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The Black Worker From the Founding of the CIO to the AFL Merger, 1936–1955—Volume VII: Part III: The Black Worker During World War II

The Black Worker From the Founding of the CIO to the AFL Merger, 1936–1955—Volume VII
Part III: The Black Worker During World War II
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Series Page
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright
  5. Foreword
  6. Table of Contents
  7. Preface
  8. Part I: The Congress of Industrial Organization and the Black Worker, 1935–1940
    1. Introduction
      1. The Congress of Industrial Organizations and Black Workers
        1. 1. Unity
        2. 2. Alabama Mine Strike Firm
        3. 3. Black Worker Lauds Thomas as Champion of Negro Cause
        4. 4. Labor League
        5. 5. Colored Labor
        6. 6. C.I.O. Auto Union Will Not Tolerate Discrimination
        7. 7. Interview With Henry Johnson, 1937
        8. 8. Negro, White Workers Join in Va. Strike
        9. 9. Loose Talk About Labor
        10. 10. C.I.O. Drives Bring Hopeful Dawn for Negro Labor
        11. 11. Union Agreement Results in Higher Wages
        12. 12. A Year of the C.I.O.
        13. 13. Selling Out the Workers
        14. 14. Committee Attacks IRT Negro Discrimination
        15. 15. We Win the Right to Fight for Jobs
        16. 16. Negroes Urged for Wage-Hour Boards
        17. 17. The CIO Convention and the Negro People
        18. 18. Union Helped Her
        19. 19. Walter Hardin--Leader in Negroes' Fight for Justice
        20. 20. John L. Lewis on the Poll Tax
        21. 21. Colored People to Hear President Lewis
        22. 22. Lewis Tells Negro Group: U.S. Must Avoid War Solve Own Problems
        23. 23. The Labor Reader: The Negro and the CIO
        24. 24. Negroes Should Join the CIO, Says Paul Robeson
        25. 25. The CIO and the Negro Worker
      2. Steel Workers' Organizing Committee
        1. 26. Negroes Back CIO Steel Drive
        2. 27. Negro Leaders to Issue Call to 100,000 in Industry
        3. 28. Negro and White Stick--Steel Lockout Fails
        4. 29. Negro Group in Steel Drive to Hold Parley
        5. 30. Negro America Acts to Build Steel Union, by Adam Lapin
        6. 31. Negroes Pledge Aid to Steel Drive
        7. 32. Chance for Negro Worker
        8. 33. Resolutions Passed by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee Convention, 1937
        9. 34. Blood for the Cause
        10. 35. Schuyler Visits Steel Centers in Ohio and Pennsylvania
        11. 36. Negro Workers Lead in Great Lakes Steel Drive
        12. 37. Virginia and Maryland Negroes Flock to Unions
        13. 38. Schuyler Finds Philadelphia Negroes Are Rallying to "New Deal" Call
        14. 39. Harlem Boasts 42,000 Negro Labor Unionists
        15. 40. Detroit Awaiting Ford Crisis
        16. 41. Union Drive Slows in Border Cities: Leaders Hostile
        17. 42. Industrial South Shaky . . . Many Negro Officers in Dixie Steel Unions
        18. 43. The Negro in "Little Steel,"
        19. 44. Negro Women in Steel
        20. 45. Noel R. Beddow to Charles E. Fell, November 29, 1938
        21. 46. Resolutions Passed by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee Convention, 1940
        22. 47. Steel Drive Moves Colored People into Action!
        23. 48. The Story of Ben Careathers
      3. Tobacco Workers
        1. 49. Negro-White Pickets March in Richmond
        2. 50. Victory of Negro Tobacco Workers Jolts Bourbonism
        3. 51. A New Deal for Tobacco Workers
        4. 52. The Making of Mama Harris
        5. 53. Sound Advice From An Old Colored Brother on Unions
      4. Black Seamen
        1. 54. Negro, White Stand Solid in Dock Strike
        2. 55. Labor Gains on Coast
        3. 56. Should the "Forgotten Men of the Sea" Stay Ashore?
