Agriculture, 10, 12, 14, 36, 40–41, 118–119, 136–137
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 63, 135, 149–150, 191. See also California State Federation of Labor; Eureka Trades Council
Arcata Barrel Company, 156
Asian-Americans, 143. See also Asiatic Exclusion League; Chinese-Americans
Asiatic Exclusion League, 143
Ayres, William, 38, 53–55, 58, 67, 85, 118, 120, 231n
Baldwin, Charles, 74
Band saws, 22
Barbers’ Union, 137
Barnum, W. S., 34
Barton, James, 42–43, 48, 52, 81
Baseball, 202
Bauer, Colonel, 109
Beith, James, 30, 32, 79–80, 84, 97–98
Bell, John, 11
Bell, Josiah, 94
Bellamy Nationalist Clubs, 117–118
Berry, Campbell, 55–56
Blockinger, E. A., 195, 197, 200–201
Board system for lumber workers, 157
Bolonies, W., 103
Bootblacks’ Union, 137
Booth, Newton, 35
Breckinridge, John, 11
Bredsteen, Joseph, 141, 145–146, 180–181, 183–184, 186, 188
Brosnan, Timothy, 79
Brown, Edward, 207–208
Bryan, William Jennings, 128
Buckers, 21
Bucksport, 11
Building Trades Council, 145, 164, 170, 181
Bonus system, 197–198
Butler, M. B., 185
California Commission of Immigration and Housing, 206–209
California constitutional convention, 1878–1879, 42–44
California Redwood Company, 64–70, 73–74, 78–79. See also Land fraud and concentration of land ownership
California State Federation of Labor, 137, 160, 162, 182, 192, 195, 212
California Workingmen’s party, 41–47
California Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1913, 206
Call, Harry, 212–213
Callaghan, B., 158
Camp Sanitation Act of 1913, 206, 256–257n
Canadian-Americans, 12, 13, 136
Canadian Maritime Provinces, 10, 18–19, 23, 194. See also New Brunswick; Nova Scotia
Cannon, Marion, 128
Carpenters, 143
Carpenters’ Union, 124
Carr, John, 45
Carriage setter, 22
Carson, William, 24, 79, 107, 114–115, 130, 131; early life of, 17; paternalism of, 108–110, 176, 182; and ten-hour concession, 101–104; and trade union movement and strike of 1907, 138, 153, 158, 165–166. See also Dolbeer and Carson Lumber Company
Casper Lumber Company, 214
Cator, Thomas, 126
Chamberlin, J. D. H., 45
Choppers, 21
Cigarmakers’ Union, 139
Circular saw, 22
Citizen’s party, 92–94. See also Knights of Labor, and politics
Coast Seamen’s Union (CSU), 88–91, 107. See also Sailors’ Union of the Pacific (SUP)
Cole, Henry, 207
Collective bargaining, 143
Company stores, 16
Company towns, 2–3, 25–26, 151–152, 179, 196, 201, 209–210. See also Korbel; Samoa; Scotia
Continuous service plan, 204
Contract payment system, 198
Cooks and Waiters’ Union, 137–139, 144
Cooper, E. C., 130
Crannell, 152
Cridge, Alfred, 75, 79, 85, 91, 93, 236n
Cronin, Daniel, 73–75, 81, 84, 232–233n
Cross, Ira B., 71
Cutler, F. A., 114
Cutler, Thomas, 45
Davis, Pliny Earl, 81, 86–87, 93
Debris bill, 60
Democratic party, 11, 44, 79; and election of 1896, 128–132; and election of 1915, 188; and Greenback Labor party, 57–58; and labor vote, 146, 183
Democratic Standard, 38
Democratic–republicanism: and California Workingmen’s party, 44–45, 47–49; definition of, 29–32; and July Fourth, 106–107; and Knights of Labor, 79–81; and paternalism, 115; and Populists, 121, 129, 133–134; and trade union movement of early 20th century, 139–142
Depression: of 1877–1878, 38–39; of 1884–1885, 78–79; of mid-1890s, 125–126; of Humboldt County agriculture, 1879–1881, 53
Devlin, Charles, 83, 118, 122, 137, 148
Devlin, Thomas, 56
Dolbeer, John, 22
Dolbeer and Carson Lumber Company, 23–24, 67, 214. See also Carson, William
Douglas, Stephen A., 11
Dubofsky, Melvyn, 2
Dunn, Patrick, 73
Edgermen, 22
Eel River Valley, 10, 12, 15, 53
Eel River Valley Lumber Company, 125, 167
