33–34. See also Labor recruitment

Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines, Ltd. (the mine), 21, 23, 33; compound, 41; welfare, 44. See also Anglo-American Corporation

Ndola. See Copperbelt

Newspapers on the mines, 82, 142. See also Communication; Welfare, mine, and politics

Ngoni, 16

Nkoloma, Matthew D., 203 n.85

Nkoma, Sylvester, 143–44

Nkumbula, Harry, 19, 128–29, 148, 155. See also African National Congress

Northern Rhodesian government: attitude towards copper mining companies, 26–27, 50–51, 77; establishment of Protectorate, 17; expenditure on Africans, 27, 178 n.57; financial status, 50; Labor Department, 124; labor policy, 32–33, 38–39, 50–52, 112, 115–16, 124, 144–45, 149–50; labor recruitment, 76–77; paternalism, 27; servile labor measures, 29–30, 44; union politics, 133–34. See also Labor Department; Provincial administration

Nyasa miners, 34, 39; in 1935 strike, 55, 58, 72, 184 n.101. See also Clerks, mine

Oppenheimer, Sir Ernest, 20–21, 33, 138–39, 175 n.13; on African advancement, 137. See also Anglo-American Corporation

Paternalism: colonial office, 27; government, 27; mining companies, 140–43. See also Welfare, government; Welfare, mine

Petty bourgeoisie. See Classes

Pim Commission, 80

Police, mine, 45–46, 60, 84, 124, 152; Mines African Police Association, 145; in 1935 strike, 55–56, 60; in 1940 strike, 84; in 1955 strike, 146–47. See also Strikes

Police, government, 38; in 1935 strike, 56–57; in 1955 strike, 146–47. See also Strikes

Political class consciousness, 133–35, 147, 153–57, 206 nn.45–46; corporate attitudes towards, 151. See also Class, consciousness

Political parties, African. See African nationalism; ANC; UNIP; ZANC

Poulantzas, N., 5–6

Prain, Sir Ronald, 138–39; on advancement, 137; on paternalism, 139. See also Rhodesian Selection Trust

Proletarianization, 10, 172 n.8, 174 n.27; and class consciousness, 10, 160–63. See also Class, analysis; Class, consciousness

Provincial Administration, 51; and copper mining companies, 38, 117; inspection of mines, 38–39, 51; and Labor Department, 100, 117, 124; in 1935 strike, 55; taxation, 51. See also Labor Department; Northern Rhodesian government

Puta, Robinson, 121, 127–29, 144, 202 n.76

Race relations, mine, 188 n.42, 199 n.83; aggravated by mining companies, 115–16; and compound conditions, 64; and stabilization, 64–65; and strike action, 109

Rations, mine, 49, 59, 183 n.71

Recognition Agreement, 121, 124. See also African Mineworkers’ Union

Recreation, mine, 43, 49, 80, 139–42, 152; football, 80. See also Welfare, mine

Rheinnalt Jones, J. D., 138–40. See also Labor Control; Paternalism

Rhodes, Cecil, 16, 19. See also British South Africa Company

Rhodesian Selection Trust, 20–21; headquarters, 25, 51; labor policy, 35–36, 48, 55, 82; paternalism, 138–41. See also Mufulira Copper Mines; Roan Antelope Copper Mines

Rhokana Corporation, Ltd. (Nkana), 20–21; conditions, 32; labor supply, 32; Nkana compound, 41; orebodies, 30; welfare, 43. See also Anglo-American Corporation

Roan Antelope Copper Mine, 21; labor policy, 35; orebodies, 30; welfare, 42–43, 50. See also Rhodesian Selection Trust

Roan Consolidated Copper Mines (formerly RST), 23

Saffery, William, 97, 102, 107–8, 196 n.29, 198 n.57. See also Labor Department

Sandford, T. F. (Secretary for Native Affairs), 76, 87. See also Provincial Administration

Schaefer, Benjamin, 40, 45, 55, 182 n.57. See also Mufulira Copper Mines

Scrivener, William J., 40, 79, 87, 98, 182 n.59; Brain Trust, 119. See also Rhokana Corporation

Settlers, Northern Rhodesian, 17, 26–28; and Colonial Office, 17, 116; in Federation, 18, 123; in Legislative Council, 122–23; opposition to British South Africa Company, 16–17; population, 16–18; white miners, 30–31. See also Mineworkers, European