        4. 57. Negro and White Unity Won Boston Ship Strike
        5. 58. Harlem Rally to Support Ship Strike
        6. 59. Harlem Group Rally to Aid Ship Strikes
        7. 60. Negro's Stake in Sea Strike Parley's Topic
        8. 61. Protecting the Negro Seaman
        9. 62. Paul Robeson Speech at the National Maritime Union Convention
      5. The National Negro Congress
        1. 63. Martel Will Address National Negro Congress
        2. 64. Randolph Says Hope of Negro People Lies in Unity With Labor
        3. 65. Negro Congress Must Strengthen Its Trade Union Base
        4. 66. Union Drive to Organize Negro Workers is Asked
        5. 67. The National Negro Congress: An Interpretation
        6. 68. CIO Council Heads Named in Philadelphia
        7. 69. Negro Congress Gets Support From CIO
        8. 70. Negro Congress Calls for United Labor Movement in Closing Season
        9. 71. Negro Congress Will Give Weight to Union Drives, Randolph Says
        10. 72. Committee For Industrial Organization
        11. 73. Harlem Unions Back National Negro Congress
        12. 74. Roosevelt Greets Negro Congress
        13. 75. Kennedy Speaker at the Negro Congress
        14. 76. Brophy Raps Lynching at Negro Parley
        15. 77. President Lewis Discusses Major U.S. Issues at National Negro Congress
        16. 78. Lewis Invites National Negro Congress to Join Labor League
        17. 79. The National Negro Congress--Its Future
  9. Part II: The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union
    1. Introduction
      1. Stfu and Black Sharecroppers
        1. 1. Southern Share-cropper
        2. 2. Formation of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union
        3. 3. Night Riders With Guns and Pistols
        4. 4. Frank Weems Case
        5. 5. Planters Railroad Union Men to Prison, February 21, 1936
        6. 6. H. L. Mitchell to E. B. McKinney, July 31, 1936
        7. 7. J. E. Clayton to H. L. Mitchell, December 28, 1937
        8. 8. J. R. Butler to STFU Executive Council, July 18, 1938
        9. 9. J. R. Butler to Claude Williams, August 22, 1938
        10. 10. Claude Williams' Response to J. R. Butler, August 25, 1938
        11. 11. J. R. Butler to E. B. McKinney, August 27, 1938
        12. 12. E. B. McKinney to J. R. Butler, August 31, 1938
        13. 13. E. B. McKinney's Pledge of Allegiance, December 5, 1938
        14. 14. J. E. Clayton to H. L. Mitchell, May 6, 1939
        15. 15. J. E. Clayton to J. R. Butler, June 9, 1939
        16. 16. George Mayberry to H. L. Mitchell, November 23, 1939
        17. 17. Affidavit of George Mayberry, November 29, 1939
        18. 18. Letters From a Sharecropper
        19. 19. Farmer's Memory Sings Raggedy Tune
        20. 20. King Cotton
        21. 21. Strike in Arkansas
      2. The Missouri Roadside Demonstration of 1939
        1. 22. Ten Million Sharecroppers
        2. 23. Telegram From H. L. Mitchell to Mrs. Franklin Roosevelt, January 18, 1939
        3. 24. Herbert Little to Aubrey Williams, January 15, 1939
        4. 25. Sample Case Histories Compiled by Herbert Little From Roadside Demonstrators in January 1939
        5. 26. Memorandum From Herbert Little to Aubrey Williams, January 16, 1939
        6. 27. Report of Herbert Little, January 16, 1939
        7. 28. Memorandum From Aubrey Williams to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 16, 1939
        8. 29. Aubrey Williams to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 19, 1939
  10. Part III: The Black Worker During World War II
    1. Introduction
      1. Blacks and the War Economy
        1. 1. Industrial Democracy
        2. 2. A Word from OPM
        3. 3. Negro Participation in Defense Work
        4. 4. Employers, Unions and Negro Workers
        5. 5. Colored Labor Faces a Bottleneck
        6. 6. La. Labor Union Supports Demands of Negro Members
        7. 7. U.S. Navy Yards Increase Race Workers a Hundred-Fold
        8. 8. Crew Refuses to Sail Ship Unless Colored Men Hired
        9. 9. The White House
        10. 10. Philadelphia's Employers, Unions and Negro Workers
        11. 11. Negro Labor in Miami
        12. 12. Employment Survey Shows Discriminatory Practices Widespread
        13. 13. Governor Opposes Equality in Plant
        14. 14. Negroes Offer Plan to Nelson for Training 50,000 Workers
        15. 15. Labor Leader Warns of Worker Shortage in Barring Negroes
        16. 16. Labor at the Crossroads
        17. 17. Resolution to Hire Negro Beer Driver-Helpers Killed
        18. 18. Progress Report, War Manpower Commission, March, 1943
        19. 19. Occupational Status of Negro Railroad Employees
        20. 20. Beg Women to Take War Jobs Yet Deny Them to Negroes
        21. 21. Developments in the Employment of Negroes in War Industries
        22. 22. White and Negro Americans Must Unite for Victory
        23. 23. Negro Women War Workers
        24. 24. Women in War Industries Break All Precedent in Learning Intricate Jobs
        25. 25. Monty Ward Bias Bared
      2. The March on Washington Movement
        1. 26. Why Should We March?