Eight-hour day, 143, 164, 198, 209, 211, 212
Election laws, 184–185, 227–228n
Elections: to California constitutional convention, 1878, 42; and California Workingmen’s party, 45–47; of 1892, 122–124; of 1894, 126–127; of 1896, 128–132; and Greenback Labor party, 1880 and 1882, 55–56; and Socialist party, 184, 186, 188; and Union Labor party, 1903 and 1906, 147–149
Elk River Mill and Lumber Company, 101, 157, 165
Employers’ Association of Humboldt County, 150
Employers’ organizations, 139. See also Humboldt Lumber Manufacturers’ Association (HLMA)
Employment agencies, 96, 138, 145, 165
Ericksen, John, 195
Eureka, 23, 24, 25, 59, 70–71, 115, 179–182; and boom of early 20th century, 136; early settlement and population of, 8, 11–12, 15; map of, 9
Eureka and Klamath Railroad, 154
Eureka Chamber of Commerce, 147
Eureka Civic Federation, 147
Eureka Trades Council, 137, 142–148, 155, 162, 164, 167, 181, 183, 196, 211
Evans, David, 16, 65, 74, 79, 102–103, 107, 114
Excelsior Redwood Company, 20
Faler, Paul, 29
Falk, Elijah, 188
Fay, George, 59
Fenwick, George, 182, 203, 205
Filers, 22
First National Bank of Eureka, 180
Flanigan, Brosnan and Company, 125
Flanigan, David, 103
Foner, Eric, 30
Fraser, Frank, 19
Free labor ideology, 30–31, 34. See also Democratic-republicanism; Labor theory of value
Freshwater, 73
Frost, Ralph, 105
Furuseth, Andrew, 90
Garberville, 58
Gardner, Millard, 74–75, 81, 85, 94
Garfield, James, 56
Gaventa, John, 115
Geary, Thomas, 123
Glendale, 152
Glendale Mill, 112
Gompers, Samuel, 137
Goodell, John, 204
Gordon, David, 210
Graham, Frank, 16
Grambarth, Charles, 137, 139, 141, 149, 159
Grant, M. H., 74
Great Lakes states, 3, 18, 194
Greenback Labor party, 46–47, 52–61, 72, 92–93
Gregg, Josiah, 8
Gronlund, Laurence, 118
Haist, John, 101
Hall, George, 126
Hammond, Andrew, 109, 212, 213; antilabor policies of, 164, 166, 172, 175–176, 179–182, 191; early life of, 153–154; new management strategies of, 196–198, 203–204
Hammond Lumber Company, 153–155, 162, 176–178, 180–182, 194, 196–198, 203–204, 213–214. See also Samoa
Hancock, Winfield, 55
Hanson, H. C, 118
Haskell, Burnette, 69, 71–73, 81, 83
Hemsted, W. H., 187
Henderson, H. L., 198
Hines, J.W., 118
Holbrook, Stewart, 25
Homestead Act of 1862, 66
Hospital plan, 73–74
Humboldt County: debt, revenues, and taxation, 32–33, 35–36, 44–45; location, description, and early settlement, 7–10; map of, 9; population growth of, and composition, 10, 16–17, 136
Humboldt County Farmers’ Alliance, 118–123, 126–128. See also People’s party; Populism
Humboldt Lumber Association, 78
Humboldt Lumber Manufacturers’ Association (HLMA), 138, 153, 164–165
Humboldt Lumber Mill Company, 14, 109, 154
Humboldt Manufacturing Company, 16
Iaqua, 52
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): and AFL, 149–150; and 1907 lumber strike, 167–169, 178; and 1919 strike, 212; in 1920s, 213–214; organizational efforts of, in California and Pacific Northwest in 1910s, 191–193, 195–196, 208–209; and Socialist party, 185–186
Initiative, referendum, and recall measures, 147, 183, 186
International Brotherhood of Woodsmen and Sawmill Workers (IBWSW), 135, 150–151, 159–172
International Shingle Weavers’ Union of America (ISWUA), 145, 155
International Typographical Union (ITU), 89, 124
International Union of Shingle Weavers, Sawmill Workers, and Woodsmen (IUSWSWW), 192
International Union of Timber Workers (IUTW), 208–209, 212–213, 257n
International Woodworkers of America (IWA), 215–216
International Workingmen’s Association (IWA), 68–75, 79, 81, 83–84. See also Haskell, Burnette; Keller, Charles F.