Sokota, Pascale, 110

South Africa: white miners from, 39; white radicals, 115. See also European Mineworkers’ Union

Southern Rhodesia: Northern Rhodesians working in, 32, 76; Shamva strike, 70; Wankie mines, wages, 34

Spearpoint, C. F., 40, 81, 98, 182 n.56. See also Roan Antelope Copper Mines

Spies in mine compounds, 46, 151

Sports in mine compounds. See Recreation

State, the: colonial in Africa, 8–10, 26, 81; post-colonial, 4, 10; settlers, 10. See also Northern Rhodesian government

Strikes: abortive (1933), 70; African (1935), 48, 55–61, 72–73; African (1940), 75, 83–88, 91, 98; African (1952), 126–27, 132–33; African (1955), 144–48; African (1962), 155; Branigan Commission, 149; complaints, 59–61, 85–86; European (1940), 84–85; Forster Commission, 98; Guillebaud Award, 132–33; leadership, 72–73, 83; organization, 58–59, 86–87, 91; rolling strikes (1956), 148–50; Russell Commission, 48, 59; state of emergency (1956), 148–49

Stubbs, William, 104, 107, 109, 116. See also Labor Department

Tonga, 16

Trade Union Congress, Northern Rhodesian, 128–29, 147, 157; political action subcommittee, 128–29, 134; and United Trade Union Congress, 155–56, 210 n. 111

Tribal representatives, 46, 58–59, 98–99, 103, 117, 119, 124, 127–28; in 1940 strike, 84

Union Miniere du Haut Katanga, 16, 19, 32, 34, 41, 180 n.31; end of Northern Rhodesian recruiting, 32. See also Labor migration

Unions: See African Mineworkers’ Union; European Mineworkers’ Union; United Mineworkers’ Union

United Federal Party, 153

United Mineworkers’ Union, 155–56, 210 n.114. See also Mines African Salaried Staff Association

United Missions in the Copperbelt, 79–80, 91–92, 101–2; leadership training, 91–92; schools, 79, 89. See also Bedford, Frank; Cross, Arthur; Greig, David; Moore, R. J. B.

United National Independence Party (UNIP), 19, 154–55; relations with AMWU, 155–57. See also African nationalism

Urban Advisory Council, 105, 109

Wages, 24, 34, 47, 78, 90, 98, 121–22, 131, 168–70, 180 nn.30–31, 188 n.52, 193 nn.78 and 80; before depression, 34–35; 1964 wage structure, 156, 210 n.117; outside Northern Rhodesia, 32, 34; unitary wage scale, 154. See also Cost of living; Labor, skill levels of

Watch Tower, 55–56, 67–68, 73

Welensky, Roy, 100, 123, 201 n.51

Welfare, government, 80–81, 101. See also Elwell, Archibald

Welfare, mine, 42–43, 48–49, 77, 79, 80, 101, 141–43, 152; after 1953, 139–43; and politics, 142–43, 206 n.36; schools, 191 nn.21–22; for staff wives, 152; for women, 79, 141. See also United Missions in the Copperbelt

Welfare societies, 17, 105–6, 197 n.47; Kitwe African Society, 102, 106; Luanshya African Welfare and Recreation Society, 105, 109. See also Elwell, Archibald

Whelan Commission, 154–55

Williams, A. T., 72–101. See also Provincial Administration

Williams, Ronald, 127, 145. See also European Mineworkers’ Union

Women: beer brewing, 42; in compounds, 35, 69, 88–89; in politics, 155; and the union, 130, 146; in strikes, 83, 126–27, 144, 148–49; welfare, 79, 141–42. See also Beer brewing; Welfare, mine

Worker consciousness, 65, 90–91, 94–95. See also Class consciousness

Worker identity, 61–62; and corporate labor policy, 63; and stabilized workers, 62–63

Worker representation, desire for, 108–9. See also African Mineworkers’ Union; Boss boys

Worker solidarity, in 1940, 85, 94–95. See also Labor action, collective

Working class in Africa. See Class, analysis; Classes, proletariat

Works committees, 114–15, 199 n.4

World War II, production during, 22

Youth on the mines, 79, 193 n.75; political action, 155; training schemes, 79, 142. See also Welfare, mine

Zambia, independence, 19

Zambia African National Congress (ZANC), 19, 154. See also African nationalism

Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation Limited (ZIMCO), 23

Zukas, Simon, 129, 133–34

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