        2. 27. Memo to all NAACP Branches, May 12, 1941
        3. 28. Call to the March, July 1, 1941
        4. 29. War Demands New Methods for Solution of the Negro Question
        5. 30. National March on Washington Movement Policies and Directives
        6. 31. March on Washington Movement Press Release, August 17, 1942
        7. 32. St. Louis Negroes!
        8. 33. 400 Negroes in Protest Parade
        9. 34. Speech Delivered by Dr. Lawrence M. Ervin, June 30, 1943
        10. 35. 205 Jam Phone Co. At Once Paying Bills As Protest to Job Denials
      3. Fair Employment Practices Committee
        1. 36. The Wartime Utilization of Minority Workers
        2. 37. F.E.P.C. Asks Roosevelt to Enforce Order
        3. 38. Ten Firms Ordered to Stop Race Bias or Lose Contracts
        4. 39. The FEPC: A Partial Victory
        5. 40. FEPC Cracks Down on Dixie Shipyard
        6. 41. Post Mortem on FEPC
        7. 42. Members Advised Not to Talk Until After Conference
        8. 43. What About the FEPC?
        9. 44. Haas Compromise Bitterly Scored
        10. 45. The New FEPC
        11. 46. Railroads Plead Guilty
        12. 47. Civil Rights
        13. 48. Ditching the Permanent FEPC
        14. 49. Our Stake in a Permanent FEPC
        15. 50. FEPC Bill Killed
      4. The FEPC and Discrimination at West Coast Shipyards
        1. 51. Julia and Daisy Dollarhyde to Franklin Roosevelt, January 6, 1943
        2. 52. Herman Patten to Paul McNutt, February 11, 1943
        3. 53. Rita Queirolo to Paul McNutt, January 5, 1942
        4. 54. Rita Queirolo to Paul McNutt, November 30, 1942
        5. 55. Rita Queirolo to George M. Johnson, December 28, 1942
        6. 56. FEPC News Release, December 14, 1943
        7. 57. Hearings Before the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice--Kaiser Company and Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation
        8. 58. Boilermakers' Union Claims Communists Influenced FEPC
        9. 59. Negro Status in the Boilermakers Union
      5. The Philadelphia "Hate Strike," 1944
        1. 60 Wasted Manpower, Part I
        2. 61. Un-American and Intolerable
        3. 62. Transit Strike Long Threatened
        4. 63. Ten Are Injured in Street Fights
        5. 64. Attempt to Operate El and Subway Fails
        6. 65. End This Outrageous Strike!
        7. 66. Wasted Manpower, Part II
        8. 67. Up to the Army: End This Strike!