Italian-Americans: efforts to organize, 143, 161–162; increasing importance of, in lumber workforce, 194–195; and 1907 lumber strike, 169–170; population, 13, 136; and problems of organizing, 196–197, 209–210
Jansen, J. E., 131
Jensen, Vernon, 3
Johnson, Hiram, 188
Johnson, James, 75
Johnston, Richard, 64
Jones, David, 16
Jones, Gareth Stedman, 4
July Fourth, 104–107, 120, 140–141, 187, 238n
Katz, Michael, 51
Kaweah Cooperative Colony, 1, 73
Keeling, George, 139, 141, 184, 187–189
Keller, Charles F.: biographical information, 1, 53; and exposure of land frauds, 66–67; and Greenback Labor party, 54, 58; and International Workingmen’s Association (IWA), 68–73
Keyley, Frank, 124
King, C. H., 65
Knapp, Gilmann, 19
Knights of Labor, 27, 63, 234n; decline of, 94–98; factionalism within, 83–85; ideology of, 79–83; and moral improvement, 87–88; origins of, in Humboldt County, 74–75, 77–78; and politics, 91–94
Korbel, 152, 155, 177. See also Northern Redwood Lumber Company
Labor Day, 143, 176, 181, 183–184, 211
Labor News, 145–146, 184. See also Bredsteen, Joseph
Labor theory of value, 31, 34, 54–55, 66, 79–80, 140, 159. See also Democratic-republicanism
Labor turnover, 24, 203–204, 207–208, 256n
Land fraud and concentration of land ownership, 37–40, 43, 64–68. See also California Redwood Company
Larson, John, 78
Laundry Workers’ Union, 137
Leder, Xavier, 91
Lincoln, Abraham, 11
Little River Redwood Company, 207
Logan, Everett, 148
Logging and sawmill technology, 20–22, 222n
Longshoremen, 89–91, 135, 138, 143–145. See also Coast Seamen’s Union (CSU); Sailors’ Union of the Pacific (SUP)
Longshoremen’s Union, 164, 168
Los Angeles, 180
Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen (4L), 209
Loyalty pledges, 214
Lumber industry: general development of Humboldt County lumber industry, 1850–1900, 8, 10, 14–27, 64; general development in early 20th century, 136, 151–153 (see also Company towns); importance of, to American economy, 3; land-acquisition practices of, 16, 39, 66–67 (see also California Redwood Lumber Company; Land fraud and concentration of land ownership); logging railroads and transportation, 15; markets, 15; origins of and composition of workforce, 18–20, 193–195; prices in, 38, 78, 226n; trade associations of, 16, 78 (see also Humboldt Lumber Manufacturers’ Association [HLMA]); wages in, 23, 251n; work process in, 20–23; and World War I, 204, 208–209, 211
Lumber strikes: incidence of, in American lumber industry, 26–27, 214, 223n, 259n; in Humboldt County, 26, 112, 125, 156, 161, 177, 193, 212–213, 214, 215; of 1907, 166–173
Lumber unionism: problems of organizing, 26–27, 95–96, 156–157, 160–161, 171, 215–216; union density in the American lumber industry, 5, 215, 246n; unions in Humboldt County in early 20th century, 155–159. See also International Brotherhood of Woodsmen and Sawmill Workers (IBWSW); International Union of Timber Workers (IUTW); International Woodworkers of America (IWA); Knights of Labor; Lumbermen’s Union; Sawmill and Timber Workers Union (STWU)
Lumber workers: and food, 24; hours of labor of, 24, 161, 164, 212, 213; housing of, 24–25; recreation of, 25–26; wages of, 23, 251n; work process, 20–22; working and living conditions of, in 20th century, 192, 199–210, 213–214. See also Continuous service plan; Contract payment system; Ten-hour day; Welfare capitalism
Lumbermen: and politics, 103–104, 114–115; social origins of, 16–18. See also Carson, William; Paternalism
Macarthur, Walter, 140
McCann, Fred, 122–123
McClellan, George, 11
McCloud River Lumber Company, 195, 196, 198
McDaniel, George, 186–187
McDonald, Donald, 207
McDonald, J. S., 30
McGowan, Henry, 35
McKay, John, 16
McKinley, William, 110
McQuiddy, Thomas J., 56
Markham, Henry, 127
Mendocino County, 16, 86, 102, 112–114, 122, 195, 214
Mercer, W. L., 94
Merchants Association of Eureka, 150
Middle Atlantic states, 10, 12
Midwestern states, 12
Miller, Elsie, 203
Millmen’s Union, 112–114. See also Ten-hour day
Mooney, Archie, 187
Moore, John, 186
Morse, M. E., 52
Movies, 202
Mulay saw, 22
Murray, George, 102
Musicians’ Union, 144
National Labor Relations Act of 1935, 215
National Labor Relations Board, 214
National monetary policy in 1860s and 1870s, 51–52. See also Greenback Labor party
National War Labor Board, 215
Native Americans, 7–8
Nelson, Charles, 154
Nelson, Daniel, 206
New Brunswick, Canada, 10, 18–20. See also Canadian Maritime Provinces
Northern Redwood Lumber Company, 153–155, 166, 177. See also Korbel
Northwestern Pacific Railroad, 16
Norwegian-Americans, 13, 194. See also Scandinavians
Nova Scotia, Canada, 10, 18. See also Canadian Maritime Provinces
Omaha platform, of People’s party, 122, 126
Open-shop drive, 175–183. See also Hammond, Andrew
Owen, Robert, 37
Owen, William, 158
Pacific Logging Congress, 197–200, 204
Pacific Lumber Company: and expansion of enterprise and company town, 153–154, 201; founding and early operations of, 14, 67, 154; heterogeneous workforce of, 194–195; and improved living and working conditions in 20th century, 207, 213–214; and loyalty pledges in 1930s, 214; new management policies of, 200–205; social control of workers of, 209–210; strikes at, 125, 166, 177, 196; working and living conditions in 1880s and 1890s, 24–25. See also Italian-Americans; Scotia; Welfare capitalism
Painter, D. S., 198
Painters and Decorators’ Union, 138, 144
Palmer, Newell, 188
Pancner, John, 177, 178, 185, 193
Pape, Ernest, 160, 168, 171, 177
Parker, Joseph, 148
Paternalism, 99–115, 141–142, 192, 237n. See also Welfare capitalism
Peed, W., 197–199
Peelers, 21
People’s party: of Knights of Labor, 92–93; of Populists, 122–124, 126–132. See also Populism
Peterson, Charles, 90
Picnics, 25, 26, 104–105, 144, 203
Piece rates, 198
Political opportunism, 59–60
Politics in Humboldt County in 1850s and 1860s, 11, 30–35. See also Elections
Population of Humboldt County: 1850–1900, 10, 12–13; 1900–1920, 136
Populism: decline of, 127–128; People’s party, 122–124, 126–132; roots and causes of, 117–120; significance of, 132–134; social aspects of, 120–122; and workingmen, 124–126. See also Elections; Humboldt County Farmers’ Alliance
Pricing agreements, 138–139. See also Employers’ organizations
Progressive ideas: social environmentalism, 206, 208
Prohibition, 201. See also Saloons; Temperance
Prude, Jonathan, 2
Puter, S. A. D., 64
Railroads, 8, 15, 25, 136, 154, 179
Recreation, 25–26, 105, 120, 144, 201–205. See also July Fourth; Picnics
Redwood lumber industry. See Lumber industry
Redwood trees, 7
Reich, Michael, 210
Republican party: in 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s, 11, 33–37, 46; in 1890s, 124–125, 129–132; and labor vote in Progressive era, 146, 183