        9. 68. Collusion Charge Sent to Roosevelt
        10. 69. Grave Strike Issues Remain
        11. 70. Philadelphia: Post-War Preview
        12. 71. The Philadelphia Strike
        13. 72. Wasted Manpower, Part III
        14. 73. CIO Leads Fight for Negroes in Transit
        15. 74. Where the Blame Rests
        16. 75. Summary of Evidence
        17. 76. Carolyn Davenport Moore to U.S. Department of Justice, March 10, 1944
        18. 77. Rena Corman to Franklin Roosevelt, December 16, 1943
      6. The CIO and the Black Worker
        1. 78. The Red Caps' Struggle for a Livelihood
        2. 79. Redcaps Accept CIO Bid to Affiliate as New International
        3. 80. Detroit NAACP Calls on Negroes Not to Act as Strikebreakers for Ford
        4. 81. NAACP Press Release, April 9, 1941
        5. 82. The Ford Contract: An Opportunity
        6. 83. Negroes Thank CIO for Aid in Detroit Housing Dispute
        7. 84. First Convention of the United Steelworkers of America, 1942
        8. 85. Constitution of the United Steelworkers of America, 1942
        9. 86. CIO's Program for Inter-Racial Harmony in St. Louis
        10. 87. Discrimination
        11. 88. Negro Group to Meet FDR on Rights
        12. 89. CIO Seeks War Work for Firm as 450 Negroes Face Job Loss
        13. 90. UAW-CIO Convention Adopts Courier "Double V" Program
        14. 91. Murray Orders Study of Negro Job Equality
        15. 92. CIO to Fight Bias Against Negroes
        16. 93. Negroes Favor the CIO
        17. 94. Old Labor Policy is Blasted
        18. 95. CIO Confab Maps All-Out Fight on Racial Barriers
        19. 96. Push Fight on Bias--CIO
        20. 97. Labor Unionist Disappointed in Lack of Interest
        21. 98. New Hate Strikes Flare Up
        22. 99. Oscar Noble to Victor Reuther, January 5, 1943
        23. 100. To All Negro Ford Workers
        24. 101. To All Negro Ford Workers
        25. 102. To All Negro Ford Workers
        26. 103. Board Minutes of United Automobile Workers, September 16, 1941
        27. 104. The Detroit Race Riot of 1943
        28. 105. UAW-CIO Press Release, July 27, 1943
        29. 106. Race Hatred is Sabotage
        30. 107. CIO Condemns Race Bias, Urges Political Action to Help Win War
        31. 108. Citizen CIO
        32. 109. The CIO and the Negro American
        33. 110. CIO Fights Drive Against Negro War Workers
        34. 111. Second Convention of the United Steelworkers of America, 1944
        35. 112. CIO Spurs Negroes in Winston-Salem
        36. 113. Pitfalls That Beset Negro Trade-Unionists
        37. 114. Negroes Rate CIO Fairer, Poll Shows
  11. Part IV: The American Federation of Labor and the Black Worker, 1936–1945
    1. Introduction
      1. The AFL and Racial Discrimination
        1. 1. Old Guard vs. A.F. of L.
        2. 2. Organized Labor's Divided Front
        3. 3. Negro Members Drive is Painters Council Plan
        4. 4. Strike Mediator Will Arrive Here
        5. 5. Picket Line Protests Use of White Workers in Colored Neighborhood
        6. 6. Whites Strike Over Hiring of Race Employees
        7. 7. Editorial of the Month: Labor Points the Way
        8. 8. Negro Dockers Strike in Georgia For Pay Increase
        9. 9. Longshoremen in New Orleans: The Fight Against "Nigger Ships,"
        10. 10. John Fitzpatrick to Chicago Church Federation, May 26, 1937
        11. 11. Warren Clark and Shailer Matthews to Chicago Federation of Labor, May 21, 1937
        12. 12. Packers Join Auto Hands in Sit-Down Strike
        13. 13. Packing Company Employers Disarmed
        14. 14. Jim Crowism in A.F. of L. Socred at Harlem Rally
        15. 15. Result of Green Probe is Awaited
        16. 16. Lily White Unions Steal Negro Jobs
        17. 17. The A.F. of L. Slams the Door Again
        18. 18. Final Forum Gathering Conducted
        19. 19. Negroes Map National Campaign to Break Color Bar in Railroad Unions
        20. 20. Negro Leaders Ask End of Rail Union Discrimination
        21. 21. Fight on Discrimination Shift to A.F. of L. Union
        22. 22. Brotherhood Wins Over Half Million Dollar Increase for Pullman Porters
        23. 23. AFL Ignores Randolph
        24. 24. AFL Union Head Favors Conductors
        25. 25. "We Must Use All L bor," AFL Told
        26. 26. Protest Against AFL Jim Crow Local No. 92
        27. 27. Green Asks Plan to End AFL Bias
        28. 28. NLRB Examiner Cracks Down on AFL Jim Crow
        29. 29. Larus Case Spotlights AFL's Policy on Negroes
        30. 30. The AFL Convention
      2. Selected AFL Convention Resolutions on Black Labor
        1. 31. 1936 Convention
        2. 32. 1938 Convention
        3. 33. 1941 Convention
        4. 34. 1942 Convention
        5. 35. 1943 Convention
  12. Part V: The Post War Decade, 1945–1955
    1. Introduction
      1. 1. Employment and Income of Negro Workers: 1940–52
        1. 2. Postwar Job Rights of Negro Workers
        2. 3. Postwar Jobs for Negro Workers
        3. 4. Postwar Jobs for Negro Workers
        4. 5. The Government's Role in Jobs for Negro Workers
        5. 6. Labor and Fair Employment
        6. 7. AFL Convention, 1946
        7. 8. Our Stake in the Labor Fight
        8. 9. World Trade Union Parley and Negro Labor
        9. 10. Warn Negroes of Matt Smith
        10. 11. Foul Employment Practice on the Rails
        11. 12. AFL Convention, 1949
        12. 13. Blacks in the Labor Unions: New Orleans, 1950
        13. 14. CIO Seeks End of Segregation in Oklahoma University
        14. 15. Negro Women Workers
        15. 16. Court Outlaws Railroad-Union Jim Crow Deal
        16. 17. Negro Workers Gain New Jobs When Union Fights Jim Crow
        17. 18. Unity Forged in Local 600
        18. 19. U.S. Is the Biggest Jim Crow Boss
        19. 20. All-White Auto Union Jury Ousts 13 Detroit Leaders
        20. 21. Ferdinand Smith Leaves
        21. 22. The Negro Labor Committee
        22. 23. Speech of Frank Crosswaith, June 28, 1952
        23. 24. Colored Union Wins Costly Suit
        24. 25. Supreme Court Decisions Protect Negro Railroad Workers
        25. 26. N.C. Furniture Workers Blaze Union Trail
        26. 27. Brutal Captains, Federal Screening Take Negroes' Lives and Jobs at Sea
        27. 28. A Leader of the Furriers Union
        28. 29. International Harvester Strikes Fight Wage Cut
        29. 30. Labor Defends Life of Negro Unionist in Harvester Strike
        30. 31. Harvester Strikers Battle Company Attack
        31. 32. Racial Dispute Irks Reuther
        32. 33. Union Goal: End Jim Crow!
        33. 34. CIO Ban On Segregation Is Reaffirmed
        34. 35. Negro Gain Shown in South's Plants
        35. 36. Negro Employment In the Birmingham Area (1955)
      2. The National Negro Labor Council
        1. 37. For These Things We Fight!
        2. 38. New Council Maps Negro Job Battle
        3. 39. Labor Will Lead Our People to First Class Citizenship
        4. 40. Labor Council Meets, Charts Fighting Path
        5. 41. These Were the People On the Freedom Train
        6. 42. "Big Train Speaks of the New Negro"
        7. 43. Southern Worker Calls for Labor Council Drive
        8. 44. Hearings Before the Committee on Un-American Activities
        9. 45. Labor Unit Set Up for Negro Rights
        10. 46. Hoods Statement on "600" Victory
        11. 47. Freedom Salutes: William A. Reed of Detroit
        12. 48. Harold Ward Free--Labor Council Sparked Campaign
        13. 49. Key Delegates Discuss Top Convention Issues
        14. 50. Militant Veterans of "600" Appeal International Rule
        15. 51. Negro Leadership--A Key Issue
        16. 52. Labor Lowers Boom on Jim Crow
        17. 53. NAACP Demands Curb on Red Aims
        18. 54. Negro Labor Group Called Red Front
      3. Paul Robeson and the Black Worker
        1. 55. Speech at International Fur and Leather Workers Union Convention
        2. 56. Robeson Dares Truman to Enforce FEPC
        3. 57. Remarks At Longshore, Shipclerks, Walking Bosses and Gatemen and Watchmen's Caucus
        4. 58. Forge Negro-Labor Unity for Peace and Jobs
        5. 59. National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards Convention
        6. 60. Ford Local 600 Picnic
        7. 61. Toward A Democratic Earth We Helped to Build
        8. 62. The Negro Artist Looks Ahead
        9. 63. The Battleground Is Here
        10. 64. The UAW Should Set the Pace
        11. 65. Fight We Must
      4. The AFL-CIO Merger Proposal
        1. 66. Labor Leaders Express Views on the Proposed Merger
        2. 67. Meany Vows Fight on Bias When Labor's Ranks Unite
  13. Notes and Index
  14. Notes
  15. Index

PART III

THE BLACK WORKER DURING WORLD WAR II

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