Restaurant and Hotel Keepers’ Association, 139
Rine, D. I. K., 59
Rio Dell, 209
River and Harbor Act of 1892, 111, 123
Riverside Lumber Company, 154
Roberts, C., 141
Rogers, C. D., 137
Rohnerville, 52
Rolph, James, 211
Roosevelt, Theodore, 188
Rosetti, P. A., 201
Russ, Joseph, 16, 39, 79, 100, 104
Russian-Americans, 195
Sailors’ Union of the Pacific (SUP), 107, 140, 236n. See also Coast Seamen’s Union (CSU)
Saloons, 25, 201–202. See also Temperance
Samoa, 152–154, 177, 203, 209. See also Hammond Lumber Company
San Diego, 15
San Francisco, 15, 16, 23, 42, 63, 69, 72, 138, 147, 180
San Francisco Union Labor party, 147, 165, 183
San Pedro, 15
Sarvis, George, 40–41
Sawmill and Timber Workers Union (STWU), 214–215
Saxton, Alexander, 46
Scandinavians, 12–13, 90, 136, 194
Scharrenberg, Paul, 208
Scotia, 24–25, 151, 154, 196, 201–202, 205, 209. See also Pacific Lumber Company
Seattle, 192
Sharkey, Robert, 51
Shaw, George, 47
Shingle weavers, 145, 155, 176
Shipbuilding, 211
Simpson, T. H., 200
Smith, Robert, 80
Southern California, 15
Spears, Charles, 119
Speed, George, 59, 68, 74, 75, 83, 84, 90–91, 102
Stablemen’s Union, 137
Stanford, Leland, 11
Strikes, 86–87, 126, 143. See also Lumber strikes
Swamper, 21
Sweasey, Richard, 56
Sweasey, W. J., 33, 35–38, 40–43, 48, 52, 56, 73–74, 75
Swedish-Americans, 13, 194. See also Scandinavians
Sylvis, William, 52
Tariff, 128–130
Teamster, 21
Teamsters’ Union, 138
Temperance, 59–60, 88, 92, 94, 201–202. See also Saloons
Ten-hour day: concession, 101–103; struggle for, 85–88, 111–113
Timber and Stones Act of 1878, 66
Trade unionism: emergence of, in California and American West, 63; growth of, in early-20th-century Humboldt and nation, 135, 137–139, 242–243n; and ideology of early-20th-century unionists, 139–142; and open-shop drive, 142–143; and race and nationality, 143; revival of, during World War I, 211–212; and women, 142–143. See also Knights of Labor; Lumber unionism; Socialist party; Union Labor party; and names of individual unions
Tramps, 38
Transportation, 15, 33. See also Railroads
Trimmer, 22
Trinidad Bay, 8
Turner, H. S., 20
Turner, Stanford, 56
Typographical workers, 135
Unemployment, 38, 78–79, 125, 189
Unger, Irwin, 51–52
Union Debating Club, 146
Union fines, 144
Union Labor Hospital, 145, 159, 176, 178, 250n
Union Labor party, 146–149, 159, 183
Union Lumber Company, 195, 214
Union Political Club, 187
Utopian communities, 75, 95, 232–233n
Van Sycle, Edwin, 200
Vance, John, 16–17, 26, 27, 94, 102, 103, 104, 107, 110, 153
Vancouver, Canada, 192
Water packer, 21
Webster, J. V., 127
Weintraub, Hyman, 89
Welfare capitalism, 173, 199–205, 207–209
Western Watchman, 79, 85, 234n. See also Ayres, William; Cridge, Alfred
Weyrich, Franz, 81
White, Stephen, 114
Wiebe, Robert, 5
Wilentz, Sean, 30
Williams, Ben H., 149, 167–168
Willsie, B. H., 123
Wilson, Stitt, 187
Women, 18, 120–121, 142–143, 148, 184, 187, 203, 212
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 25, 88
Women’s Label League, 142–143
Wood, J. T., 212
World War I: decline of labor movement after, 213–214; revival of labor movement during, 175, 178–183. See also Lumber unionism; Trade unionism; Welfare capitalism
Young Men’s Christian Association, 204–205
Zant, A.E., 162–163